This paper presents a natural language processing based automated system called DrawPlus for generating UML diagrams, user scenarios and test cases after analyzing the given business requirement specification which is written in natural language. The DrawPlus is presented for analyzing the natural languages and extracting the relative and required information from the given business requirement Specification by the user. Basically user writes the requirements specifications in simple English and the designed system has conspicuous ability to analyze the given requirement specification by using some of the core natural language processing techniques with our own well defined algorithms. After compound analysis and extraction of associated information, the DrawPlus system draws use case diagram, User scenarios and system level high level test case description. The DrawPlus provides the more convenient and reliable way of generating use case, user scenarios and test cases in a way reducing the time and cost of software development process while accelerating the 70 of works in Software design and Testing phase Janani Tharmaseelan ""Cohesive Software Design"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22900.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/22900/cohesive-software-design/janani-tharmaseelan
A Novel Approach for Rule Based Translation of English to Marathiaciijournal
This paper presents a design for rule-based machine translation system for English to Marathi language pair. The machine translation system will take input script as English sentence and parse with the help of Stanford parser. The Stanford parser will be used for main purposes on the source side processing, in the machine translation system. English to Marathi Bilingual dictionary is going to be created. The system will take the parsed output and separate the source text word by word and searches for their corresponding target words in the bilingual dictionary. The hand coded rules are written for Marathi inflections and also reordering rules are there. After applying the reordering rules, English sentence will be syntactically reordered to suit Marathi language
Performance analysis on secured data method in natural language steganographyjournalBEEI
The rapid amount of exchange information that causes the expansion of the internet during the last decade has motivated that a research in this field. Recently, steganography approaches have received an unexpected attention. Hence, the aim of this paper is to review different performance metric; covering the decoding, decrypting and extracting performance metric. The process of data decoding interprets the received hidden message into a code word. As such, data encryption is the best way to provide a secure communication. Decrypting take an encrypted text and converting it back into an original text. Data extracting is a process which is the reverse of the data embedding process. The effectiveness evaluation is mainly determined by the performance metric aspect. The intention of researchers is to improve performance metric characteristics. The evaluation success is mainly determined by the performance analysis aspect. The objective of this paper is to present a review on the study of steganography in natural language based on the criteria of the performance analysis. The findings review will clarify the preferred performance metric aspects used. This review is hoped to help future research in evaluating the performance analysis of natural language in general and the proposed secured data revealed on natural language steganography in specific.
The most integral part of our work is to extract Aspects from User Feedback and associate Sentiment and Opinion terms to them. The dataset we have at our disposal to work upon, is a set of feedback documents for various departments in a Hospital in XML format which have comments represented in tags. It contains about 65000 responses to a survey taken in a Hospital. Every response or comment is treated as a sentence or a set of them. We perform a sentence level aspect and sentiment extraction and we attempt to understand and mine User Feedback data to gather aspects from it. Further to it, we extract the sentiment mentions and evaluate them contextually for sentiment and associate those sentiment mentions with the corresponding aspects. To start with, we perform a clean up on the User Feedback data, followed by aspect extraction and sentiment polarity calculation, with the help of POS tagging and SentiWordNet filters respectively. The obtained sentiments are further classified according to a set of Linguistic rules and the scores are normalized to nullify any noise that might be present. We lay emphasis on using a rule based approach; rules being Linguistic rules that correspond to the positioning of various parts-of-speech words in a sentence.
A Novel Approach for Rule Based Translation of English to Marathiaciijournal
This paper presents a design for rule-based machine translation system for English to Marathi language pair. The machine translation system will take input script as English sentence and parse with the help of Stanford parser. The Stanford parser will be used for main purposes on the source side processing, in the machine translation system. English to Marathi Bilingual dictionary is going to be created. The system will take the parsed output and separate the source text word by word and searches for their corresponding target words in the bilingual dictionary. The hand coded rules are written for Marathi inflections and also reordering rules are there. After applying the reordering rules, English sentence will be syntactically reordered to suit Marathi language
Performance analysis on secured data method in natural language steganographyjournalBEEI
The rapid amount of exchange information that causes the expansion of the internet during the last decade has motivated that a research in this field. Recently, steganography approaches have received an unexpected attention. Hence, the aim of this paper is to review different performance metric; covering the decoding, decrypting and extracting performance metric. The process of data decoding interprets the received hidden message into a code word. As such, data encryption is the best way to provide a secure communication. Decrypting take an encrypted text and converting it back into an original text. Data extracting is a process which is the reverse of the data embedding process. The effectiveness evaluation is mainly determined by the performance metric aspect. The intention of researchers is to improve performance metric characteristics. The evaluation success is mainly determined by the performance analysis aspect. The objective of this paper is to present a review on the study of steganography in natural language based on the criteria of the performance analysis. The findings review will clarify the preferred performance metric aspects used. This review is hoped to help future research in evaluating the performance analysis of natural language in general and the proposed secured data revealed on natural language steganography in specific.
