This document provides a historical overview of relations between the Tamil and Sinhala peoples in Sri Lanka over several centuries. It describes how the Tamils and Sinhalese originally lived in separate kingdoms that were later conquered by European colonial powers. In the 20th century, the island was unified under British rule and then gained independence in 1948, after which the Sinhala majority government implemented discriminatory policies against Tamils and suppressed calls for Tamil self-determination, leading to the emergence of an armed Tamil resistance movement.
The document provides background information on the conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka. It discusses how Tamils have faced discrimination, violations of rights, and ethnic cleansing over several decades under the centralized rule of the Sinhalese majority. While Tamils initially pursued non-violent political action, the government responded with violence and failed to address their legitimate grievances, pushing them to take up arms in their struggle for self-determination and an independent state.
The Sri Lankan Civil War was a war fought in the island of Sri Lanka. It started on 23 July 1983. There was a revolt against the government by the terrorist organization Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (also called the Tamil Tigers). They are a separatist militant organisation which fought to create an independent state for Tamil people called Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island.
The war lasted for 26 years. The Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
The Sri Lankan Civil War originated from tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority communities following independence from Britain in 1948. Disagreements over language policies and ethnic riots in the 1950s exacerbated tensions. Armed militant groups formed among Tamils in the 1970s, with the LTTE emerging as the dominant group. Fighting escalated into a civil war in the 1980s. Repeated ceasefires and peace talks failed to end the conflict, which was marked by brutal violence and human rights abuses committed by both sides over the following decades. The civil war ultimately ended in 2009 with the military defeat of the LTTE by government forces.
The 13 May 1969 racial riots in Kuala Lumpur erupted due to long-standing racial tensions between the Malays and Chinese that stemmed from biased treatment during the Japanese occupation, the "divide and rule" policies of British colonialism, differences in education and language policies, political disputes around privileges for Malays, and imbalances in economic status and wealth between the ethnic groups. The riots killed hundreds and had long-lasting impacts on policies around national unity, education, and affirmative action for Malays in Malaysia. Lessons learned included the need for a shared national identity and more equitable policies to address economic disparities between races.
The document discusses the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil populations. It identifies several factors that contributed to the conflict, including citizenship policies that marginalized Indian Tamils, the official "Sinhala only" language policy that disadvantaged Tamils, and government resettlement programs that saw Sinhalese settlers move into traditional Tamil areas. This caused unrest and led Tamil groups like the LTTE to demand an independent state of Tamil Eelam. Despite attempts at negotiations and peace accords, the conflict escalated into a long civil war that had devastating economic and social consequences for Sri Lanka.
The conflict in Sri Lanka is between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority over citizenship, language, and ethnic tensions. The Tamils felt discriminated against through citizenship laws in the 1940s-60s, the switch to making Sinhala the sole official language, and government resettlement policies that affected Tamil lands. This led to peaceful protests turning violent and the formation of the Tamil Tigers separatist group. The decades-long civil war had political consequences like armed conflict and foreign intervention attempts, along with economic consequences like unemployment, loss of investment, and decline in tourism. It also had social consequences as many Tamil Sri Lankans were displaced both within the country and abroad as refugees.
History of Tamils in Ceylon (Sri Lanka)slidesharenow
The document provides background information on the conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka. It discusses how Tamils have faced discrimination, violations of rights, and ethnic cleansing by the Sinhalese-dominated government. This has led to non-violent and later violent resistance by Tamils seeking autonomy or independence. While the LTTE engaged in ceasefire talks, the government failed to uphold agreements and escalated violence after 2005. The document argues the Tamil struggle is for freedom and survival, not terrorism.
This document provides a historical overview of relations between the Tamil and Sinhala peoples in Sri Lanka over several centuries. It describes how the Tamils and Sinhalese originally lived in separate kingdoms that were later conquered by European colonial powers. In the 20th century, the island was unified under British rule and then gained independence in 1948, after which the Sinhala majority government implemented discriminatory policies against Tamils and suppressed calls for Tamil self-determination, leading to the emergence of an armed Tamil resistance movement.
The document provides background information on the conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka. It discusses how Tamils have faced discrimination, violations of rights, and ethnic cleansing over several decades under the centralized rule of the Sinhalese majority. While Tamils initially pursued non-violent political action, the government responded with violence and failed to address their legitimate grievances, pushing them to take up arms in their struggle for self-determination and an independent state.
The Sri Lankan Civil War was a war fought in the island of Sri Lanka. It started on 23 July 1983. There was a revolt against the government by the terrorist organization Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (also called the Tamil Tigers). They are a separatist militant organisation which fought to create an independent state for Tamil people called Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island.
The war lasted for 26 years. The Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
The Sri Lankan Civil War originated from tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority communities following independence from Britain in 1948. Disagreements over language policies and ethnic riots in the 1950s exacerbated tensions. Armed militant groups formed among Tamils in the 1970s, with the LTTE emerging as the dominant group. Fighting escalated into a civil war in the 1980s. Repeated ceasefires and peace talks failed to end the conflict, which was marked by brutal violence and human rights abuses committed by both sides over the following decades. The civil war ultimately ended in 2009 with the military defeat of the LTTE by government forces.
The 13 May 1969 racial riots in Kuala Lumpur erupted due to long-standing racial tensions between the Malays and Chinese that stemmed from biased treatment during the Japanese occupation, the "divide and rule" policies of British colonialism, differences in education and language policies, political disputes around privileges for Malays, and imbalances in economic status and wealth between the ethnic groups. The riots killed hundreds and had long-lasting impacts on policies around national unity, education, and affirmative action for Malays in Malaysia. Lessons learned included the need for a shared national identity and more equitable policies to address economic disparities between races.
The document discusses the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil populations. It identifies several factors that contributed to the conflict, including citizenship policies that marginalized Indian Tamils, the official "Sinhala only" language policy that disadvantaged Tamils, and government resettlement programs that saw Sinhalese settlers move into traditional Tamil areas. This caused unrest and led Tamil groups like the LTTE to demand an independent state of Tamil Eelam. Despite attempts at negotiations and peace accords, the conflict escalated into a long civil war that had devastating economic and social consequences for Sri Lanka.
The conflict in Sri Lanka is between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority over citizenship, language, and ethnic tensions. The Tamils felt discriminated against through citizenship laws in the 1940s-60s, the switch to making Sinhala the sole official language, and government resettlement policies that affected Tamil lands. This led to peaceful protests turning violent and the formation of the Tamil Tigers separatist group. The decades-long civil war had political consequences like armed conflict and foreign intervention attempts, along with economic consequences like unemployment, loss of investment, and decline in tourism. It also had social consequences as many Tamil Sri Lankans were displaced both within the country and abroad as refugees.
History of Tamils in Ceylon (Sri Lanka)slidesharenow
The document provides background information on the conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka. It discusses how Tamils have faced discrimination, violations of rights, and ethnic cleansing by the Sinhalese-dominated government. This has led to non-violent and later violent resistance by Tamils seeking autonomy or independence. While the LTTE engaged in ceasefire talks, the government failed to uphold agreements and escalated violence after 2005. The document argues the Tamil struggle is for freedom and survival, not terrorism.
