COLLEGE
PHYSICS LAB REPORT
STUDENTS NAME
ANALYSIS OF A BUBBLE CHAMBER PICTURE
SUPERVISED BY:
19/05/2020
1. Introduction
A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it. It was invented in 1952 by Donald A. Glaser, for which he was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics.
A convenient way to study the properties of the fundamental subatomic particles is through observation of their bubble trails, or tracks, in a bubble chamber. Using measurements made directly on a bubble chamber photograph, we can often identify the particles from their tracks and calculate their masses and other properties. In a typical experiment, a beam of a particular type of particle is sent from an accelerator into a bubble chamber, which is a large liquid-filled vessel. To simplify the analysis of the data, the liquid used is often hydrogen, the simplest element. The use of liquid hydrogen, while it simplifies the analysis, complicates the experiment itself, since hydrogen, a gas at room temperature, liquefies only when cooled to -246◦C. For charged particles to leave tracks in passing through the chamber, the liquid must be in a “super-heated” state, in which the slightest disturbance causes boiling to occur. In practice, this is accomplished by expanding the vapor above the liquid with a piston a few thousandths of a second before the particles enter the chamber.
2. Methods
2.1 Materials needed:
1. student worksheet per student
2. Ruler
3. Scissors
4. Glue stick
5. Pocket calculator
2.2 Procedures
2.2.1 Calculation of the X Particle’s Mass.
Make measurements on each of the photographs. In particular, for each of the circled events measure these four quantities:
· `Σ - The length of the Σ track,
· θ - the angle between the Σ− and π− track,
· s - the sagitta of the π− track,
· `π - The chord length of the π− track.
Your values for the event should be close to those given in the sample input. Run the program using each set of measurements, and tabulate the computed X0 mass from each event. Compute an average of the calculated masses and find the average deviation, expressing your result as Mx ±∆Mx.
Compare your final result with some known neutral particles listed below and identify the X0 particle based on this comparison.
Particlemass (in MeV/c2)
π0 135
K0 498
n 940
Λ0 1116
Σ0 1192
Ξ0 1315
2.2.2 Determination of the Angle θ.
The angle θ between the π− and Σ− momentum vectors can be determined by drawing tangents to the π− and Σ− tracks at the point of the Σ− decay.
We can then measure the angle between the tangents using a protractor. We can show.
Thesis on the masses of photons with different wavelengths.pdf WilsonHidalgo8
It deals with the methods and calculations to measure the masses of photons with different wavelengths.
where I was able to create two experimental calculations to explain the measurements of the masses of the photons.
and I hope that this thesis competes with others, in order to obtain a physics prize.
Chapters
Reminders: light
speed of light in a vacuum
A brief historical reminder of the speed of light
Invariance of the speed of light in a vacuum
Influence of the propagation medium
Speed or celerity?
Speed, distance traveled, and duration
Relations including the speed of light
Faster than light?
Speed of light: did you know?
Reminders: light
Light is an electromagnetic wave, consisting of a magnetic field and an electric field oscillating perpendicular to each other in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light wave. In a vacuum, light travels in a straight line at the speed of light noted c.
speed of light in a vacuum
Exact value
The exact value of the speed of light was fixed in 1983 by the Bureau of Weights and Measures at c = 299 792 458 m/s or c = 2.99792458 x 10 8 m/s, using the units of the international system. It can also be expressed in kilometers per hour by multiplying the value in m/s by 3.6: c = 1,079,252,848.8 km/h or c = 1.0792528488 x 10 9 km/h. This value, which represents a fundamental constant of physics, can be used for calculations requiring great precision. It is also used to define the meter in the international system of units: one meter corresponds to the length traveled in a vacuum by light for a duration of 1/299,792,458 seconds.
A brief historical reminder of the speed of light
The first conception concerning light suppose that it can be either present in a space, or absent: the light would therefore be instantaneous. The Arab scholar Alhazen (965-1039) was interested in optics and wrote reference treatises. He is the first to have the intuition that the appearance of light is not instantaneous, that it has a speed of propagation, but he cannot prove it.
Galileo (1564-1039) tries to measure the propagation time of light between two hills using two people a few kilometers apart and equipped with clocks. He fails to measure the speed of light (which, in the context of this experiment, takes 10 -5 seconds to travel the previously defined distance, not measurable for the time) and deduces from the failure of this experiment that the speed of propagation of light is very high.
Cassini (1625-1712) speculated that the irregularity in the movement of Io, a satellite of Jupiter, could come from a delay in the arrival of light from the satellite, "such that it takes 10 or 11 minutes for it travels a distance equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit". Römer (1644-1710) explains the discrepancy between the eclipses of Io (a satellite of Jupiter) and Cassini's predictions by assuming that light has a speed of propagation. It is the first to give an order of magnitude of the speed of light.
Bradley (1693-1762) confirms Römer's hypothesis and proposes a first estimate of the speed of light at approximately 10188 times that of the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, the latter being however poorly known. His discovery is linked to the aberration of light,
Telescope history
&facts,
Thesis on the masses of photons with different wavelengths.pdf WilsonHidalgo8
It deals with the methods and calculations to measure the masses of photons with different wavelengths.
where I was able to create two experimental calculations to explain the measurements of the masses of the photons.
and I hope that this thesis competes with others, in order to obtain a physics prize.
Chapters
Reminders: light
speed of light in a vacuum
A brief historical reminder of the speed of light
Invariance of the speed of light in a vacuum
Influence of the propagation medium
Speed or celerity?
Speed, distance traveled, and duration
Relations including the speed of light
Faster than light?
Speed of light: did you know?
Reminders: light
Light is an electromagnetic wave, consisting of a magnetic field and an electric field oscillating perpendicular to each other in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light wave. In a vacuum, light travels in a straight line at the speed of light noted c.
speed of light in a vacuum
Exact value
The exact value of the speed of light was fixed in 1983 by the Bureau of Weights and Measures at c = 299 792 458 m/s or c = 2.99792458 x 10 8 m/s, using the units of the international system. It can also be expressed in kilometers per hour by multiplying the value in m/s by 3.6: c = 1,079,252,848.8 km/h or c = 1.0792528488 x 10 9 km/h. This value, which represents a fundamental constant of physics, can be used for calculations requiring great precision. It is also used to define the meter in the international system of units: one meter corresponds to the length traveled in a vacuum by light for a duration of 1/299,792,458 seconds.
A brief historical reminder of the speed of light
The first conception concerning light suppose that it can be either present in a space, or absent: the light would therefore be instantaneous. The Arab scholar Alhazen (965-1039) was interested in optics and wrote reference treatises. He is the first to have the intuition that the appearance of light is not instantaneous, that it has a speed of propagation, but he cannot prove it.
Galileo (1564-1039) tries to measure the propagation time of light between two hills using two people a few kilometers apart and equipped with clocks. He fails to measure the speed of light (which, in the context of this experiment, takes 10 -5 seconds to travel the previously defined distance, not measurable for the time) and deduces from the failure of this experiment that the speed of propagation of light is very high.
Cassini (1625-1712) speculated that the irregularity in the movement of Io, a satellite of Jupiter, could come from a delay in the arrival of light from the satellite, "such that it takes 10 or 11 minutes for it travels a distance equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit". Römer (1644-1710) explains the discrepancy between the eclipses of Io (a satellite of Jupiter) and Cassini's predictions by assuming that light has a speed of propagation. It is the first to give an order of magnitude of the speed of light.