The most integral part of our work is to extract Aspects from User Feedback and associate Sentiment and Opinion terms to them. The dataset we have at our disposal to work upon, is a set of feedback documents for various departments in a Hospital in XML format which have comments represented in tags. It contains about 65000 responses to a survey taken in a Hospital. Every response or comment is treated as a sentence or a set of them. We perform a sentence level aspect and sentiment extraction and we attempt to understand and mine User Feedback data to gather aspects from it. Further to it, we extract the sentiment mentions and evaluate them contextually for sentiment and associate those sentiment mentions with the corresponding aspects. To start with, we perform a clean up on the User Feedback data, followed by aspect extraction and sentiment polarity calculation, with the help of POS tagging and SentiWordNet filters respectively. The obtained sentiments are further classified according to a set of Linguistic rules and the scores are normalized to nullify any noise that might be present. We lay emphasis on using a rule based approach; rules being Linguistic rules that correspond to the positioning of various parts-of-speech words in a sentence.
DETECTION OF JARGON WORDS IN A TEXT USING SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNINGcsandit
The proposed approach deals with the detection of jargon words in electronic data in different communication mediums like internet, mobile services etc. But in the real life, the jargon words are not used in complete word forms always. Most of the times, those words are used in different abbreviated forms like sounds alike forms, taboo morphemes etc. This proposed approach detects those abbreviated forms also using semi supervised learning methodology. This learning methodology derives the probability of a suspicious word to be a jargon word by the synset and concept analysis of the text.
DETECTION OF JARGON WORDS IN A TEXT USING SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNINGcscpconf
The proposed approach deals with the detection of jargon words in electronic data in different communication mediums like internet, mobile services etc. But in the real life, the jargon words are not used in complete word forms always. Most of the times, those words are used in different abbreviated forms like sounds alike forms, taboo morphemes etc. This proposed approach detects those abbreviated forms also using semi supervised learning methodology. This learning methodology derives the probability of a suspicious word to be a jargon word by the synset and
concept analysis of the text.
The activities of copy and paste fragments of code from a source code into the other source code
is often done by software developers because it's easier than generate code manually. This behavior leads
to the increase of effort to maintain the code. One of the detection methods of semantic cloning is based
on the behavior of the code. The code behavior detected by observing at an input, output and the effects of
the method. Methods with the same value of input, output, and effect will indicate that semantically the
same. However, the detection method based on the input, output, and effect could not be used in a void
method or method without parameters, another side comprehensively detection is required. The challenge
is how to detect which variable in a method that acts as input, output, and effect. Detection of the variable
input, output, and effects in a void method done using Program Dependence Graph. The use of clone
detection methods semantically based on behavior can increase the agreement value.
TEXT ADVERTISEMENTS ANALYSIS USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKSijdms
In this paper, we describe the developed model of the Convolutional Neural Networks CNN to a
classification of advertisements. The developed method has been tested on both texts (Arabic and Slovak
texts).The advertisements are chosen on a classified advertisements websites as short texts. We evolved a
modified model of the CNN, we have implemented it and developed next modifications. We studied their
influence on the performing activity of the proposed network. The result is a functional model of the
network and its implementation in Java and Python. And analysis of model results using different
parameters for the network and input data. The results on experiments data show that the developed model
of CNN is useful in the domains of Arabic and Slovak short texts, mainly for some classification of
advertisements. This paper gives complete guidelines for authors submitting papers for the AIRCC
Journals.
Semi-Supervised Keyphrase Extraction on Scientific Article using Fact-based S...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most scientific publishers encourage authors to provide keyphrases on their published article.