The document provides an overview of Malaysia, beginning with its pre-independence history under Portuguese, Dutch, and British rule. It then discusses Malaysia's post-independence history, including gaining independence in 1957 and the leadership of Mahathir Mohammad from 1981 to 2003. During his tenure, Mahathir transformed Malaysia's economy and society through various policies and infrastructure projects. The document concludes with a brief overview of current-day Malaysia, highlighting its government, military, economy, education system, and ongoing development.
The document provides information about the Philippines under several sections. It begins by describing the Philippine government as a presidential representative democratic republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It then discusses the current president Benigno Aquino III and his background. It also covers key aspects of Philippine culture including traditions, arts, and festivals. The climate section notes the tropical marine climate with a rainy and dry season and frequent typhoons. The economy is discussed as the 12th largest in Asia with important industries like food, textiles, electronics and mining. Foreign relations priorities include ASEAN membership and the welfare of overseas Filipino workers. Philippine cuisine and popular tourist spots are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority groups. Tamils faced discrimination through laws prioritizing Sinhala language and culture and restricting Tamil access to education and jobs. This led to Tamil demands for autonomy and eventually independence, and the formation of the militant LTTE, fueling over 25 years of armed conflict. The conflict has had severe political, economic, and social consequences for Sri Lanka and its people.
Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) was the first female president of the Philippines. She restored democracy after the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and enacted the 1987 constitution, which crippled presidential power and restored democratic institutions and freedoms. She pursued national reconciliation and granted autonomy to the Muslim Mindanao region. Her administration implemented agrarian reform and pursued the recovery of wealth stolen under Marcos.
The formation of Malaysia occurred on September 16, 1963 through an agreement between the United Kingdom, Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak. This unified the Malay states with the Borneo territories of Sabah and Sarawak, as well as the city-state of Singapore. However, Indonesia and the Philippines opposed this merger and severed diplomatic ties. Within Malaysia, tensions also emerged between the different ethnic groups that compromised the population. This came to a head in the 1969 race riots in Kuala Lumpur that killed hundreds, after which the government imposed a state of emergency and established new policies to promote national unity.
History Of Two Nations of Sri Lanka Part 2 Of 2[1]guestb9a7e4
The document provides a historical overview of the conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka over several decades. It describes how the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) became the dominant military force fighting for Tamil independence. A ceasefire was agreed in 2002 but broke down after Mahinda Rajapaksa was elected president in 2005 on a platform rejecting Tamil autonomy. Violence escalated, with thousands of Tamil civilians killed. By early 2009, the Sri Lankan military had captured most Tamil territory as the UN warned of possible war crimes and genocide.
The document provides background information on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil populations. It discusses the demographics of Sri Lanka, highlighting the uneven distribution of ethnic groups. It then outlines four key reasons for the conflict: citizenship rights issues in the 1940s-50s, the 1956 Sinhala Only language policy, discrimination in university admissions after 1970, and government resettlement policies moving Sinhalese into Tamil areas from the 1950s. The consequences of the conflict included armed violence, unemployment, loss of investment, declining tourism, and displacement of Tamils. Foreign intervention from India attempted but failed to broker peace agreements.
The document discusses various challenges faced by African countries in the post-colonial and neo-colonial eras. It covers different paths to independence, including political protest, cooperation with colonial powers, and armed rebellion. It also examines issues like inherited colonial institutions and borders, neo-colonial influences, development strategies, and human rights challenges in independent African states.
Chile is a long, narrow country in South America with Santiago as its capital. It has the longest length of any country and one of the longest coastlines. Salvador Allende was democratically elected president in 1970 and enacted policies to help the poor, but faced opposition from wealthy landowners and the military. On September 11, 1973, General Augusto Pinochet led a military coup that overthrew Allende's government, establishing a dictatorship. Pinochet ruled ruthlessly until 1998, when a referendum removed him from power and restored democracy to Chile after 17 years under his regime.
Chapter 4 - Causes of Sri Lanka ConflictGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to explain the causes of Sri Lanka conflict in the Social Studies syllabus in Singapore. There are 4 causes of conflict leading up to the rise of the Tamil Tiger or Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Find out more in these slides.
Any feedback is welcome.
Corazon Aquino was the first female president of the Philippines. She took office in 1986 after the People Power Revolution ousted the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos. As president, Aquino worked to restore democracy and civil liberties. She freed political prisoners, restored habeas corpus, and had pro-Marcos generals resign. Aquino also tackled the struggling economy, paying off foreign debt while achieving moderate economic growth during most of her term.
South African history has been dominated by conflict between diverse ethnic groups. The indigenous Khoisan people lived there for millennia, while most current populations immigrated later. The Portuguese explored but did not colonize, finding the coast inhospitable, while the Dutch Boers established republics in the interior. As Boers expanded, many adopted a semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle. In the early 19th century, the rise of the Zulu kingdom led to widespread forced migration and conflict between groups. Today, South Africa is a multi-party parliamentary republic with a president as both head of state and government.
The document discusses the causes of conflict between the Sinhalese and Tamil ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. It identifies four main reasons for tensions: 1) citizenship rights for Indian Tamils which excluded some from citizenship; 2) the "Sinhala Only" language policy which made Sinhala the official language; 3) biased university admission criteria favoring Sinhalese students; and 4) government resettlement policies that moved Sinhalese populations into predominantly Tamil areas, disrupting the Tamil claims to certain territories. Each of these factors marginalized the Tamil population and contributed to the escalation of ethnic conflict over time in Sri Lanka.
Elpidio Quirino was the second president of the Philippines, serving from 1948 to 1953. He was elected to Congress in 1919 and helped secure Philippine independence from the US in 1934. He became vice president in 1946 and assumed the presidency in 1948 upon Manuel Roxas' death. As president, Quirino oversaw postwar reconstruction but faced challenges like corruption and a communist insurgency. He lost reelection in 1953 due to his handling of these issues.
This document provides a summary of the three decades of conflict in Sri Lanka between the Tamil minority and Sinhalese majority. It outlines the key events including the emergence of Tamil nationalist parties in the 1940s/50s demanding a federal state in response to language policies that favored Sinhalese. This led to the formation of armed groups like the LTTE in the 1970s and escalating violence throughout the 1980s. The document also discusses the main causes of the conflict around ethnic politics, language, education and employment. It analyzes the key state and non-state actors involved both domestically and internationally, as well as efforts at peace like the 2002 ceasefire agreement. In conclusion, it discusses the human impact of
- People have inhabited southern Africa for thousands of years, with the Khoisan being the oldest surviving group and the Bantu migrating south around AD 100. Europeans first arrived in 1488 but permanent white settlement began in 1652 with the Dutch East India Company.
- Conflict arose between European settlers and local groups as settlements expanded. The British gained control in the late 18th century, increasing tensions with Boers who began the Great Trek north in the 1830s to escape British rule.
- South Africa was formed as a union in 1910 but the National Party instituted apartheid in 1948, enforcing racial segregation and discrimination until the end of apartheid in the early 1990s after anti-apartheid protests and the release
Diosdado Macapagal was elected president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. He promised to end corruption and poverty, but ultimately failed to achieve these goals. His economic policies, including devaluing the peso and lifting restrictions on foreign imports, had negative impacts like increasing consumer prices and hurting local industries. While his intentions may have been good, Macapagal proved more effective at talking than taking meaningful actions that improved conditions for Filipinos. His presidency is now viewed as unproductive or the starting point of ongoing economic problems.