Bradley (1693-1762) confirms Römer's hypothesis and proposes a first estimate of the speed of light at approximately 10188 times that of the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, the latter being however poorly known. His discovery is linked to the aberration of light,
Telescope history
&facts,
Artigo que descreve o trabalho feito com o Chandra nos aglomerados de galáxias de Perseus e Virgo sobre a descoberta de uma turbulência cósmica que impede a formação de novas estrelas.
La región del infrarrojo (IR) del espectro abarca la radiación con números de ondas comprendidos entre 12.800 y los 10 cm-1, que corresponde a longitudes de onda de 0,78, 1.000 μm. Tanto desde el punto de vista de las aplicaciones como de la instrumentación, es conveniente dividir el espectro IR en tres regiones denominadas infrarrojo cercano, medio y lejano. Las técnicas de las aplicaciones de los métodos basados en cada una de estas regiones difieren considerablemente.
PART V - Continuation of PART III - QM and PART IV - QFT.
I intended to finish with the Hydrogen Atom description and the atomic orbital framework but I deemed the content void of a few important features: the Harmonic Oscillator and an introduction to Electromagnetic Interactions which leads directly to a formulation of the Quantization of the Radiation Field. I could not finish without wrapping it up with a development of Transition Probabilities and Einstein Coefficients which opens up the proof of the Planck distribution law, the photoelectric effect and Higher order electromagnetic interactions. I believe this is the key contribution: making it more understandable up to, but not including, quantum electrodynamics!
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Sub atomic Particles
Atomic Models
Atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom:
Photoelectric effect
Planck’s quantum theory
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Quantum Numbers
Rules for filling of electrons in various orbitals
This is a schrodinger equation and also Heiseinberg's uncertainty principle.
It is necessary to know this equation for the quantum mechanic. The wave equation, uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, time dependent and independent of schrodinguer...
I am Baddie K. I am a Magnetic Materials Assignment Expert at eduassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Masters's Degree in Electro-Magnetics, from The University of Malaya, Malaysia. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 12 years. I solve assignments related to Magnetic Materials.
Visit eduassignmenthelp.com or email info@eduassignmenthelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Magnetic Materials Assignments.
COMM 166 Final Research Proposal GuidelinesThe proposal should.docxdrandy1
COMM 166 Final Research Proposal Guidelines
The proposal should contain well-developed sections (Put clear titles on the top of each section) of your outline that you submitted earlier. The proposal should have seven (7) major sections:
1. Introduction: A brief overview of all your sections. Approx. one page
2. A summary of the literature review. In this section you would summarize the previous research (summarize at least 8-10 scholarly research articles), and also your field data collection results (if it was connected to your proposal topic). Also indicate the gaps in the previous research, including your pilot study, and the need for your research study. Please devote around three pages in reviewing the previous research and finding the gaps.
3. Arising from the literature review, write the Purpose Statement of your research (purpose statement should have all its parts clearly written. Follow the examples from textbook).
4. Identify two to three main hypotheses or research questions (based on the quantitative/qualitative research design). Also give some of your supporting research questions. Follow the examples from textbook.
5. Describe the research strategy of inquiry and methods that you would use and why. The method part should be the substantial part of your paper, around three pages. Define your knowledge claims, strategies, and methods from the textbook (and cite), why you chose them, and how you will conduct the research in detail.
6. A page on the significance of your study.
7. A complete reference list of your sources in APA style.
The total length of the paper should be between 8-10 pages (excluding the reference and cover pages).
If you have further questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Best wishes
Dev
mportant notes about grading:
1. Compiler errors: All code you submit must compile. Programs that do not compile will receive an automatic zero. If you run out of time, it is better to comment out the parts that do not compile, than hand in a more complete file that does not compile.
2. Late assignments: You must submit your code before the deadline. Verify on Sakai that you have submitted the correct version. If you submit the incorrect version before the deadline and realize that you have done so after the deadline, we will only grade the version received before the deadline.
A Prolog interpreter
In this project, you will implement a Prolog interpreter in OCaml.
If you want to implement the project in Python, download the source code and follow the README file. Parsing functions and test-cases are provided.
Pseudocode
Your main task is to implement the non-deterministic abstract interpreter covered in the lecture Control in Prolog. The pseudocode of the abstract interpreter is in the lecture note.
Bonus
There is also a bonus task for implementing a deterministic Prolog interpreter with support for backtracking (recover from bad choices) and choice points (produce multiple results). Please refer to th.
COMMENTS You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking t.docxdrandy1
COMMENTS: You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking the introduction and conclusion paragraphs (1/3 deduction.) Remove the notations from the Reference List. Not all of your sources came from the UOP library and are peer reviewed, so you need to locate additional. You need a minimum of three peer reviewed sources from the UOP library. Prove your arguments using academic sources. Some paragraphs are too short, every paragraph should be five to eight sentences. You received a five point deduction for not including the introduction or conclusion.
SCORE: 10/15 Points (Deduction for not including an introduction or conclusion.)
The Inappropriateness of the Death Sentence
Add an introduction paragraph. Comment by Darlene Bennett: The introduction needs a topic sentence that describes the main idea of the paragraph, then provide background information and finally, include the thesis statement. The introduction should be five to eight sentences in length.
Thesis Statement Comment by Darlene Bennett: The thesis statement cannot be isolated by itself. You need to insert it as the last sentence of the introductory paragraph.
The death penalty, as practiced in some societies in the world, has had its positive aspects and negative aspects and my stand are that it should be abolished in any democratic state that seeks to ensure justice for both the victims of crime and the offenders.
The death sentence is against the bible and other religious guidelines Comment by Darlene Bennett: Capitalize the word “Bible.”
Death sentences against convicted criminals in the society go against the spirit and guidelines provided by religious faiths regarding our stay here in the universe. Comment by Darlene Bennett: Casual tone, stay formal and do not use first person pronouns.
Religious laws quoted in religious books prohibited the execution of man whatsoever. According to these religious laws, there is no compromise or a reason big enough to necessitate the punishment of an offender through death. The ten commandments developed by God himself in the book of Deuteronomy, under commandment five, prohibits the killing of a man. Universal religious laws concur with the Christian teaching regarding the execution of man as a way of punishment (Goldman, 2017). Comment by Darlene Bennett: This is a generalization – do all religious books state this? By Old Testament law, people were stoned for certain infractions. Be specific and provide a source for your fact. Comment by Darlene Bennett:
Religious teachings in all religion term human life as sacred and one that is not subject to limitation, in all circumstance. According to the various religions, it is God only who can terminate the life of a human being. They recommend the use of other means of justice for offenders to reform and revert back to their normal lives in the society (Goldman, 2017).
Further, no method of executing criminals is humane, all the methods are painful, inhumane and disrespectful.
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Artigo que descreve o trabalho feito com o Chandra nos aglomerados de galáxias de Perseus e Virgo sobre a descoberta de uma turbulência cósmica que impede a formação de novas estrelas.