Hence, the need to automatize keyphrase extraction is increased. However, it is not a trivial task
considering keyphrase characteristics may overlap with the non-keyphrase’s. To date, the accuracy of
automatic keyphrase extraction approaches is still considerably low. In response to such gap, this paper
proposes two contributions. First, a feature called fact-based sentiment is proposed. It is expected to
strengthen keyphrase characteristics since, according to manual observation, most keyphrases are
mentioned in neutral-to-positive sentiment. Second, a combination of supervised and unsupervised
approach is proposed to take the benefits of both approaches. It will enable automatic hidden pattern
detection while keeping candidate importance comparable to each other. According to evaluation, factbased
sentiment is quite effective for representing keyphraseness and semi-supervised approach is
considerably effective to extract keyphrases from scientific articles.
Class Diagram Extraction from Textual Requirements Using NLP Techniquesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Comparison of stemming algorithms on Indonesian text processingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Stemming is one of the stages performed on the process of extracting information from the text.
Stemming is a process of converting words into their roots. There is an indication that the most accurate
stemmer algorithm is not the only way to achieve the best performance in information retrieval (IR). In this
study, seven Indonesian stemmer algorithms and an English stemmer algorithm are compared, they are
Nazief, Arifin, Fadillah, Asian, Enhanched confix stripping (ECS), Arifiyanti and Porter. The data used are
2,734 tweets collected from the official twitter account of PLN. First, the aims are to analyze the correlation
between stemmer accuracy and information retrieval performance in Indonesian text language. Second, is
to identify the best algorithm for Indonesian text processing purpose. This research also proposed
improved algorithm for stemming Indonesian text. The result shows that correlation found in the previous
research does not occur for the Indonesian language. The result also shows that the proposed algorithm
was the best for Indonesian text processing purpose with weighted scoring value of 0.648.
HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL BASED NAMED ENTITY RECOGNITION TOOLijfcstjournal
Named Entity Recognition is the task of recognizing Named Entities or Proper Nouns in a document and then classifying them into different categories of Named Entity classes. In this paper we have introduced our modified tool that not only performs Named Entity Recognition (NER) in any of the Natural Languages,performs Corpus Development task i.e. assist in developing Training and Testing document but also solves unknown words problem in NER, handles spurious words and automatically computes Performance Metrics for NER based system i.e. Recall, Precision and F-Measure.
An efficient approach to query reformulation in web searcheSAT Journals
Abstract Wide range of problems regarding to natural language processing, mining of data, bioinformatics and information retrieval can be categorized as string transformation, the following task refers the same. If we give an input string, the system will generates the top k most equivalent output strings which are related to the same input string. In this paper we proposes a narrative and probabilistic method for the transformation of string, which is considered as accurate and also efficient. The approach uses a log linear model, along with the method used for training the model, and also an algorithm that generates the top k outcomes. Log linear method can be defined as restrictive possibility distribution of a result string and the set of rules for the alteration conditioned on key string. It is guaranteed that the resultant top k list will be generated using the algorithm for string generation which is based on pruning. The projected technique is applied to correct the spelling error in query as well as reformulation of queries in case of web based search. Spelling error correction, query reformulation for the related query is not considered in the previous work. Efficiency is not considered as an important issue taken into the consideration in earlier methods and was not focused on improvement of accuracy and efficiency in string transformation. The experimental outcomes on huge scale data show that the projected method is extremely accurate and also efficient. Keywords: Log linear method, Query reformulation, Spelling Error correction.
Unsupervised Quality Estimation Model for English to German Translation and I...Lifeng (Aaron) Han
• Unsupervised Quality Estimation Model for English to German Translation and Its Application in Extensive Supervised Evaluation
o Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Authors: Aaron Li-Feng Han, Derek F. Wong, Lidia S. Chao, Liangye He and Yi Lu
The Scientific World Journal, Issue: Recent Advances in Information Technology. ISSN:1537-744X. SCIE, IF=1.73. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/aip/760301/
Named Entity Recognition For Hindi-English code-mixed Twitter Text Amogh Kawle
Speakers often switch back and forth between languages when speaking or writing, mostly in informal settings. This language interchanging involves complex grammar and the terms “code switching” or “code mixing” are used to describe It .