Constitutional Basis of Philippine Educational System John Carl Aunso
The document discusses the constitutional basis of the Philippine educational system. It outlines how different Philippine constitutions have shaped education, beginning with the Malolos Constitution of 1899 which made primary education compulsory. Subsequent constitutions, like those from 1935 and 1973, emphasized vocational education and maintaining a free public school system. The current 1987 Constitution mandates education, science, technology, arts, and culture. Overall, the document shows how Philippine constitutions have established and evolved the country's educational policies and provisions over time.
Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast as the first to gain its independ.docxsmile790243
Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast as the first to gain its independence from the British. An educated man, Nkrumah, earned his bachelor's degree from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), where he pledged Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc., and received an STB (Bachelor of Sacred Theology) in 1942.
Nkrumah went on to earn a Master of Science in education and later philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania. While at Lincoln, he became president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada. It was in the United States that he embraced the ideas of Marcus Garvey and adopted a Pan-Africanist approach to his view of Africa and Africans of the Diaspora.
Nkrumah returned to Africa after World War II when he was asked to serve as General Secretary to the United Gold Coast Convention, which was exploring routes to independence from the British. Nkrumah and others from the UGCC were arrested in 1948, after a series of riots broke out across the Gold Coast protesting the high cost of living. Though they quickly realized their error and soon released Nkrumah, his imprisonment by colonial powers increased his power and prestige among Africans discontent with the British status-quo. Nkrumah embarked on a campaign across the Gold Coast to rally the masses behind the quest for independent. His demand was self-government - now!
To appease the growing movement, the British assembled a group of middle-class Africans to draft a constitution that would give more power to native Africans. Under the constitution, only those with sufficient assets, property and wages, could vote - a proposal unacceptable to Nkrumah. The People Assembly was organized and demanded universal suffrage and self-governance - a proposal unacceptable to the colonial administration.
In 1950, Nkrumah's response was to organize the Positive Action campaign which included civil disobedience, non-cooperation, boycotts, and strikes. Nkrumah and many of his supporters were arrested and sentenced to prison. The British, who now faced international ridicule and continued resistance, withdrew from the Gold Coast. The first general election was held in 1951, with 34 of the 38 elected seats going to Convention People s Party representative. Progress toward independence moved quickly after the first general election. Nkrumah was released from jail and asked by the British Governor Charles Arden-Clark to form a government.
In 1952, the constitution was amended to provide for a Prime Minister and Nkrumah was overwhelmingly elected to the office. He presented his Motion of Destiny to the Assembly, which requested/demanded independence within the British Commonwealth.
As the first leader to leader of this governmental body, Nkrumah Kwame Nkrumah on Cover of Time Magazinefaced major challenges. He, his administration and the people of the Gold Coast had to learn to govern, again. Second, the nation of Ghana had to be melded into one cohesive body from four territories. Third, he had to gain ...
Unity as African pathway to Greatness; A vision and possibility.Samtito Bolatito
The document discusses the importance of African unity and analyzes obstacles that have prevented its achievement. It outlines the vision of early pan-African leaders for a united Africa but notes their dreams were betrayed by loose organization under OAU and dictatorships that emerged. Continued division and dependence have threatened Africa's greatness. The document proposes prospects like overcoming colonial borders, neo-colonialism, and promoting intra-African cooperation and infrastructure to unite the continent.
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCEshahzadebaujiti
The document provides an overview of political and economic development in Tanzania since independence. It discusses several key points:
1) Tanzania has faced many challenges achieving real independence and development due to effects of colonial legacy, including export-oriented economies, poor infrastructure, and a weak industrial sector.
2) Since independence, Tanzania has attempted various political and economic strategies to promote development, including constitutional reforms, ujamaa policies, and efforts to improve agriculture, education, and infrastructure.
3) However, Tanzania continues to struggle with development challenges such as inadequate capital, high illiteracy, corruption, and effects of its previous socialist policies. Massive unemployment and ongoing impacts of colonial education also hinder Tanz
The document provides an overview of Malaysia, beginning with its pre-independence history under Portuguese, Dutch, and British rule. It then discusses Malaysia's post-independence history, including gaining independence in 1957 and the leadership of Mahathir Mohammad from 1981 to 2003. During his tenure, Mahathir transformed Malaysia's economy and society through various policies and infrastructure projects. The document concludes with a brief overview of current-day Malaysia, highlighting its government, military, economy, education system, and ongoing development.
The document provides information about the Philippines under several sections. It begins by describing the Philippine government as a presidential representative democratic republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It then discusses the current president Benigno Aquino III and his background. It also covers key aspects of Philippine culture including traditions, arts, and festivals. The climate section notes the tropical marine climate with a rainy and dry season and frequent typhoons. The economy is discussed as the 12th largest in Asia with important industries like food, textiles, electronics and mining. Foreign relations priorities include ASEAN membership and the welfare of overseas Filipino workers. Philippine cuisine and popular tourist spots are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority groups. Tamils faced discrimination through laws prioritizing Sinhala language and culture and restricting Tamil access to education and jobs. This led to Tamil demands for autonomy and eventually independence, and the formation of the militant LTTE, fueling over 25 years of armed conflict. The conflict has had severe political, economic, and social consequences for Sri Lanka and its people.
Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) was the first female president of the Philippines. She restored democracy after the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and enacted the 1987 constitution, which crippled presidential power and restored democratic institutions and freedoms. She pursued national reconciliation and granted autonomy to the Muslim Mindanao region. Her administration implemented agrarian reform and pursued the recovery of wealth stolen under Marcos.
The formation of Malaysia occurred on September 16, 1963 through an agreement between the United Kingdom, Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak. This unified the Malay states with the Borneo territories of Sabah and Sarawak, as well as the city-state of Singapore. However, Indonesia and the Philippines opposed this merger and severed diplomatic ties. Within Malaysia, tensions also emerged between the different ethnic groups that compromised the population. This came to a head in the 1969 race riots in Kuala Lumpur that killed hundreds, after which the government imposed a state of emergency and established new policies to promote national unity.
History Of Two Nations of Sri Lanka Part 2 Of 2[1]guestb9a7e4
The document provides a historical overview of the conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka over several decades. It describes how the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) became the dominant military force fighting for Tamil independence. A ceasefire was agreed in 2002 but broke down after Mahinda Rajapaksa was elected president in 2005 on a platform rejecting Tamil autonomy. Violence escalated, with thousands of Tamil civilians killed. By early 2009, the Sri Lankan military had captured most Tamil territory as the UN warned of possible war crimes and genocide.
The document provides background information on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil populations. It discusses the demographics of Sri Lanka, highlighting the uneven distribution of ethnic groups. It then outlines four key reasons for the conflict: citizenship rights issues in the 1940s-50s, the 1956 Sinhala Only language policy, discrimination in university admissions after 1970, and government resettlement policies moving Sinhalese into Tamil areas from the 1950s. The consequences of the conflict included armed violence, unemployment, loss of investment, declining tourism, and displacement of Tamils. Foreign intervention from India attempted but failed to broker peace agreements.