La región del infrarrojo (IR) del espectro abarca la radiación con números de ondas comprendidos entre 12.800 y los 10 cm-1, que corresponde a longitudes de onda de 0,78, 1.000 μm. Tanto desde el punto de vista de las aplicaciones como de la instrumentación, es conveniente dividir el espectro IR en tres regiones denominadas infrarrojo cercano, medio y lejano. Las técnicas de las aplicaciones de los métodos basados en cada una de estas regiones difieren considerablemente.
PART V - Continuation of PART III - QM and PART IV - QFT.
I intended to finish with the Hydrogen Atom description and the atomic orbital framework but I deemed the content void of a few important features: the Harmonic Oscillator and an introduction to Electromagnetic Interactions which leads directly to a formulation of the Quantization of the Radiation Field. I could not finish without wrapping it up with a development of Transition Probabilities and Einstein Coefficients which opens up the proof of the Planck distribution law, the photoelectric effect and Higher order electromagnetic interactions. I believe this is the key contribution: making it more understandable up to, but not including, quantum electrodynamics!
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Sub atomic Particles
Atomic Models
Atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom:
Photoelectric effect
Planck’s quantum theory
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Quantum Numbers
Rules for filling of electrons in various orbitals
This is a schrodinger equation and also Heiseinberg's uncertainty principle.
It is necessary to know this equation for the quantum mechanic. The wave equation, uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, time dependent and independent of schrodinguer...
I am Baddie K. I am a Magnetic Materials Assignment Expert at eduassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Masters's Degree in Electro-Magnetics, from The University of Malaya, Malaysia. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 12 years. I solve assignments related to Magnetic Materials.
Visit eduassignmenthelp.com or email info@eduassignmenthelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Magnetic Materials Assignments.
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COMM 166 Final Research Proposal GuidelinesThe proposal should.docxdrandy1
COMM 166 Final Research Proposal Guidelines
The proposal should contain well-developed sections (Put clear titles on the top of each section) of your outline that you submitted earlier. The proposal should have seven (7) major sections:
1. Introduction: A brief overview of all your sections. Approx. one page
2. A summary of the literature review. In this section you would summarize the previous research (summarize at least 8-10 scholarly research articles), and also your field data collection results (if it was connected to your proposal topic). Also indicate the gaps in the previous research, including your pilot study, and the need for your research study. Please devote around three pages in reviewing the previous research and finding the gaps.
3. Arising from the literature review, write the Purpose Statement of your research (purpose statement should have all its parts clearly written. Follow the examples from textbook).
4. Identify two to three main hypotheses or research questions (based on the quantitative/qualitative research design). Also give some of your supporting research questions. Follow the examples from textbook.
5. Describe the research strategy of inquiry and methods that you would use and why. The method part should be the substantial part of your paper, around three pages. Define your knowledge claims, strategies, and methods from the textbook (and cite), why you chose them, and how you will conduct the research in detail.
6. A page on the significance of your study.
7. A complete reference list of your sources in APA style.
The total length of the paper should be between 8-10 pages (excluding the reference and cover pages).
If you have further questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Best wishes
Dev
mportant notes about grading:
1. Compiler errors: All code you submit must compile. Programs that do not compile will receive an automatic zero. If you run out of time, it is better to comment out the parts that do not compile, than hand in a more complete file that does not compile.
2. Late assignments: You must submit your code before the deadline. Verify on Sakai that you have submitted the correct version. If you submit the incorrect version before the deadline and realize that you have done so after the deadline, we will only grade the version received before the deadline.
A Prolog interpreter
In this project, you will implement a Prolog interpreter in OCaml.
If you want to implement the project in Python, download the source code and follow the README file. Parsing functions and test-cases are provided.
Pseudocode
Your main task is to implement the non-deterministic abstract interpreter covered in the lecture Control in Prolog. The pseudocode of the abstract interpreter is in the lecture note.
Bonus
There is also a bonus task for implementing a deterministic Prolog interpreter with support for backtracking (recover from bad choices) and choice points (produce multiple results). Please refer to th.
COMMENTS You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking t.docxdrandy1
COMMENTS: You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking the introduction and conclusion paragraphs (1/3 deduction.) Remove the notations from the Reference List. Not all of your sources came from the UOP library and are peer reviewed, so you need to locate additional. You need a minimum of three peer reviewed sources from the UOP library. Prove your arguments using academic sources. Some paragraphs are too short, every paragraph should be five to eight sentences. You received a five point deduction for not including the introduction or conclusion.
SCORE: 10/15 Points (Deduction for not including an introduction or conclusion.)
The Inappropriateness of the Death Sentence
Add an introduction paragraph. Comment by Darlene Bennett: The introduction needs a topic sentence that describes the main idea of the paragraph, then provide background information and finally, include the thesis statement. The introduction should be five to eight sentences in length.
Thesis Statement Comment by Darlene Bennett: The thesis statement cannot be isolated by itself. You need to insert it as the last sentence of the introductory paragraph.
The death penalty, as practiced in some societies in the world, has had its positive aspects and negative aspects and my stand are that it should be abolished in any democratic state that seeks to ensure justice for both the victims of crime and the offenders.
The death sentence is against the bible and other religious guidelines Comment by Darlene Bennett: Capitalize the word “Bible.”
Death sentences against convicted criminals in the society go against the spirit and guidelines provided by religious faiths regarding our stay here in the universe. Comment by Darlene Bennett: Casual tone, stay formal and do not use first person pronouns.
Religious laws quoted in religious books prohibited the execution of man whatsoever. According to these religious laws, there is no compromise or a reason big enough to necessitate the punishment of an offender through death. The ten commandments developed by God himself in the book of Deuteronomy, under commandment five, prohibits the killing of a man. Universal religious laws concur with the Christian teaching regarding the execution of man as a way of punishment (Goldman, 2017). Comment by Darlene Bennett: This is a generalization – do all religious books state this? By Old Testament law, people were stoned for certain infractions. Be specific and provide a source for your fact. Comment by Darlene Bennett:
Religious teachings in all religion term human life as sacred and one that is not subject to limitation, in all circumstance. According to the various religions, it is God only who can terminate the life of a human being. They recommend the use of other means of justice for offenders to reform and revert back to their normal lives in the society (Goldman, 2017).
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There are about a half dozen commercial space entrepreneurs globally today. Pick one of those companies, and then provide a short history of their company, outline their current projects, and describe their future plans for space travel. Describe the biggest obstacles that they will have to overcome to achieve their goals.
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Price is the easiest way to make profit – all you do is raise the price – it costs nothing and you have to do no work – just send out a new price sheet.
Distribution is the next easiest – sell the same stuff in different places – with minor changes.
Questions
1.
Define/explain:
A.
Supply chain
B.
Value delivery
C.
What/who are the distribution chain members:
D.
How does a distribution chain member add value to the consumer
E.
Vertical marketing system
F.
Horizontal marketing system
J.
Mutlichannel system
G.
Marketing logistics
H.
Supply chain management
I.
Major logistical functions
J.
Specialty stores
K. Department stores
L.
Supermarkets
M.
Convenience stores
N.
Discount stores
O.
Off price stores
P. Superstores
Q.
Corporate chain stores
R.
Voluntary chain
S.
Retailer Cooperative
T
Franchise organization
U.
Merchandising conglomerate
v.
Wholesalers
w.
Brokers
X.
Agents
2.