Sentiment Analysis In Myanmar Language Using Convolutional Lstm Neural Networkkevig
In recent years, there has been an increasing use of social media among people in Myanmar and writing
review on social media pages about the product, movie, and trip are also popular among people. Moreover,
most of the people are going to find the review pages about the product they want to buy before deciding
whether they should buy it or not. Extracting and receiving useful reviews over interesting products is very
important and time consuming for people. Sentiment analysis is one of the important processes for extracting
useful reviews of the products. In this paper, the Convolutional LSTM neural network architecture is
proposed to analyse the sentiment classification of cosmetic reviews written in Myanmar Language. The
paper also intends to build the cosmetic reviews dataset for deep learning and sentiment lexicon in Myanmar
Language.
Conceptual Similarity Measurement Algorithm For Domain Specific OntologyZac Darcy
This paper presents the similarity measurement algorithm for domain specific terms collected in the
ontology based data integration system. This similarity measurement algorithm can be used in ontology
mapping and query service of ontology based data integration system. In this paper, we focus on the web
query service to apply this proposed algorithm. Concepts similarity is important for web query service
because the words in user input query are not same wholly with the concepts in ontology. So, we need to
extract the possible concepts that are match or related to the input words with the help of machine readable
dictionary WordNet. Sometimes, we use the generated mapping rules in query generation procedure for
some words that cannot be confirmed the similarity of these words by WordNet. We prove the effect of this
algorithm with two degree semantic result of web mining by generating the concepts results obtained form
the input query.
Conceptual similarity measurement algorithm for domain specific ontology[Zac Darcy
This paper presents the similarity measurement algorithm for domain specific terms collected in the
ontology based data integration system. This similarity measurement algorithm can be used in ontology
mapping and query service of
ontology based data integration sy
stem. In this paper, we focus
o
n the web
query service to apply
this proposed algorithm
. Concepts similarity is important for web query service
because the words in user input query are not
same wholly with the concepts in
ontology. So, we need to
extract the possible concepts that are match or related to the input words with the help of machine readable
dictionary WordNet. Sometimes, we use the generated mapping rules in query generation procedure for
some words that canno
t be
confirmed the similarity of these words
by WordNet. We prove the effect
of this
algorithm with two degree semantic result of web minin
g by generating
the concepts results obtained form
the input query
DETECTION OF JARGON WORDS IN A TEXT USING SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNINGcsandit
The proposed approach deals with the detection of jargon words in electronic data in different communication mediums like internet, mobile services etc. But in the real life, the jargon words are not used in complete word forms always. Most of the times, those words are used in different abbreviated forms like sounds alike forms, taboo morphemes etc. This proposed approach detects those abbreviated forms also using semi supervised learning methodology. This learning methodology derives the probability of a suspicious word to be a jargon word by the synset and concept analysis of the text.
DETECTION OF JARGON WORDS IN A TEXT USING SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNINGcscpconf
The proposed approach deals with the detection of jargon words in electronic data in different communication mediums like internet, mobile services etc. But in the real life, the jargon words are not used in complete word forms always. Most of the times, those words are used in different abbreviated forms like sounds alike forms, taboo morphemes etc. This proposed approach detects those abbreviated forms also using semi supervised learning methodology. This learning methodology derives the probability of a suspicious word to be a jargon word by the synset and
concept analysis of the text.
The activities of copy and paste fragments of code from a source code into the other source code
is often done by software developers because it's easier than generate code manually. This behavior leads
to the increase of effort to maintain the code. One of the detection methods of semantic cloning is based
on the behavior of the code. The code behavior detected by observing at an input, output and the effects of
the method. Methods with the same value of input, output, and effect will indicate that semantically the
same. However, the detection method based on the input, output, and effect could not be used in a void
method or method without parameters, another side comprehensively detection is required. The challenge
is how to detect which variable in a method that acts as input, output, and effect. Detection of the variable
input, output, and effects in a void method done using Program Dependence Graph. The use of clone
detection methods semantically based on behavior can increase the agreement value.
TEXT ADVERTISEMENTS ANALYSIS USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKSijdms
In this paper, we describe the developed model of the Convolutional Neural Networks CNN to a
classification of advertisements. The developed method has been tested on both texts (Arabic and Slovak
texts).The advertisements are chosen on a classified advertisements websites as short texts. We evolved a
modified model of the CNN, we have implemented it and developed next modifications. We studied their
influence on the performing activity of the proposed network. The result is a functional model of the
network and its implementation in Java and Python. And analysis of model results using different
parameters for the network and input data. The results on experiments data show that the developed model
of CNN is useful in the domains of Arabic and Slovak short texts, mainly for some classification of
advertisements. This paper gives complete guidelines for authors submitting papers for the AIRCC
Journals.