The document discusses various challenges faced by African countries in the post-colonial and neo-colonial eras. It covers different paths to independence, including political protest, cooperation with colonial powers, and armed rebellion. It also examines issues like inherited colonial institutions and borders, neo-colonial influences, development strategies, and human rights challenges in independent African states.
Chile is a long, narrow country in South America with Santiago as its capital. It has the longest length of any country and one of the longest coastlines. Salvador Allende was democratically elected president in 1970 and enacted policies to help the poor, but faced opposition from wealthy landowners and the military. On September 11, 1973, General Augusto Pinochet led a military coup that overthrew Allende's government, establishing a dictatorship. Pinochet ruled ruthlessly until 1998, when a referendum removed him from power and restored democracy to Chile after 17 years under his regime.
Chapter 4 - Causes of Sri Lanka ConflictGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to explain the causes of Sri Lanka conflict in the Social Studies syllabus in Singapore. There are 4 causes of conflict leading up to the rise of the Tamil Tiger or Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Find out more in these slides.
Any feedback is welcome.
Corazon Aquino was the first female president of the Philippines. She took office in 1986 after the People Power Revolution ousted the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos. As president, Aquino worked to restore democracy and civil liberties. She freed political prisoners, restored habeas corpus, and had pro-Marcos generals resign. Aquino also tackled the struggling economy, paying off foreign debt while achieving moderate economic growth during most of her term.
South African history has been dominated by conflict between diverse ethnic groups. The indigenous Khoisan people lived there for millennia, while most current populations immigrated later. The Portuguese explored but did not colonize, finding the coast inhospitable, while the Dutch Boers established republics in the interior. As Boers expanded, many adopted a semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle. In the early 19th century, the rise of the Zulu kingdom led to widespread forced migration and conflict between groups. Today, South Africa is a multi-party parliamentary republic with a president as both head of state and government.
The document discusses the causes of conflict between the Sinhalese and Tamil ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. It identifies four main reasons for tensions: 1) citizenship rights for Indian Tamils which excluded some from citizenship; 2) the "Sinhala Only" language policy which made Sinhala the official language; 3) biased university admission criteria favoring Sinhalese students; and 4) government resettlement policies that moved Sinhalese populations into predominantly Tamil areas, disrupting the Tamil claims to certain territories. Each of these factors marginalized the Tamil population and contributed to the escalation of ethnic conflict over time in Sri Lanka.
Elpidio Quirino was the second president of the Philippines, serving from 1948 to 1953. He was elected to Congress in 1919 and helped secure Philippine independence from the US in 1934. He became vice president in 1946 and assumed the presidency in 1948 upon Manuel Roxas' death. As president, Quirino oversaw postwar reconstruction but faced challenges like corruption and a communist insurgency. He lost reelection in 1953 due to his handling of these issues.
This document provides a summary of the three decades of conflict in Sri Lanka between the Tamil minority and Sinhalese majority. It outlines the key events including the emergence of Tamil nationalist parties in the 1940s/50s demanding a federal state in response to language policies that favored Sinhalese. This led to the formation of armed groups like the LTTE in the 1970s and escalating violence throughout the 1980s. The document also discusses the main causes of the conflict around ethnic politics, language, education and employment. It analyzes the key state and non-state actors involved both domestically and internationally, as well as efforts at peace like the 2002 ceasefire agreement. In conclusion, it discusses the human impact of
- People have inhabited southern Africa for thousands of years, with the Khoisan being the oldest surviving group and the Bantu migrating south around AD 100. Europeans first arrived in 1488 but permanent white settlement began in 1652 with the Dutch East India Company.
- Conflict arose between European settlers and local groups as settlements expanded. The British gained control in the late 18th century, increasing tensions with Boers who began the Great Trek north in the 1830s to escape British rule.
- South Africa was formed as a union in 1910 but the National Party instituted apartheid in 1948, enforcing racial segregation and discrimination until the end of apartheid in the early 1990s after anti-apartheid protests and the release
Diosdado Macapagal was elected president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. He promised to end corruption and poverty, but ultimately failed to achieve these goals. His economic policies, including devaluing the peso and lifting restrictions on foreign imports, had negative impacts like increasing consumer prices and hurting local industries. While his intentions may have been good, Macapagal proved more effective at talking than taking meaningful actions that improved conditions for Filipinos. His presidency is now viewed as unproductive or the starting point of ongoing economic problems.
Constitutional Basis of Philippine Educational System John Carl Aunso
The document discusses the constitutional basis of the Philippine educational system. It outlines how different Philippine constitutions have shaped education, beginning with the Malolos Constitution of 1899 which made primary education compulsory. Subsequent constitutions, like those from 1935 and 1973, emphasized vocational education and maintaining a free public school system. The current 1987 Constitution mandates education, science, technology, arts, and culture. Overall, the document shows how Philippine constitutions have established and evolved the country's educational policies and provisions over time.
Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast as the first to gain its independ.docxsmile790243
Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast as the first to gain its independence from the British. An educated man, Nkrumah, earned his bachelor's degree from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), where he pledged Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc., and received an STB (Bachelor of Sacred Theology) in 1942.
Nkrumah went on to earn a Master of Science in education and later philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania. While at Lincoln, he became president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada. It was in the United States that he embraced the ideas of Marcus Garvey and adopted a Pan-Africanist approach to his view of Africa and Africans of the Diaspora.
Nkrumah returned to Africa after World War II when he was asked to serve as General Secretary to the United Gold Coast Convention, which was exploring routes to independence from the British. Nkrumah and others from the UGCC were arrested in 1948, after a series of riots broke out across the Gold Coast protesting the high cost of living. Though they quickly realized their error and soon released Nkrumah, his imprisonment by colonial powers increased his power and prestige among Africans discontent with the British status-quo. Nkrumah embarked on a campaign across the Gold Coast to rally the masses behind the quest for independent. His demand was self-government - now!
To appease the growing movement, the British assembled a group of middle-class Africans to draft a constitution that would give more power to native Africans. Under the constitution, only those with sufficient assets, property and wages, could vote - a proposal unacceptable to Nkrumah. The People Assembly was organized and demanded universal suffrage and self-governance - a proposal unacceptable to the colonial administration.
In 1950, Nkrumah's response was to organize the Positive Action campaign which included civil disobedience, non-cooperation, boycotts, and strikes. Nkrumah and many of his supporters were arrested and sentenced to prison. The British, who now faced international ridicule and continued resistance, withdrew from the Gold Coast. The first general election was held in 1951, with 34 of the 38 elected seats going to Convention People s Party representative. Progress toward independence moved quickly after the first general election. Nkrumah was released from jail and asked by the British Governor Charles Arden-Clark to form a government.
In 1952, the constitution was amended to provide for a Prime Minister and Nkrumah was overwhelmingly elected to the office. He presented his Motion of Destiny to the Assembly, which requested/demanded independence within the British Commonwealth.
As the first leader to leader of this governmental body, Nkrumah Kwame Nkrumah on Cover of Time Magazinefaced major challenges. He, his administration and the people of the Gold Coast had to learn to govern, again. Second, the nation of Ghana had to be melded into one cohesive body from four territories. Third, he had to gain ...