Read (or look up if needed)
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-- explain how technology drives this company – remember women’s fashion has 4 to 5 seasons.
3.
What marketing mix decisions must retailers make:
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B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
4.
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COMM 1110 Library Research Assignment
Objective:
To ensure students begin library research in a timely manner, selecting worthwhile sources and justifying
their inclusion.
Assignment:
Select five credible sources that can be used for your speech. For each source, provide a full APA
citation, an explanation of where/how you found the source, a summary of the information the source
contains, and an explanation of why it is relevant to your speech. Credible sources contain worthwhile
and trustworthy information from reliable sources.
Make sure you number each source and separate each component: citation, how source was discovered,
summary, and relevance.
Pay attention to all of the requirements in order to complete the assignment to the Satisfactory level.
Specifications for Satisfactory Completion
1. Format: Submitted paper is/has:
a. Double-spaced, with no extra spaces before or after paragraphs.
b. Times New Roman font.
c. 1-inch margins.
d. 12-point font.
e. Document is submitted with only the student’s name placed in the header and nothing in
the footer, with NO date, class, or professor information on the document (this is tracked
by Georgia View).
f. Document is submitted in .docx format.
g. Document is submitted by the due date in Georgia View.
h. Citations are in proper APA format.
2. Content:
a. At least five sources are presented, with each source containing all the required
components listed above.
b. Fewer than 5 grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors.
c. All sources come from credible outlets, including and especially GALILEO.
d. No more than two sources are in common with any group members.
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COMM 1110 Persuasive Speech Evaluation
Objective:
To learn how to identify areas for improvement in public speaking and evaluate observations, inferences,
and relationships in a speech.
Assignment:
Watch Dan Pink’s The Puzzle of Motivation at https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation/.
Prepare a paper that answers the following questions: How would you rate the speaker’s delivery? What
things did the speaker do well? What things need to be improved? What was the speaker trying to
accomplish? How many steps of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence were covered by the speech, and were
they in the correct order? When in the speech was each step of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence covered?
Pay attention to all of the requirements in order to complete the assignment to the Satisfactory level.
Specifications for Satisfactory Completion
1. Format: Submitted paper is/has:
a. Double-spaced, with no extra spaces before or after paragraphs.
b. Times New Roman font.
c. 1-inch margins.
d. 12-point font.
e. Document is submitted with only the student’s name placed in the header and nothing in
the footer, with NO date, class, or professor information on the document (this is tracked
by Georgia View).
f. Document is submitted in .docx format.
g. Document is submitted by the due date in Georgia View.
2. Content:
a. All questions are answered thoroughly.
b. Fewer than 5 grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors.
c. 300-600 words.
COMM 1110 Persuasive Speech EvaluationObjective:Assignment:Specifications for Satisfactory Completion
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Comment The ANA is such an astonishing association. They help .docxdrandy1
Comment
The ANA is such an astonishing association. They help with new enactment, state-of-the-art data on nursing issues, confirmations and proceeding with training, thus a lot increasingly significant nursing subjects. I turned into a part as an understudy, yet I didn't comprehend the significance of being associated with these associations. In the present changing social insurance framework, it is so imperative to be taught and included on the present issues. The ANA has been a promoter for profession improvement and improving the wellbeing for all Americans for more than 100 years. I need to turn into an individual from this long-standing association to keep awake to-date on issues, proceed with my training, and have any kind of effect in the nursing field.
Comment
Being an advocate means a lot, at many different levels. For instance, as LVN being an advocate is hands on, RN would be collaborating with many different discipling, BSN would be all the combination and take it to a management level. As working for hospice being a patient advocate is so important at the end of life. Working with dying patients and educating families about the medications needed for end of life comfort. For instance, Morphine 20mg/ml give 1 ml Po/SL q 2 hours PRN pain. (severe pain 7-10). With out this education on medication regimen patient would suffer in pain.
.
Comments Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of .docxdrandy1
Comments: Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of work into this. Unfortunately, your paper needs adequate citations in the body of the text to meet our standards on plagiarism. You need to cite each textbook from your bibliography whenever you quote or use some information from the textbook or other resource. For example, writing (Jones 285) after the quote or information used means that you got it from the book whose author was Jones and the info came from page 285.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a procedure in which laparoscopic techniques remove the gallbladder. It is the standard of care for symptomatic gallbladder disease, of which most are performed for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Other indications include acute cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, and gallstone pancreatitis.
Describe the reasons a patient might have the selected surgical procedure
The typical reason a cholecystectomy is a treatment of choice is inflammatory changes of gallbladder or blockage of bile flow by gallstones. Symptomatic cholelithiasis is the most common reason where gallstones in the gallbladder are blocking the bile flow and cause inflammation. The patient usually complains of episodic epigastric pain and right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder. This pain is found to occur several hours after heavy meals and the patient experiences nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever, and right upper quadrant tenderness. Another condition is acute cholecystitis, where inflammation and symptoms are more prominent. The patient may have a fever, constant pain, positive Murphy's sign, or leukocytosis. Acute cholecystitis may be caused by calculous biliary tract disease with confirmed gallstones in the abdominal US. Acute acalculous cholecystitis usually occurs in critically ill patients, those with prolonged total parenteral nutrition, and some immunosuppressed patients. Patients with episodes of right upper quadrant pain (which are ‘classic' for biliary pain without evidence of cholelithiasis of US or ERCP) may also be referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gallstone pancreatitis (when small stones pass through the cystic duct) confirmed by cholangiography is another indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Describe the reasons a patient might be disqualified for this surgery and the options for the patient if any
A patient might be excluded for laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to acute general conditions that are a contraindication for any surgery such as an acute cardiac failure, uncontrolled hypertension, acute renal failure, pneumonia, etc. The condition should be treated by a primary care provider or specialist and the patient should be stable prior surgery. Additional contraindications may include the inability to tolerate general anesthesia, significant portal hypertension, uncorrectable coagulopathy, and multiple prior operations.
List the diagnostic tests and lab work that an attending surgeon might order and desc.
Community Assessment and Analysis PresentationThis assignment co.docxdrandy1
Community Assessment and Analysis Presentation
This assignment consists of both an interview and a PowerPoint (PPT) presentation.
Assessment/Interview
Select a community of interest in your region. Perform a physical assessment of the community.
1. Perform a direct assessment of a community of interest using the "Functional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide."
2. Interview a community health and public health provider regarding that person's role and experiences within the community.
Interview Guidelines
Interviews can take place in-person, by phone, or by Skype.
Develop interview questions to gather information about the role of the provider in the community and the health issues faced by the chosen community.
Complete the "Provider Interview Acknowledgement Form" prior to conducting the interview. Submit this document separately in its respective drop box.
Compile key findings from the interview, including the interview questions used, and submit these with the presentation.
PowerPoint Presentation
Create a PowerPoint presentation of 15-20 slides (slide count does not include title and references slide) describing the chosen community interest.
Include the following in your presentation:
1. Description of community and community boundaries: the people and the geographic, geopolitical, financial, educational level; ethnic and phenomenological features of the community, as well as types of social interactions; common goals and interests; and barriers, and challenges, including any identified social determinates of health.
2. Summary of community assessment: (a) funding sources and (b) partnerships.
3. Summary of interview with community health/public health provider.
4. Identification of an issue that is lacking or an opportunity for health promotion.
5. A conclusion summarizing your key findings and a discussion of your impressions of the general health of the community.