Semi-Supervised Keyphrase Extraction on Scientific Article using Fact-based S...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most scientific publishers encourage authors to provide keyphrases on their published article.
Hence, the need to automatize keyphrase extraction is increased. However, it is not a trivial task
considering keyphrase characteristics may overlap with the non-keyphrase’s. To date, the accuracy of
automatic keyphrase extraction approaches is still considerably low. In response to such gap, this paper
proposes two contributions. First, a feature called fact-based sentiment is proposed. It is expected to
strengthen keyphrase characteristics since, according to manual observation, most keyphrases are
mentioned in neutral-to-positive sentiment. Second, a combination of supervised and unsupervised
approach is proposed to take the benefits of both approaches. It will enable automatic hidden pattern
detection while keeping candidate importance comparable to each other. According to evaluation, factbased
sentiment is quite effective for representing keyphraseness and semi-supervised approach is
considerably effective to extract keyphrases from scientific articles.
Class Diagram Extraction from Textual Requirements Using NLP Techniquesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Comparison of stemming algorithms on Indonesian text processingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Stemming is one of the stages performed on the process of extracting information from the text.
Stemming is a process of converting words into their roots. There is an indication that the most accurate
stemmer algorithm is not the only way to achieve the best performance in information retrieval (IR). In this
study, seven Indonesian stemmer algorithms and an English stemmer algorithm are compared, they are
Nazief, Arifin, Fadillah, Asian, Enhanched confix stripping (ECS), Arifiyanti and Porter. The data used are
2,734 tweets collected from the official twitter account of PLN. First, the aims are to analyze the correlation
between stemmer accuracy and information retrieval performance in Indonesian text language. Second, is
to identify the best algorithm for Indonesian text processing purpose. This research also proposed
improved algorithm for stemming Indonesian text. The result shows that correlation found in the previous
research does not occur for the Indonesian language. The result also shows that the proposed algorithm
was the best for Indonesian text processing purpose with weighted scoring value of 0.648.
HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL BASED NAMED ENTITY RECOGNITION TOOLijfcstjournal
Named Entity Recognition is the task of recognizing Named Entities or Proper Nouns in a document and then classifying them into different categories of Named Entity classes. In this paper we have introduced our modified tool that not only performs Named Entity Recognition (NER) in any of the Natural Languages,performs Corpus Development task i.e. assist in developing Training and Testing document but also solves unknown words problem in NER, handles spurious words and automatically computes Performance Metrics for NER based system i.e. Recall, Precision and F-Measure.
An efficient approach to query reformulation in web searcheSAT Journals
Abstract Wide range of problems regarding to natural language processing, mining of data, bioinformatics and information retrieval can be categorized as string transformation, the following task refers the same. If we give an input string, the system will generates the top k most equivalent output strings which are related to the same input string. In this paper we proposes a narrative and probabilistic method for the transformation of string, which is considered as accurate and also efficient. The approach uses a log linear model, along with the method used for training the model, and also an algorithm that generates the top k outcomes. Log linear method can be defined as restrictive possibility distribution of a result string and the set of rules for the alteration conditioned on key string. It is guaranteed that the resultant top k list will be generated using the algorithm for string generation which is based on pruning. The projected technique is applied to correct the spelling error in query as well as reformulation of queries in case of web based search. Spelling error correction, query reformulation for the related query is not considered in the previous work. Efficiency is not considered as an important issue taken into the consideration in earlier methods and was not focused on improvement of accuracy and efficiency in string transformation. The experimental outcomes on huge scale data show that the projected method is extremely accurate and also efficient. Keywords: Log linear method, Query reformulation, Spelling Error correction.
Unsupervised Quality Estimation Model for English to German Translation and I...Lifeng (Aaron) Han
• Unsupervised Quality Estimation Model for English to German Translation and Its Application in Extensive Supervised Evaluation
o Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Authors: Aaron Li-Feng Han, Derek F. Wong, Lidia S. Chao, Liangye He and Yi Lu
The Scientific World Journal, Issue: Recent Advances in Information Technology. ISSN:1537-744X. SCIE, IF=1.73. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/aip/760301/
Named Entity Recognition For Hindi-English code-mixed Twitter Text Amogh Kawle
Speakers often switch back and forth between languages when speaking or writing, mostly in informal settings. This language interchanging involves complex grammar and the terms “code switching” or “code mixing” are used to describe It .