Unity as African pathway to Greatness; A vision and possibility.Samtito Bolatito
The document discusses the importance of African unity and analyzes obstacles that have prevented its achievement. It outlines the vision of early pan-African leaders for a united Africa but notes their dreams were betrayed by loose organization under OAU and dictatorships that emerged. Continued division and dependence have threatened Africa's greatness. The document proposes prospects like overcoming colonial borders, neo-colonialism, and promoting intra-African cooperation and infrastructure to unite the continent.
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCEshahzadebaujiti
The document provides an overview of political and economic development in Tanzania since independence. It discusses several key points:
1) Tanzania has faced many challenges achieving real independence and development due to effects of colonial legacy, including export-oriented economies, poor infrastructure, and a weak industrial sector.
2) Since independence, Tanzania has attempted various political and economic strategies to promote development, including constitutional reforms, ujamaa policies, and efforts to improve agriculture, education, and infrastructure.
3) However, Tanzania continues to struggle with development challenges such as inadequate capital, high illiteracy, corruption, and effects of its previous socialist policies. Massive unemployment and ongoing impacts of colonial education also hinder Tanz
African Politics & Challenges since IndependenceIndepe.docxnettletondevon
African Politics & Challenges since Independence
Independence was followed by optimism, great expectations; constitutions were democratic, attempts to forge nation-states, etc.
Search for legitimacy, aid from western nations,- Europe, etc. Voluntary Service Overseas from GB, Peace Corps from US, etc. Little from Russia and Easter Europe; not much from China, explain
Nkrumah’s united states of Africa- didn’t gain traction
OAU established in 1963- objectives, replace by African Union in 2002
Within a few years, most nations moved from multiparty system to one-arty rule; and others to military rule
Little attempt to break down linguistic and tribal barriers
Boundaries of nations were artificial, people didn’t have a common historical experience, and heritage; and so divisions remained
Colonial divisions created to serve colonial interests remained in place; hence conflicts: Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970); Katanga in the Congo (1960-1963); etc.
Nigeria: -secession, Lt. Colonel Ojukwu, governor of eastern state, proclaimed new state of Nigeria. Lt. Gen. Gowon, new leader of Nigeria led war to reinstate Biafra—explain context of conflict
1967-70- civil war
Congo, Moise Tshombe secession of Katanga from Congo, UN intervention, etc., eventual Mobutu
Concentration of political power: explain how many leaders have remained in power; one man rule became the order of the day
Soldier-politicians: military stepped in and out of politics, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Ghana, etc, etc
1961-67, military take-overs in Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, etc.
Muammar Gadhafi seized power in 1969, explain activities—intervened in several nations including Sudan, Egypt, Morocco, Chad, etc. overthrown in 2011
1970s: some of the worst abuses came to an end; Idi Amin in Uganda, Francisco Macias Nguema in Equatorial Guinea was overthrown in 1979; Jean-Bedel Bokassa (self-proclaimed emperor) was deposed
Horn of Africa, many problems. From 1962– Eritreans called for independence from Ethiopia, and was obtained in 1994
1974- Haile Selassie was overthrown and leadership eventually fell into the hands of Mengistu Haile Marian, who was himself ousted in 1991
Somalia– Siad Barre maintained power until country began to disintegrate—he fled from power in 1991, contextualize within events of end of Cold War, etc.
Collapse of Berlin Wall, and rising expectations, call for National Conference, collapse of many regimes, Kaunda, Hastings, Mobutu, etc.
Economic decline and increasing dependence: countries are heavily dependent on imported goods, limited industrialization translates into heavy importation of manufactured goods
By the mid-1980s, economic decline had near crisis proportion—Decade of lost development
IMF & WB imposed severe conditions on loans: devalue currency, increase in price of staple foods, freeze wages, etc; focus on programs such as Structural Adjustment Program, etc.
Political crises: near anarchy in the 1980s & 1990s, Li.
This document provides an overview of democracy in the contemporary world through several examples. It discusses the origins of democracy in ancient Greece and key events in the development of democracy such as independence movements in Africa and Asia in the 20th century. It also profiles important democratic and authoritarian figures and provides details on challenges to democracy through military coups in countries like Chile and restoration of democracy in Poland.
These slides briefly cover the Gold Coast to Ghana, a concept covered in grade 11 content. It covers a small back ground along with the events that lead to colonialism, the period and events during colonialism and what lead to Ghana gaining their independence.
The document discusses the challenges of nation-building in Africa and the Middle East after independence from colonial rule. It notes that newly independent states often contained diverse ethnic and religious groups within artificial colonial boundaries. It also discusses the rise of nationalism and leaders like Nkrumah and Kenyatta who fought for independence, as well as ongoing political and economic difficulties including corruption, poverty, and conflict in many regions.
The killing of patrice lumumba, and current congolese crisisworku belachew
Patrice Lumumba was the first democratically elected prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo after it gained independence from Belgium in 1960. However, he was very popular which threatened Western countries, and he accepted aid from the Soviet Union due to lack of support for removing Belgian forces. This led the US and Belgium to conspire to remove him from power. He was ultimately captured and assassinated with complicity from the CIA, Belgian officials, and others in 1961. His death helped consolidate the authoritarian rule of Mobutu Sese Seko and destabilized the DRC for decades.
Slides of a paper presented at the 17th Biennial Conference of the African Association of Political Science (AAPS), held at the University of Pretoria, South Africa (12-14 October 2023).
The document provides a historical overview of Liberia from its founding in 1822 by freed American slaves through its civil wars and transition to democracy. It summarizes that Liberia was ruled by Americo-Liberians for over a century until a coup in 1980. This led to authoritarian rule by Samuel Doe until he was killed in 1990, sparking civil wars that lasted until 1997 and involved many factions. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf was elected in 2005, becoming Africa's first female head of state.
Successful Strategies to Safeguard Farmers from Terrorist AttackPeter Hammond
This document outlines strategies for safeguarding farmers in South Africa from terrorist attacks, beginning with recognizing that the country is in the second phase of a Marxist revolution. It recommends farmers prioritize information, intercession, and involvement by staying informed through reliable news sources, engaging in prayer, and taking practical action like campaigning on social media. However, it cautions against the extremes of denial or hopelessness, stressing that with God's strength farmers can stand up against the threats they face.
The document traces the history of democracy from the French Revolution to the present. It discusses how the right to vote was gradually extended to more groups. By the early 20th century, only New Zealand had universal suffrage. Most of Asia and Africa were European colonies until independence movements in the mid-20th century led many new countries to become democracies. Another push for democracy came after 1980 as many authoritarian regimes transitioned to multi-party systems. However, some countries still remain non-democratic.
The document discusses the history and government of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It describes how Joseph Kabila became president after his father Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001. It also discusses Mobutu Sese Seko's authoritarian rule from 1965 to 1997, during which he banned political parties and opposition. Mobutu's corrupt regime deteriorated the country's economy until he was overthrown by Laurent Kabila. The document also notes how the DRC rejected principles of liberalism by banning political competition and other countries taking advantage of its natural resources.