While APA style, and thesis is required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA format ting guidelines.
Functional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide
Functional Health Pattern (FHP) Template Directions:
This FHP template is to be used for organizing community assessment data in preparation for completion of the topic assignment. Address every bulleted statement in each section with data or rationale for deferral. You may also add additional bullet points if applicable to your community.
Value/Belief Pattern
Predominant ethnic and cultural groups along with beliefs related to health.
Predominant spiritual beliefs in the community that may influence health.
Availability of spiritual resources within or near the community (churches/chapels, synagogues, chaplains, Bible studies, sacraments, self-help groups, support groups, etc.).
Do the community members value health promotion measures? What is the evidence that they do or do not (e.g., involvement in education, fundrai.
Comment Commentonat least 3 Classmates’Posts (approximately 150.docxdrandy1
Comment
Commentonat least 3 Classmates’Posts (approximately 150 -300 words each)§
- comment must address the R2R prompt and your classmate’s response substantively; if you agree or disagree, provide reasoning and rational evidence from the readings to support your position
- build on the ideas of what your classmate has written and dig deeper into the ideas
- support your views through research you have read or through your personal and/or professional experiences§demonstrate a logical progression of ideas
- comments need to be thoughtful and substantive; not gratuitous comments like “this was a good post” or simply that “you agree”. Simply congratulating the writer on their astute insights is insufficient.
- cite the readings in your response by using proper APA Style format and conventions.
classmate 1
Pragmatism is defined as a philosophical approach in which experience is the fundamental concept. Radu explains that in pragmatism, each experience is based on the interaction between subject and object, between self and its world and represents only the result of the integration of human beings into the environment (Radu, 2011). All in all, pragmatism promotes activity based learning. Pragmatism relates to Dewey’s work in many ways. The most significant being its rejection of traditional learning, and its emphasis on solving problems in a sensible way that suits conditions that really exist rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas, or rules (Cambridge, 2016).
Progressivism is a philosophical concept belonging to ‘new education’, is ‘a Copernican revolution’ in pedagogy, promoting ‘a child-centered school’ (Radu, 2011). Radu states that Dewey’s pedagogic view is not based on his philosophical concept, but al on the social, economic and cultural realities of American society (pg. 87). Progressivism is featured around the learning capacity continuing into adulthood; Dewey called this “permanent education”. Learning is done by doing; this is because Dewey believed authentic knowledge is achieved only through direct experience. Although Dewey though some target methods were necessary when teaching, he did not believe in teachers being forced to stick to routines (Radu 2011). This idea leads to the problem-problem solving method which in short states that in order to solve problem, an individual must: define the problem, analyze the problem, determine possible solutions, propose solutions, evaluate and select a solution, and determine strategies to implement solution. The progressive theory encourages learning through discovery, this allows the learner to acquire knowledge through interest, rather than effort.
Ragu also states that there are reactions against Dewey’s progressive education. Perennialism says that permanence is the fundamental feature of the world; not change. School is intended to promote the permanent values of the past and present. Essentialists believed the main purpose of school was to prepare th.
Communication permeates all that we do, no matter who we are. In thi.docxdrandy1
Communication permeates all that we do, no matter who we are. In this discussion forum, we are going to explore this concept by looking at the changes in how we communicate through written and spoken formats with the introduction of new technologies.
Begin by reading the following:
Mobile telephony and democracy in Ghana: Interrogating the changing ecology of citizen engagement and political communication
.
Towards the Egyptian Revolution: Activists' Perceptions of Social Media for Mobilization
Peacebuilding in a Networked World
Clay Shirky interview:
Social Media Acts as Catalyst for Policy Change
Technologies enable people to connect by shared beliefs and social movements, rather than by just national or ethnic identification. There is no longer a location-bound or time element in global communication. We seek out those who share our beliefs, and this allows us to harness the power of ideas across borders. Conduct some research into the power of social media to effect political change and consider the following questions, sharing one recent example:
Has the advent of “technology assisted communication” contributed to an expansion of the democratic process? If so, in what way(s)? Is this approach to democratic interaction workable for the future or just a unique event?
How has social media contributed to political change? Examine this question using the example from your research.
.
Combating BriberyIn May 2011, the Commission for Eradication of .docxdrandy1
Combating Bribery
In May 2011, the Commission for Eradication of Corruption in Indonesia (K.P.K.) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (O.E.C.D.) met to devise a treaty against international bribery practices. First, read the Conference Conclusions document. Then discuss how the twelve conclusions from the conference will help the international anti-corruption community forge ahead in fighting foreign bribery with a mutual understanding of how to achieve its goals. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
Shell’s Values
Review the Shell: Our Values page on Shell’s corporate website. To what major issues does Shell highlight its commitment? Do you think the organization’s statements are useful as a guide to ethical and socially responsible decision making? Why or why not? Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
.
Comment using your own words but please provide at least one referen.docxdrandy1
Comment using your own words but please provide at least one reference for each comment.
Do a half page for discussion #1, half page for discussion #2, half page for discussion #3 and half page for discussion #4 for a total of two pages.
Provide the comment for each discussion separate.
.
Communicating and Collaborating Family InvolvementIn this uni.docxdrandy1
Communicating and Collaborating: Family Involvement
In this unit you will read about the importance of developing partnerships with families in the preschool classroom. You will learn about rights and responsibilities of parents of children with disabilities as well as how to act as an advocate for children with special needs. You will discuss challenges of being sensitive and responsive to children and families from a variety of cultural backgrounds. You will also explore strategies to help empower a family of a child with special needs
.
Community Health Assessment and Health Promotion-1000 words-due .docxdrandy1
Community Health Assessment and Health Promotion-1000 words-due 9/23/2020
In 1000 words respond to each question below. Use the textbook and source to support statements
1. Elaborate on the effectiveness of children immunization program as a primary community health diseases prevention method within the Peoria Illinois community.
2. Identify at least 2 immunization health promotion program and initiatives within the Peoria Illinois community.
3. What are current population trends and attitudes regarding immunization?
4. Elaborate on the obesity epidemic and its public health impact.
5. Speak on at least two programs or initiative/programs that community and public health officials have taken to reduce the prevalence of obesity within the Peoria Illinois community.
Cite all source with credible scholarly articles. Use at least 3 reference. Sources must be 5 years old or less. Use APA format 7th edition. Use statistical data to support each question.
.
COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENTWINSHIELD SURVEYGUIDELINES1. C.docxdrandy1
COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENT/WINSHIELD SURVEY
GUIDELINES:
1. Community description.
2. Community health status (can be obtain from the department of health).
3. The role of the community as a client.
4. Healthy people 2020, leading health indictors in your community.
5. Conclusion.
Also, you must present a table as an appendix with the following topics and description;
Housing
Transportation
Race and ethnicity
Open space
Service centers
Religion and politics
Requirements:
APA style ( includes references, no less than 3 references not older than 2016 and intent citation).
.