Sentiment Analysis In Myanmar Language Using Convolutional Lstm Neural Networkkevig
In recent years, there has been an increasing use of social media among people in Myanmar and writing
review on social media pages about the product, movie, and trip are also popular among people. Moreover,
most of the people are going to find the review pages about the product they want to buy before deciding
whether they should buy it or not. Extracting and receiving useful reviews over interesting products is very
important and time consuming for people. Sentiment analysis is one of the important processes for extracting
useful reviews of the products. In this paper, the Convolutional LSTM neural network architecture is
proposed to analyse the sentiment classification of cosmetic reviews written in Myanmar Language. The
paper also intends to build the cosmetic reviews dataset for deep learning and sentiment lexicon in Myanmar
Language.
Conceptual Similarity Measurement Algorithm For Domain Specific OntologyZac Darcy
This paper presents the similarity measurement algorithm for domain specific terms collected in the
ontology based data integration system. This similarity measurement algorithm can be used in ontology
mapping and query service of ontology based data integration system. In this paper, we focus on the web
query service to apply this proposed algorithm. Concepts similarity is important for web query service
because the words in user input query are not same wholly with the concepts in ontology. So, we need to
extract the possible concepts that are match or related to the input words with the help of machine readable
dictionary WordNet. Sometimes, we use the generated mapping rules in query generation procedure for
some words that cannot be confirmed the similarity of these words by WordNet. We prove the effect of this
algorithm with two degree semantic result of web mining by generating the concepts results obtained form
the input query.
Conceptual similarity measurement algorithm for domain specific ontology[Zac Darcy
This paper presents the similarity measurement algorithm for domain specific terms collected in the
ontology based data integration system. This similarity measurement algorithm can be used in ontology
mapping and query service of
ontology based data integration sy
stem. In this paper, we focus
o
n the web
query service to apply
this proposed algorithm
. Concepts similarity is important for web query service
because the words in user input query are not
same wholly with the concepts in
ontology. So, we need to
extract the possible concepts that are match or related to the input words with the help of machine readable
dictionary WordNet. Sometimes, we use the generated mapping rules in query generation procedure for
some words that canno
t be
confirmed the similarity of these words
by WordNet. We prove the effect
of this
algorithm with two degree semantic result of web minin
g by generating
the concepts results obtained form
the input query
GENERIC CODE CLONING METHOD FOR DETECTION OF CLONE CODE IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IAEME Publication
The major part of risk the development of software orprograms is existence ofduplicate code that can affect the software maintainability. The main aim of Clone
identification technique is to search and detect the parts of the software code which is
identical. In the passed there are various techniques that are used to identify andreflect the code identity and code fragments.Code cloning reduces the time and effort of the softwaredeveloper but it alsodecreases the quality of the software like readability, changeability and increasesmaintainability. So, code clone has to be detected to reducethe cost of maintenance tosome extent. In this paper, a new Generic technique is purposed to detect code clone
from various input source codes (from web, disk and etc.,) by segmenting the code intonumber of sub-programs or modules or functions. I propose a technique that candetect 1-type,2type, 3-type and 4-type clones efficiently.
A COMPARISON OF DOCUMENT SIMILARITY ALGORITHMSgerogepatton
Document similarity is an important part of Natural Language Processing and is most commonly used for
plagiarism-detection and text summarization. Thus, finding the overall most effective document similarity
algorithm could have a major positive impact on the field of Natural Language Processing. This report sets
out to examine the numerous document similarity algorithms, and determine which ones are the most
useful. It addresses the most effective document similarity algorithm by categorizing them into 3 types of
document similarity algorithms: statistical algorithms, neural networks, and corpus/knowledge-based
algorithms. The most effective algorithms in each category are also compared in our work using a series of
benchmark datasets and evaluations that test every possible area that each algorithm could be used in.