Tunku Abdul Rahman was the first Prime Minister of Malaya and Malaysia. He played a pivotal role in leading Malaya to independence from British rule in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963. As Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955-1957, he established the multi-racial Alliance Party and led them to victory in the 1955 election, paving the way for independence negotiations with Britain. In 1956, he led a mission to London and successfully negotiated for Malaya's independence, which was achieved on August 31, 1957 with Tunku Abdul Rahman becoming the first Prime Minister. He would go on to serve as Prime Minister of unified Malaysia from 1963-1970. Tunku Abdul Rahman
The document summarizes the process of decolonization and nation-building after World War II. It discusses the rise of anti-colonial nationalism, patterns of independence like civil war, negotiated independence, and incomplete decolonization. It also examines decolonization processes in different regions, including French colonies in North Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, and the Congo.
The document discusses several key topics related to African decolonization in the 20th century, including:
1) The negative consequences of the "scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century, including how arbitrary European-drawn borders disrupted ethnic groups and social structures.
2) African resistance to colonial rule through figures like Jomo Kenyatta and his advocacy for independence in Kenya.
3) The various influences and challenges that African states faced in achieving independence in the post-WWII period as European powers grew weaker.
4) The ongoing struggles that newly independent African nations experienced with issues like ethnic conflict, economic dependence, and political instability.
The document discusses the colonization of Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by European imperial powers like Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Italy and Spain. It notes that unlike other parts of the world, African colonization was relatively short-lived, ending by the 1960s. It also discusses the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the factors that contributed to the overthrow of the tsar, including economic problems, public discontent with the government, and rising pressure for the tsar's resignation.
it is a berif introduction of social work in south africa with timeline representation of major events prepared souly by rachna sharma, student of master of social work, faculty of social work, maharaja sayajirao university of baroda, vadodara
Achmed Sukarno was the first president of Indonesia from 1945 to 1967. He established the Pancasila system of government with controlled democracy and suppressed political parties. His presidency saw the establishment of Indonesian independence but also a weakened economy, high inflation, and poverty before he was overthrown in a 1967 military coup led by General Suharto.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. Colonialism is the practice of
domination of a country by another or
a set of countries with a common
interest.
And decolonization is the process of
dismantling domination structures and
systems on a country.
5. 1. To have an unlimited access to
Minerals resources cheaply.
2. To have ready market for finished
products.
3. Exercise political and military might.
7. POLITICAL SYSTEM
The system ensured Africa remain a state
of conquest.
The system built governance institutions
that maintained the above.
The system created a culture of
dependence on colonial authorities.
8. The system only favored people loyal to the
colonial authorities, e.g. appointment of
Chiefs based on loyalty and not merit.
The system disregarded local means of
accreditation of community officials.
9. EDUCATION SYSTEM
The system produced people to fill the
colonial gaps, e.g. artisans, teachers
The system mostly absorbed Africans
to the colonial agenda, e.g. their
employees, their chiefs family and
relatives, see Table A. (notes of Nigeria,
Cameroon, Tanzania).
10. The system did not allow the
establishment of a professional or
technical education institution in
Africa; no university was built.
11. ECONOMY
The infrastructure built was solely for
the facilitation of colonial interest, e.g.
rail lines were from point of extraction
to point of export.
No factory was licensed for operation
in Africa.
12. All companies were for extraction of
minerals; imports, finished goods.
Agriculture was for export purposes.
Africans were only permitted to farm
what is exportable, except selected
cases, e.g. East Africa
The economy was solely for the
extraction and export of minerals.
14. POLITICAL SYSTEM
The colonial authorities supervised the
drafting of independence constitutions
that maintained colonial institutions, and
their interests, which is the foundation of
all succeeding constitutions today.
15. Colonial military, civil service structures were
handed over to Africans with little or no
restructuring, which still runs today.
The criteria of loyalty not merit was vogue
in the first African governments. And every
succeeding governments replicated it till
today, see table A.
16. The system makes the president to be
more like a god of the country, he is
responsible for almost everything in
the country.
The system maintains the culture of
dependency; citizens on political
leaders and leaders to the west or
colonial powers.
17. The system allows appointment of
government officials based on loyalty
in guise of political party affiliation and
not merit.
The system allows African leaders to
be loyal to the west in order to remain
in power, see table A. (DRC, Ghana,
Cameroon, Kenya).
18. Country Names of first
Leaders after
Independence
Educational Institutions
Attended
Positions occupied in
colonial era
Note
Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah
(Prime Minister 1957-
1960, President 1960-
1966) Ghana was
known as Gold Coast
before 1957
Lincoln University,
University of
Pennsylvania,
London School of
Economics,
University College
London
Prime Minister (1952-
1957),
School Teacher and
Headmaster
He first served as Prime Minister
under Governor-General Charles
Arden-Clarke.
Independence date was chosen
by colonial authorities and the
ceremony was attended by high
ranking colonial officials.
Before Ghanaian independence
was approved, MI5 gave an
intelligence report to the British
government ensuring Kwame is
no threat to their interest. He
was ousted in a coup.
Joseph Arthur Ankrah
President (1966-1969)
Commander of Ghana
Army (1957-1961)
Chief of Defense Staff
(1961-1965)
Marshfield Officer
Cadets Training Unit
Warrant Officer,
Lieutenant Gold Coast
Army,
Camp Commandant
Army Headquarters,
Chief Instructor
Education Unit,
Was made a Major in
1956
He became president as result of
a coup against Kwame Nkrumah
in 1966 by the National
Liberation Council (NLC) which
he was the chairman. The coup
was approved by the British and
United States governments. It
was a blueprint by UK and US
that he implemented.
He was forced to resign and
elections held.
TABLE A. SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES FIRST LEADERS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
19. NOTE: The National Liberation Council (NLC) led by Joseph Arthur Ankrah urgently
implemented all recommendations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank; privatized National enterprises, properties, and capital; devalued the Ghanaian
(cedi) by 30%; foreign debt increases. See recommendation 1.
He allowed foreign Conglomerates to operate at the detriment of Ghanaians.
Kwame Nkrumah turned out be a total different person from what MI5 reported to the
government, he was against their colonial interest, hence he was removed through the
by NLC.
Ghana was the first African Country to finalize independence negotiations and Colonial
powers used it as a template for other African countries except Mozambique, South Africa,
and Angola. The independence of Angola, and Mozambique was largely influenced by the
overthrow of the “Estado Novo” regime in Lisbon, Portugal.
20. Country Names of first
Leaders after
Independence
Educational Institutions
Attended
Positions Occupied in
Colonial era
Note
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo (DRC)
Joseph Kasa-Vubu
President (1960-1965)
Missionary Basic Schools Mayor of Dandale
District,
Chief accountant in
colonial administration,
Clerk in financial
department,
Teacher
He was elected President in an
election conducted by colonial
authorities in 1960. Shortly
after resuming office, his Prime
Minister Patrice Lumumba,
absolutely opposed him because
he was conservative; absorbing
the colonial status quo. He was
removed from office by Mobutu
Sese Seko through the 1965
coup.
Mobutu Sese Seko
President (1965-1997)
He changed the
country’s name to
Zaire during his term
and it was renamed to
DRC by his successor
Laurent Desire
Kabila.
He was taught how to read
and write by a Belgian
judge where his guardians
were working as maids.
He proceeded to attended
missionary schools.
Served in the colonial
army,
He spied Patrice
Lumumba for colonial
governments.
He implemented the execution
of Patrice Lumumba, ordered
by Belgium and United States
of America governments in
1961.