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONSPrepared ByDatePROBATIONDescr.docxdrandy1
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS
Prepared By:
Date:
PROBATION
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS
Name of punishment: COMMUNITY SERVICE
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
Name of punishment: RESTITUTION
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
Name of punishment: HOUSE ARREST
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
REFERENCES
1
Day 08 ActivityFisher & HughesSeptember 21, 2018Study
A study was conducted to determine the effects of alcohol on human reaction times. Fifty-seven adult individuals within two-age groups were recruited for this study and were randomly allocated into one of three alcohol treatment groups – a control where the subjects remain sober during the entire study, a moderate group were the subject is supplied alcohol but is limited in such a way that their blood alcohol content (BAC) remains under the legal limit to drive (BAC of 0.08) and a group that received a high amount of alcohol to which their BAC may exceed the legal limit for driving. Each subject was trained on a video game system and their reaction time (in milliseconds) to a visual stimulus was recorded at 7 time points 30 minutes apart (labeled T0=0, T1=30, T2=60 and so on). At time point T0, all subjects were sober and those in one of the alcohol consumption groups began drinking after the first measured reaction time (controlled within the specifications outlined). The researcher is interested in determining the influence alcohol and age (namely, is reaction time different for those in the 20s versus 30s) has on reaction times.
The task for today is to do a complete analysis for this study and dig into the effects of alcohol, age and time have on reaction times.Data input and wrangling
First read in the data:alcohol <- read.csv("alcoholReaction.csv")
head(alcohol)## Subject Age Alcohol T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
## 1 1 24 Control 255.3 254.8 256.4 255.1 257.0 256.1 257.0
## 2 2 34 Control 250.1 249.2 249.0 248.0 248.0 248.9 248.1
## 3 3 31 Control 248.2 247.1 246.9 246.7 246.0 246.0 247.0
## 4 4 24 Control 253.9 253.8 254.9 254.1 253.2 254.1 255.0
## 5 5 38 Control 250.0 251.0 250.0 249.9 248.8 249.1 249.9
## 6 6 38 Control 246.0 248.0 247.0 248.1 248.1 246.9 244.0
Note, the Age variable is recorded as an actual age in years, not the category of 20s or 30s like we want – we need to dichotomize this variable. Also note the data is in wide format – the reaction times (the response variables) are spread over multiple columns. We need a way to gather these columns into a single column. So we need to do some data processing.
First consider the below code:head(alcohol %>%
mutate(Age = case_when(Age<31 ~ "20s",
Age %in% 31:40 ~ "30s")))## Subject Age Alcohol .
Community Concerns Please respond to the followingIn your.docxdrandy1
Community Concerns"
Please respond to the following:
In your opinion, what are the most pressing and significant concerns facing communities today? Why do you think so? Respond to at least one of your classmates. How would a business' community relations department address the concern that your classmate has posted? Support your reasoning with at least one quality reference.
.
Community Engagement InstructionsPart I PlanStudents wi.docxdrandy1
Community Engagement Instructions
Part I: Plan
Students will submit the Community Engagement Plan Form that includes a paragraph informing the instructor of the plan for the required 10-hour volunteer service in a community setting, including the supervising organization’s name and other pertinent information.
Submit Part I: The Plan for Community Engagement by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 3.
.
Community Career DevelopmentRead the following case study an.docxdrandy1
Community Career Development
Read the following case study and in 700- to 1050-words (2-3 pages) answer the questions posed after the case study. Use headings to separate the responses to each question. Use at least two (2) resources.
Frank is a 25-year-old veteran who has served two tours of duty in Iraq. While there, he lost his right arm while removing wounded soldiers from the combat zone. He is suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. His military specialty is artillery maintenance specialist. Now he faces the need to get housing and a civilian job that provides enough income to support himself, his wife, and their two children. While he has been away, his wife and children have lived with her parents, but now Frank and his wife would like to have their own home.
Frank has a high school diploma but has not pursued any education beyond that. Before entering the military, he drove a florist delivery truck. Linda, his wife, has completed an associate degree in paralegal studies at the local community college while Frank has been away. She is willing to work if they could find a way to acquire good child care services.
Questions:
What kinds of next steps would you investigate with Frank as you work with him on an action plan?
To what agencies and resources might you refer Frank?
What kinds of support services does this family need?
.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. COLLEGE
PHYSICS LAB REPORT
STUDENTS NAME
ANALYSIS OF A BUBBLE CHAMBER PICTURE
SUPERVISED BY:
19/05/2020
1. Introduction
A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated
transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect
electrically charged particles moving through it. It was invented
in 1952 by Donald A. Glaser, for which he was awarded the
2. 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics.
A convenient way to study the properties of the fundamental
subatomic particles is through observation of their bubble trails,
or tracks, in a bubble chamber. Using measurements made
directly on a bubble chamber photograph, we can often identify
the particles from their tracks and calculate their masses and
other properties. In a typical experiment, a beam of a particular
type of particle is sent from an accelerator into a bubble
chamber, which is a large liquid-filled vessel. To simplify the
analysis of the data, the liquid used is often hydrogen, the
simplest element. The use of liquid hydrogen, while it
simplifies the analysis, complicates the experiment itself, since
hydrogen, a gas at room temperature, liquefies only when
cooled to -246◦C. For charged particles to leave tracks in
passing through the chamber, the liquid must be in a “super-
heated” state, in which the slightest disturbance causes boiling
to occur. In practice, this is accomplished by expanding the
vapor above the liquid with a piston a few thousandths of a
second before the particles enter the chamber.
2. Methods
2.1 Materials needed:
1. student worksheet per student
2. Ruler
3. Scissors
4. Glue stick
5. Pocket calculator
2.2 Procedures
2.2.1 Calculation of the X Particle’s Mass.
Make measurements on each of the photographs. In particular,
for each of the circled events measure these four quantities:
· `Σ - The length of the Σ track,
· θ - the angle between the Σ− and π− track,
· s - the sagitta of the π− track,
· `π - The chord length of the π− track.
Your values for the event should be close to those given in the
3. sample input. Run the program using each set of measurements,
and tabulate the computed X0 mass from each event. Compute
an average of the calculated masses and find the average
deviation, expressing your result as Mx ±∆Mx.
Compare your final result with some known neutral particles
listed below and identify the X0 particle based on this
comparison.
Particlemass (in MeV/c2)
π0 135
K0 498
n 940
Λ0 1116
Σ0 1192
Ξ0 1315
2.2.2 Determination of the Angle θ.
The angle θ between the π− and Σ− momentum vectors can be
determined by drawing tangents to the π− and Σ− tracks at the
point of the Σ− decay.
We can then measure the angle between the tangents using a
protractor. We can show an alternative method which does not
require a protractor. Let AC and BC be the tangents to the π−
and Σ− tracks respectively. Drop a perpendicular (AB) and
measure the distances AB and BC. The ratio AB/BC gives the
tangent of the angle 180◦ −θ. It should be noted that only some
of the time will the angle θ exceed 90◦.
2.2.3 Determination of Momentum from Range.
We cannot determine the momentum of the Σ− track from its
radius of curvature because the track is much too short. Instead,
we make use of the known way that a particle loses momentum
as a function of the distance it travels. In each event in which
the K− comes to rest before interacting, energy conservation
applied to the process requires the Σ− particle to have a specific
momentum of 174 MeV/c. The relatively massive Σ− particle
loses energy rapidly, so its momentum at the point of its decay
is appreciably less than 174 MeV/c even though it travels only a
4. short distance. It is known that a charged particle’s range, d,
which is the distance it traveled before coming to rest, is
approximately proportional to the fourth power of its initial
momentum, i.e., d ∝ p4. For a Σ− particle traveling in liquid
hydrogen, the constant of proportionality is such that a particle
of initial momentum 174 MeV/c has a range of 0.597cm. Next
we find the “residual range,” which is the difference between
the maximum range d0 and the Σ− track length `Σ. Note that
when `Σ = 0.597 you get pΣ = 0 as you would expect.