A COMPARISON OF DOCUMENT SIMILARITY ALGORITHMSgerogepatton
Document similarity is an important part of Natural Language Processing and is most commonly used for
plagiarism-detection and text summarization. Thus, finding the overall most effective document similarity
algorithm could have a major positive impact on the field of Natural Language Processing. This report sets
out to examine the numerous document similarity algorithms, and determine which ones are the most
useful. It addresses the most effective document similarity algorithm by categorizing them into 3 types of
document similarity algorithms: statistical algorithms, neural networks, and corpus/knowledge-based
algorithms. The most effective algorithms in each category are also compared in our work using a series of
benchmark datasets and evaluations that test every possible area that each algorithm could be used in.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22900 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 956
information and instructions to follow when a particular
grammar was hit. The correct rule for a particular grammar
can always be refered by the index number of the grammar.
The Figure 1 shows how the above mentioned loops are
nested and the connection and the purpose of each loop.
Figure 1 - Loop structure
Considering the 3 loops inside the algorithm, the first loop
concerns about the grammar number which is now being
compared, and thesecond loopconcernsaboutthetokenized
tagged sentence. The tokenized sentence is prepared by
tokenizing the tagged sentence using the Open NLP
Tokenizer [3]. The third and the last loop concerns about
multi valued tags if defined any in the selected grammar.
Multi valued tags are cases where the grammar indicates, in
a particular tag position whether there can be any
alternative tags. This technique is lately added to improve
the efficiency of the algorithm. With the multi-valued check
technique, we were able to reduce more than half of the
grammars and number of rules defined in the method. This
technique also improves the overall efficiency of the entire
process.
Since the first loop concerns about the Grammar rules
number, increment in a single grammar would cause a
massive number of comparisons inside the next two loops.
As an average value for a description with 12 sentences, the
algorithm makes 710 comparisonsfor 22grammarsdefined.
Therefore reduction in the number of grammars effect all
three inside loops directly. The multi-valued tags are
identified by the “/” sign in between two tags in a single tag
position. The efficiency rate is shown below in the Figure 1
and Figure 2. The tests were carried out by testing giving
random sentences as the input for the program. Test 1
contains 12 sentences, test 2 contains 10 sentences and test
3 contains 6 sentences. The test result show that the
technique has an effective and direct impact for the
performance of the overall process. As the decrease in the
grammar resulted in a decrease in number of comparisons,
the total time taken to process the data were also affected
and resulted a decreased. The test results shown in Figure 2
and Figure 3 shows direct and effective outcomes of the
application of the multivalued tag check into the grammar.
Figure 2 - Comparison efficiency
Figure 3 – Duration efficiency
There can be cases where this techniques may not show any
performance, cases where any sentencesdoesn’tmatch with
a grammar that does have a multi-valued tag.Whenfindinga
matching grammar, whenever small segments in the
grammar is matched with the segments in the sentence, the
indexes of the matched tokens are saved in a string array to
be used when locating the actions and actors.TheGrammars
are stored in a special order. First comes the longest in
length to avoid conflict where onegrammarcan beconsisted
inside another.
Figure 4 - Grammar matching algorithm
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22900 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 957
The Figure 4 shows the wireframe of the Grammarmatching
algorithm. The third block of the figure 4 refers to an array
used for a special purpose in this algorithm. The array
simply bridges the sentence and the Rule. Then indicates
where the grammar findings lie inside the original sentence.
The content inside the Rule (last block in figure 4) show
where to look for. The numbers at the first index in each
element refers to the special array in section three. Where
ultimately it is pointed to the indexes of the original
sentence. When a sentence completely matches a grammar,
the matched grammar number in the grammar set is passed
into two algorithms named getActor() and getAction(). The
both algorithms take grammar number as the input and
apply the rules defined specificallyforthematched grammar
number which will produce theultimateresult, theactor and
the actions executed by the same actor. The algorithm can
manage advanced relationships between the data.
The algorithms is capable of identifying multiple actorswith
their actions mentioned in the same sentence and multiple
actions mentioned to be executed by a particular actor. The
algorithm is further developed to support co-referencein an
advanced manner. When a grammar was hit the mentioned
actor is stored in a variable carries forward tillthenextactor
gets a hit. Meanwhile if an action is caught without a proper
actor and if the sentence matches the right grammar
requirements, the previous actor that was carried forward
will be patched as the actor. The algorithm is also
maintaining two variables to get statistics of hit counts and
miss counts when matching a grammar. The two count
variables will be resetted each time it is switching between
grammars. This count can be used to prompt the users as an
indication of the confidence level of each segment of the
result.