Patrice Lumumba barely served
three months as Prime Minister.
Sese Seko was removed from
office in a coup led by Laurent
Desire Kabila in 1997.
TABLE A. SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES FIRST LEADERS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
21. Country Names of first
Leaders of
Independence
Educational
Institutions Attended
Positions occupied in
Colonial era
Note
Tanzania
Julius Kambarage
Nyerere
President (1962-1985)
Edinburgh University,
Makerere College
Member of Legislative
Council,
Prime Minister,
Chief Minister
His father was the Chief of
Zanaki under colonial authorities.
Tanzania was known as
Tangianyika before 1964.
He retired from Politics in 1985.
Rashid Kawawa Missionary schools. Prime Minister Her served as Prime Minister
under Julius Nyerere (1972-
1977), and Defense Minister
(1977-1980).
He retired from politics.
Cameroon
Ahmadou Ahidjo
President (1960-1982)
French primary and
secondary schools
Radio Operator for postal
services,
Member of French
Union,
Prime Minister
His father was a chief under
colonial authorities. After he
resumed office after
independence, French nationals
remained as advisers to his
Ministers and himself. He
resigned from office. Paul Biya
succeeded him till now.
John Ngu Foncha
Vice President (1960-
1970)
Bamenda govt. School,
St. Michel School
Buguma,
St. Charles Training
College, Onitsha
Nigeria
Teacher
Headmaster
He had a secrete deal with
Ahmadou on unification which
was for personal benefits. He was
from British Cameroon. He was
outsmarted in 1970.
TABLE A. SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES FIRST LEADERS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
22. Country Names of first
Leaders after
independence
Educational Institutions
Attended
Positions occupied
in colonial era
Note
Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta
President (1964-
1978)
He died in office.
University College
London,
London School of
Economics,
Communist University of
the Tailors of the East,
Missionary basic schools
Prime Minister,
School Principal
He was a member of the
“Kapenguria Six” arrested in
1952. His colleague and friend
in the Kapenguria Six, Bildad
Kaggia never reconciled with
him because Jomo was a
conservative, maintaining the
colonial status quo, while the
rest of the group except Paul
Ngei wanted an absolute
service to the poor
disregarding colonial rules.
Daniel Toroitich arap
Moi
President (1978-
2002)
Retired from politics
Tambach Teachers Training
College
Minister of
Education,
Member of
Legislative Council,
Teacher
He was chosen to Legislative
Council as a replacement of
Dr. John Ole.
Dr. John Ole was accused of
having connections with the
Mau Mau movement.
The ‘Mau Mau’ activities led
to the independence of Kenya.
Mau Mau was led by the
members of Kapenguria Six
except Jomo Kenyatta.
TABLE A. SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES FIRST LEADERS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
23. Country Names of first
Leaders after
Independence
Educational Institutions
Attended
Positions occupied in
colonial era
Note
Nigeria
Nnamdi Azikiwe
President (1963-1966)
Governor-General
(1960-1963)
Howard University,
Lincoln University,
University of Pennsylvania,
Columbia University,
Storer College
Member of Legislative
Council,
Premier of Eastern
Nigeria,
Member of the Privy
Council
His father was a Clerk in the
colonial administration.
Azikiwe was ousted from
office by the bloody coup of
1966.
Abubaka Tafawa
Belewa
Prime Minister (1960-
1966)
Barewa College,
University College London
Chief Minister,
Min. of Works &
Transportation,
Member of Legislative
Council,
Northern House of
Assembly,
Inspector of Schools,
Teacher and
Headmaster
His father worked as maid for
a District Head in the colonial
administration.
He was ousted and killed
from office during the bloody
1966 coup.
TABLE A. SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES FIRST LEADERS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
24. EDUCATION SYSTEM
The system is for the west because the
foundational leaders are all trained and oriented
western society institutions, e.g. establishments of
TTCs across the continent with colonial blueprint
after indep. see table A.
The system produces graduates for western
societies and not African societies, e.g. medical
doctors.
25. The system rarely produces people
that can solve our problems but mostly
western problems.
The system establishes many
institutions that are poorly funded and
managed.
Some products are not absorbable in
Africa, e.g. advanced physics.
26. ECONOMY
Some factories built, import of finished
goods still flourishes as colonial times. See
Table C.
We still don’t farm what we eat but mostly
for export purposes.
The export of minerals the mainstay, same
colonial economy. See Table B.
27. TABLE B. SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES WITH MASSIVE NATURAL RESOURCES
Country Dominant Export
Commodities in Value
(2017)
Percentage to total
annual exports in value
(2017)
Major export destinations (2017)
South Africa Gold 15% China, United States of America, India,
United Kingdom, Germany
Diamonds 9%
Platinum 8.7%
Nigeria Crude Petroleum 76% India, United States of America, Spain,
France, the Netherlands
Petroleum Gas 13.8%
Zambia Raw Copper 47.3% Switzerland, China, India, South Africa
Refined Copper 27.2%
Cameroon Crude Petroleum 31.4% France, China, Italy, the Netherlands,
Belgium-Luxembourg
Sawn Wood 14.4%
Niger Radioactive Chemicals 54.7% France, Mali, China, South Korea
Refined Petroleum 16%
Mozambique Coke 23% India, South Africa, China, Italy
Raw Aluminum 25.1%
Coal Briquette 21.9%
Tanzania Gold 29.3% India, South Africa, China, Vietnam
Coconuts, Brazil Nuts,
and Cashews
11.6%
28. Country Dominant Export
Commodities in Value
(2017)
Percentage to total
annual exports in value
(2017)
Major Export Destinations (2017)
Angola Crude Petroleum 88.5% China, India, United States of
America, South Africa, Spain
Petroleum Gas 4.4%
Diamonds 4%
Ghana Gold 48.7% India, China, South Africa, the
Netherlands
Crude Petroleum 17.3%
Ivory Coast Cocoa Beans 36.6% The Netherlands, United States of
America, France, Germany, Belgium-
Luxembourg
Rubber 10.7%
Ethiopia Coffee 32.5% China, United States of America,
Switzerland, the Netherlands
Oily Seeds 15.9%
Democratic Republic
of the Congo
Refined Copper 26.2% China, United States of America,
India, United Kingdom, Germany
Cobalt 24.8%
Kenya Tea 22.3% United States of America, Pakistan,
Uganda, the Netherlands, United
Kingdom
Cut Flower 11.2%
Coffee and Spices 4.4%
Namibia Diamonds 25% South Africa, United Kingdom,
United States of America, Angola, the
Netherlands
Copper 17.3%
TABLE B. SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES WITH MASSIVE NATURAL RESOURCES
29. Country Dominant annual import
commodities in value (2017)
Origins of dominant annual imports in
value (2017)
Tanzania Refined Petroleum, Packaged
Medicaments, Palm Oil, Wheat
China, India, United Arab Emirate
Angola Refined Petroleum, Poultry Meat,
Machinery, Passenger and Cargo
Ships
China, Portugal, Brazil, South Africa, the
Republic of the Congo
Ghana Cars, Delivery Trucks, Refined
Petroleum, Rice, Fish
China, United States of America, India,
Belgium-Luxembourg, United Kingdom
Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Packaged Medicaments, Animal
or Human Blood, Refined
Petroleum, Poultry Meat
South Africa, China, Zambia, Belgium-
Luxembourg, India
South Africa Crude Petroleum, Refined
Petroleum, Cars, Gold
China, Germany, United States of America,
India
Nigeria Refined Petroleum, Cargo and
Passenger Ships, Wheat, Cars
China, South Korea, Belgium-Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, United States of America
Zambia Copper Ore, Cobalt Oxides and
Hydroxides, Refined Petroleum
South Africa, China, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Kuwait
Niger Packaged Medicaments, Rice,
Palm oil, Pesticides, Cements
France, India, Ghana, China, Belgium-
Luxembourg
Mozambique Refined Petroleum, Raw
Aluminum, Aluminum oxide
South Africa, China, India, Australia, the
Netherlands
Botswana Refined Petroleum, Cars,
Beverages, Machinery, Food
South Africa, China, Israel, Namibia
TABLE C. IMPORTS OF SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES
30. Country Dominant annual import
commodity in value (2017)
Origins of dominant annual imports in
value (2017)
Cameroon Refined Petroleum, Crude
Petroleum, Rice, Special Purpose
Ships
China, France, Republic of Congo,
Thailand, Nigeria
Ethiopia Planes, Helicopters, Gas Turbines China, France, India, Germany, Turkey
Ivory Coast Crude Petroleum, Rice, Packaged
Medicaments, Frozen Fish
China, France, Nigeria, India, Belgium-
Luxembourg
Kenya Refined Petroleum, Palm Oil, Cars,
Packaged Medicaments
China, India, United Arab Emirate, Saudi
Arabia
TABLE C. IMPORTS OF SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES
NOTE: Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ghana, and Angola has South Africa as one of its
major export destination, largely as a result of extraction companies having South Africa
as its African base while their subsidiaries operate in other African countries. Hence, it’s
the transfer of mineral resources.