2.2.4 Calculation of the Sigma Lifetime.
The Σ− lifetime can be approximately determined using the
measured values of the Σ− track lengths. The average
momentum of the Σ− particle can be found from its initial and
final values:
p ¯ Σ = 1/2(174 + pΣ), where pΣ is found from , using the
measured track length `Σ.
The length of time that the Σ− lives (the time between its
creation and decay) is t = `Σ /v , where `Σ is the length of the
Σ− track and v is the average velocity of the Σ− particle.
Write a program that calculates the amount of time that each Σ−
lives, and determine an average lifetime. The accepted value is
1.49×10−10 seconds. Since all our photographs are less than
life-size, the computed times must be multiplied by the scale
factor 1.71. This method of finding the Σ− lifetime can only be
expected to give a very approximate result because (a) only four
events are used and (b) we have ignored the exponential
character of particle decay.
3. Results and Discussion
The bubble chamber is similar to a cloud chamber, both in
application and in basic principle. It is normally made by filling
a large cylinder with a liquid heated to just below its boiling
point. As particles enter the chamber, a piston suddenly
decreases its pressure, and the liquid enters into a superheated,
metastable phase. Charged particles create an ionization track,
around which the liquid vaporizes, forming microscopic
bubbles. Bubble density around a track is proportional to a
5. particle's energy loss.
Bubbles grow in size as the chamber expands, until they are
large enough to be seen or photographed. Several cameras are
mounted around it, allowing a three-dimensional image of an
event to be captured. Bubble chambers with resolutions down to
a few micrometers (μm) have been operated.
The entire chamber is subject to a constant magnetic field,
which causes charged particles to travel in helical paths whose
radius is determined by their charge-to-mass ratios and their
velocities. Since the magnitude of the charge of all known
charged, long-lived subatomic particles is the same as that of an
electron, their radius of curvature must be proportional to their
momentum. Thus, by measuring their radius of curvature, their
momentum can be determined. A careful quantitative analysis of
measurements made on tracks in bubble chamber photographs
can reveal much more than can a simple visual inspection of the
photographs.
First, while reactions can often be unambiguously identified by
their topology, such identification can be confirmed if we make
measurements of the length, direction, and curvature of each
track, and then analyze these data by computer. Second, through
such a procedure we can determine whether an unseen neutral
particle was present. Third, we can determine properties of an
unseen neutral particle. In each of the photographs there are one
or more events. The circled event in each photograph is the one
of particular interest because all of its tracks lie very nearly in
the plane of the photograph and this considerably simplifies the
analysis. Such “almost coplanar” events are a rare occurrence
since all directions are possible for the particles involved. For
events that are more non-coplanar we must analyze at least two
stereoscopic photographs of each event in order to completely
describe its three dimensional kinematics. For each of the
circled events we will first determine three quantities:
(a) The momentum of the π− particle (pπ);
(b) The momentum of the Σ− particle (pΣ) at the point of its
decay; and
6. (c) The angle θ between the π− and Σ− tracks at the point of
decay
On their way through the liquid, particles constantly loose
energy because of the ionization processes and Bremsstrahlung.
A lower momentum corresponds to a smaller track radius in a
magnetic field: In the bubble chamber; The Lorentz force ��
= � ∙ � ∙ �
acts as centripetal force �� = � ∙ � ∙ � 2 � (with � = 1 √1− �
2 � 2 for relativistic particles).
Therefore: � ∙ � ∙ � = � ∙ � ∙ � 2 � ⇒ � = �∙�∙�
�∙� = � �∙� or � = � ∙ � ∙ �.
Where; q= electric charge of particle in C �=
speed of particle in m/s
�=speed of light in vacuum in m/s
�= Magnetic field strength in T
�=mass of particle in kg
�= radius of curvature of the particle track in m
�= (relativistic) momentum of the particle
3.1 Energy loss
A fast charged particle traversing the bubble chamber liquid
loses continuously energy by interactions with the atoms of the
medium, which become ionized. At low momenta the losses are
large and have a dependence of the type 1/v2; the losses for v=c
tend to a constant value of about 0.27 MeV/cm in liquid
hydrogen. The losses are furthermore proportional to the square
of the particle charges; all elementary particles have charge +1
or -1 times the proton charge. An electron with more than few
MeV has always a velocity close to the velocity of light; it loses
a relatively small energy by ionization and more by radiating
photons (the bremsstrahlung process). A fast electron thus
yields a track with slightly less than 10 bubbles per centimeter
and which spirals because of the large energy loss by radiation.
How can we be sure that the event is really an elastic event?
This can be done by checking if energy and momentum are
conserved.
I) Conservation of energy: (Total energy of the K+) + (mass
7. energy of a stationary proton) is equal to (Total energy of the
outgoing K+) + (total energy of the outgoing proton)
II) Conservation of linear momentum. (Momentum of incident
K+) + (0) is equal to (momentum of outgoing K+) + (momentum
of outgoing proton)
Although bubble chambers were very successful in the past,
they are of limited use in modern very-high-energy experiments
for a variety of reasons:
· The need for a photographic readout rather than three-
dimensional electronic data makes it less convenient, especially
in experiments which must be reset, repeated and analyzed
many times.
· The superheated phase must be ready at the precise moment of
collision, which complicates the detection of short-lived
particles.
· Bubble chambers are neither large nor massive enough to
analyze high-energy collisions, where all products should be
contained inside the detector.
· The high-energy particles may have path radii too large to be
accurately measured in a relatively small chamber, thereby
hindering precise estimation of momentum.
Measurement
of
the
angle
θ
22. (�! − �)!
Then
� =
(!!!!)!
!
!!!
!!!
= 2.21
To
calculating
standard
uncertainty
u
when
a
set
of
several
repeated
readings
has
been
taken,
use
� =
�
�
28. Analysis of a bubble chamber picture
Introduction
In this experiment you will study a reaction between
“elementary particles” by analyzing their
tracks in a bubble chamber. Such particles are everywhere
around us [1,2]. Apart from the standard
matter particles proton, neutron and electron, hundreds of other
particles have been found [3,4],
produced in cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere or by
accelerators. Hundreds of charged
particles traverse our bodies per second, and some will damage
our DNA, one of the reasons for the
necessity of a sophisticated DNA repair mechanism in the cell.
2
Figure 1: Photograph of the interaction between a high-energy
π--meson from the Berkeley
Bevatron accelerator and a proton in a liquid hydrogen bubble
chamber, which produces two neutral
short-lived particles Λ0 and K0 which decay into charged
particles a bit further.
Figure 2: illustration of the interaction, and identification of
bubble trails and variables to be
29. measured in the photograph in Figures 3 and 4.
The data for this experiment is in the form of a bubble chamber
photograph which shows bubble
tracks made by elementary particles as they traverse liquid
hydrogen. In the experiment under
study, a beam of low-energy negative pions (π- beam) hits a
hydrogen target in a bubble chamber.
A bubble chamber [5] is essentially a container with a liquid
kept just below its boiling point (T=20
K for hydrogen). A piston allows expanding the inside volume,
thus lowering the pressure inside
the bubblechamber. When the beam particles enter the
detector a piston slightly decompresses the
liquid so it becomes "super-critical'' and starts boiling, and
bubbles form, first at the ionization
trails left by the charged particles traversing the liquid.
The reaction shown in Figure 1 shows the production of a pair
of neutral particles (that do not leave
a ionized trail in their wake), which after a short while decay
into pairs of charged particles:
π - + p → Λo + Ko,
3
where the neutral particles Λo and Ko decay as follows:
Λo → p + π-, Ko → π+ + π-.
30. In this experiment, we assume the masses of the proton (mp =
938.3 MeV/c2) and the pions (mπ+ =
mπ- = 139.4 MeV/c2) to be known precisely, and we will
determine the masses of the Λ0 and the K0,
also in these mass energy units.
Momentum measurement
In order to “reconstruct” the interaction completely, one uses
the conservation laws of (relativistic)
momentum and energy, plus the knowledge of the initial pion
beam parameters (mass and
momentum). In order to measure momenta of the produced
charged particles, the bubble chamber is
located inside a magnet that bends the charged particles in
helical paths. The 1.5 T magnetic field is
directed up out of the photograph. The momentum p of each
particle is directly proportional to the
radius of curvature R, which in turn can be calculated from a
measurement of the “chord length” L
and sagitta s as:
r = [L2/(8s)] + [s/2] ,
Note that the above is strictly true only if all momenta are
perfectly in the plane of the photograph;
in actual experiments stereo photographs of the interaction are
taken so that a reconstruction in all
three dimensions can be done. The interaction in this
photograph was specially selected for its
planarity.
In the reproduced photograph the actual radius of curvature R of
the track in the bubble chamber is
multiplied by the magnification factor g, r = gR. For the
reproduction in Figure 3, g = height of
31. photograph (in mm) divided by 173 mm.
The momentum p of the particles is proportional to their radius
of curvature R in the chamber. To
derive this relationship for relativistic particles we begin with
Newton's law in the form:
F = dp/dt = e v×B (Lorentz force).
Here the momentum (p) is the relativistic momentum m v γ,
where the relativistic γ-factor is defined
in the usual way
γ = [√(1- v 2/c2)]-1.
Thus, because the speed v is constant:
F = dp/dt = d(mvγ)/dt = mγ dv/dt = mγ (v2/R)(-r) = e v B (-r) ,
where r is the unit vector in the radial direction. Division by v
on both sides of the last equality
finally yields:
mγv /R = p /R = e B ,
identical to the non-relativistic result! In “particle physics
units” we find:
p c (in eV) = c R B , (1)
32. 4
thus p (in MeV/c) = 2.998•108 R B •10-6 = 300 R (in m) B
(in T)
Measurement of angles
Draw straight lines from the point of primary interaction to the
points where the Λ0 and the K0
decay. Extend the lines beyond the decay vertices. Draw
tangents to the four decay product tracks at
the two vertices. (Take care drawing these tangents, as doing it
carelessly is a source of large
errors.) Use a protractor to measure the angles of the decay
product tracks relative to the parent
directions (use Fig. 3 or 4 for measurements and Fig. 2 for
definitions).
Note: You can achieve much better precision if you use graphics
software to make the
measurements, rather than ruler and protractor on paper.
Examples of suitable programs are
GIMP or GoogleSketchUp, both of which can be obtained for
free.
Analysis
The laws of relativistic kinematics relevant to this calculation
are written below. We use the
subscripts zero, plus, and minus to refer to the charges of the
decaying particles and the decay
products.
p+sinθ+ = p-sinθ-
33. (2)
p0 = p+cosθ+ + p-cosθ-
(3)
E0 = E+ + E-,
where E+ = √(p+2c2 + m+2c4) , and E- = √(p-2c2 + m-
2c4)
m0c2 = √(E02 - p02c2)
Note that there is a redundancy here. That is, if p+, p-, θ+, and
θ- are all known, equation (2) is not
needed to find m0. In our two-dimensional case we have two
equations (2 and 3), and only one
unknown quantity m0, and the system is over-determined. This
is fortunate, because sometimes (as
here) one of the four measured quantities will have a large
experimental error. When this is the case,
it is usually advantageous to use only three of the variables and
to use equation (2) to calculate the
fourth. Alternatively, one may use the over-determination to
"fit'' m0, which allows to determine it
more precisely.
A. K0 decay
1. Measure three of the quantities r+, r-, θ+, and θ-. Omit the
one which you believe would
introduce the largest experimental error if used to determine
mK. Estimate the uncertainty of
34. your measurements.
2. Use the magnification factor g to calculate the actual radii R
and equation (1) to calculate the
momenta (in MeV/c) of one or both pions.
3. Use the equations above to determine the rest mass (in
MeV/c2) of the Ko.
4. Estimate the error in your result from the errors in the
measured quantities.
5.
5
Β. Λo decay:
1. The proton track is too straight to be well measured in
curvature. Note that θ+ is small and
difficult to measure, and the value of mΛ is quite sensitive to
this measurement. Measure θ+, r-
and θ-. Estimate the uncertainty on your measurements.
2. Calculate mΛ and its error the same way as for the Ko.
3. Estimate the error in your result from the errors in the
measured quantities.
4. Finally, compare your values with the accepted mass values
(the world average) [3], and
discuss.
C. Lifetimes:
Measure the distance traveled by both neutral particles and
35. calculate their speed from their
momenta, and hence determine the lifetimes, both in the
laboratory, and in their own rest-frames.
Compare the latter with the accepted values [3]. Estimate the
probability of finding a lifetime value
equal or larger than the one you found.
References:
[1] G.D. Coughlan and J.E. Dodd: “The ideas of particle
physics”, Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge 1991
[2] “The Particle Adventure”, http://particleadventure.org/
[3] Review of Particle Physics, by the Particle Data Group,
Physics Letters B 592, 1-1109
(2004) (latest edition available on WWW: http://pdg.lbl.gov )
[4] Kenneth Krane: Modern Physics, 2nd ed.; John Wiley &
Sons, New York 1996
[5] see, e.g. K. Kleinknecht: “Detectors for Particle Radiation”,
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 1986;
R. Fernow: “Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics”,
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 1986;
W. Leo: Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics
Experiments :
A How-To Approach; Springer Verlag, New York
1994 (2nd ed.)
36. Note: Experiment adapted from PHY 251 lab at SUNY at Stony
Brook (Michael Rijssenbeek)
6
Figure 3 : Photograph of the interaction between a high-energy
π--meson from the Berkeley
Bevatron accelerator and a proton in a liquid hydrogen bubble
chamber. The interaction produces
two neutral particles Λ0 and K0, which are short-lived and
decay into charged particles a bit further.
The photo covers an area (H•W) of 173 mm • 138 mm of the
bubble chamber. In this enlargement,
the magnification factor g = (height (in mm) of the photograph
)/173 mm.
7
Fig. 4: Negative of picture shown in Fig. 3