31. CONCLUSION
Reasons for colonizing Africa
1. Unlimited access to mineral resources
cheaply is still very much implemented.
Table D. below in the appendix, shows the
major companies extracting resources for
export in Africa
32. 2. Ready market for finished goods, still
very much implemented, e.g. the signed
EU Economic Partnership Agreement with
Sub Saharan Africa. China exports to
Africa, e.g. textiles. The US proposed free
trade agreement with Mauritius, Kenya,
Lesotho, Namibia, Ghana, Mozambique,
and Botswana.
33. 3. Exercise of political and military might
still very much implemented, e.g. the
competition for Africa between China
and the West. Both militaries are
present in Africa.
My conclusion is Africa is still under
colonialism and we need to start
working to have our true independence.
34. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. We must work our own financial
system. A system that can
independently finance our
development. Some guidelines are
stated in the book Africa, A First
35. 2. Education, we as scholars are to
research and develop curricula that
can produce people to fill the gaps in
our society. And not just educating
people for other climes.
Some few steps are stated in the book,
Africa, A First World.
36. 3. We must research continent wide to
develop a political system that permits
all Africans to be free. A system that is
African and returns daily decision
making power to the African citizens. A
system that makes African government
to solely depend on the masses for
decisions.
37. Reference
Isaac Mazonde ‘ Culture and Development of Africa’
Colonialism, Nationalism, Neocolonialism, presentation by Sarah Bishop, Cicily David, Kay Kastner,
Faridah Nassali
Dele Olowu ‘Nature and Character of the African State’ presentation at Gambia for AAPAM,1994
Nwanosike F. Oba, Onyije E. Liverpool ‘Colonialism and Education’ International Association for
Teaching and Learning, 2011
http://www.angola.org.uk/oil-companies
https://en.m.Wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa
https://en.m.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria
Several articles on https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en and https://tradingeconomics.com
Several articles http://www.worldstopexports.com and https://em.m.Wikipedia.org
European Commission, Economic Partnership Agreements, 2019
38. For further discussions and questions:
Phone: +2349037487967
Email: anderson.samasi@yahoo.com
or buy the book
AFRICA, A FIRST WORLD by Samasi Anderson
40. Country Company Parent Company Country of Origin
(Corporation
Headquarters)
Zambia
Barrick Lumwana Copper Mines Barrick Gold Corporation Canada
FQM Kansanshi Mining Plc First Quantum Minerals Ltd. Canada
Mopani Copper Mines Plc Glencore Plc Switzerland, & United
Kingdom
Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) Vendanta Resources Limited United Kingdom, India
Lubambe Copper Mines Africa Rainbow minerals &
Vale
South Africa & Brazil
Nigeria
Shell Nigeria Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands
Chevron Nigeria Chevron Corporation United States of America
Total Nigeria Total S. A. Italy
ExxonMobil Nigeria ExxonMobil Corporation United States of America
Eni Nigeria (Agip Nigeria) Eni S.P.A. Italy
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo
Avil Mining Trafigura Group Pte. Ltd. Switzerland & Canada
Mutanda Mining Sarl Glencore Plc Switzerland & United
Kingdom
Katanga Mining Ltd Glencore Plc Switzerland & United
Kingdom
Miniere de Masoshi et Kinsenda
(MMG)
Metorex South Africa
TABLE D. SOME MAJOR MINERALS EXTRACTION COMPANIES OPERATING IN AFRICA
41. Country Company Parent Company Country of Origin
(Corporation
Headquarters)
South Africa
BHP Billiton BHP Group Plc United Kingdom & Australia
Anglo American Plc United Kingdom & South
Africa
Goldfields Limited Goldfields Corporation South Africa
Glencore Plc United Kingdom &
Switzerland
Ghana
AngloGold Ashanti Ltd Anglo American & Goldfields
Corporation
United Kingdom & South
Africa
Adamus Reseources Ltd Endeavour Mining
Corporation
United Kingdom
Newmont Ghana Ltd Newmont Mining
Corporation
United States of America
Total Petroleum Ghana Ltd Total S. A. Italy
Tanzania Acacia Mining Plc Barrick Gold Corporation &
Goldfields Corporation
United Kingdom & South
Africa
Resolute Mining Limited Australia
Shanta Gold Limited United Kingdom
Edenville Energy Plc United Kingdom
TABLE D. SOME MAJOR MINERALS EXTRACTION COMPANIES OPERATING IN AFRICA
42. Country Company Parent Company Country of Origin
(Corporation
Headquarters)
Angola
ChevronTexaco United States of America
Halliburton United States of America
ExxonMobil United States of America
BP Amoco United States of America &
United Kingdom
Niger Compagnie Miniere d’
Akokan (COMINAK)
Areva S. A. France
Societe des Mines de
I’Air (SOMAIR)
Areva S. A. France
Cameroon
ExxonMobil United States of America
Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands
Total S. A. Italy
Namibia Weatherly Mininig
Namibia Ltd
Weatherly International Plc United Kingdom
B2Gold Namibia (pty)
Ltd
B2Gold Corporation Canada
Namibia Diamond
Trading Company Ltd
50% owned by Namibian govt.
50% owned by De Beers
Group, which is owned by
Anglo American Plc.
United Kingdom & Namibia
TABLE D. SOME MAJOR MINERALS EXTRACTION COMPANIES OPERATING IN AFRICA