Since the output of these algorithms can complex as thedata
is related to one another, these data cannot be stored in
regular variables available in JAVA [4]. Therefore we have
created a data structure to maintain data,specialmethods to
retrieve the data or insert new data.
When it comes to the the UML design phase main input is an
XML file which is generated form NLP core. For that a rich
algorithm was implemented. Initial location of diagram is
provided in the first step. The algorithm is executed in this
flow. First actor of the XML is identified and get number of
functions intended for that actor. According to that X, Y
location 1st actor is drown in left side. Then get that actor X
axis value, changing Y axis value and draw the 1st function
from the function set. Define a constant value to put a space
in between two functions. The remaining functions are
drown related to the selected actor by changing X axis value.
Y axis value needs to be changed for all the actor up until left
side allocated space is over. 2nd actor Y alliance is taken by
using this formula .
Whole functions area= number of function count*(function
high + difference)
Next actor location= whole functions area + difference
Another condition is to be checked before draw the actor.
End point for last function for the next actor <= windowsize.
If this condition is false then that should be draw in left side
else it should be move to opposite side.
To draw arrow in between actors is needed twoparameters.
Actor location and the function location arethebothlocation
and actor location is taken by dividing the height of theactor
and function location is taken by getting value of X axis.
When the actor move to opposite side these two parameters
are changed according to that location.
III. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented a structure of modelinguse
case diagram, use case scenario and high level test case
description extracted from the given description. We have
introduced an intelligent algorithm to matchthegrammar of
many different form. The algorithmissmart enough tonotify
the user the certainty of the particular piece of findings.
From this algorithm we can identify the relationship of
actors and their functions.
The results shows evidence that improving the algorithm is
much more effective than increasingthenumber of grammar
to be checked. Which elevated the total performances of the
system. The accuracy can be increased by adding more and
more grammar rules into the application. Therefore we
figured out that each step we take trying to improve the
accuracy the performance of the software reduces. But the
fact is no user is willing to get the chance of havingapossible
faulty results over an extra few seconds that they have to
spend more.
Acknowledgment
It gives us immense pleasure and satisfaction in submitting
this research paper. In the endeavor of preparing this paper
many people gave us a helping hand. So it becomes our duty
and pleasure to express our deep regard to them.
References
[1] NLP with JAVA [Online]
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5836148/how-
to-use-opennlp-with-java
[2] Part-Of-Speech tags [Online]
https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling0
01/pen n_treebank_pos.html
[3] Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norving “Artificial
Intelligence A Modern Approach” 1995
[4] Stack overflow [Online] http://stackoverflow.com/
[5] Rob Callan “Artificial Intelligence” 2003
[6] Software Development Life Cycle [Online] Available
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/software_engineering
/softwa re_development_life_cycle.htm
[7] Progtamcreek [Online] Available
http://www.programcreek.com/2012/05/opennlp-
tutorial/
[8] Lawrence R. Rabiner. A tutorial on hidden Markov
models and selected applicationsinspeechrecognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE, 1989, pages 257-286
[9] The canonical paper on LDA: David M. Blei, Andrew Y.
Ng, and Michael I. Jordan. Latent Dirichlet Allocation.
Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3:993–1022,
2003
[10] Parsing: Dan Klein and Christopher D. Manning.
Accurate un lexicalized parsing.InACL,pages423–430,
2003.
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume: 3 | Issue: 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD22900 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 955
Cohesive Software Design
Janani Tharmaseelan
Assistant Lecturer, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Colombo, Sri Lanka
How to cite this paper: Janani
Tharmaseelan "Cohesive Software
Design" Published in International
Journal of Trend in Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-3 |
Issue-3 , April 2019,
pp.955-957, URL:
https://www.ijtsrd.c
om/papers/ijtsrd22
900.pdf
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an Open Access article
distributed under
the terms of the
Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0)
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a natural language processing based automated system
called DrawPlus for generating UML diagrams, user scenarios and test cases
after analyzing the given business requirement specification which is written in
natural language. The DrawPlus is presentedfor analyzing thenaturallanguages
and extracting the relative and required information from the given business
requirement Specification by the user. Basically user writes the requirements
specifications in simple English and the designed systemhasconspicuousability
to analyze the given requirement specification by using some of the corenatural
language processing techniques with our own well defined algorithms. After
compound analysis and extraction of associated information, the DrawPlus
system draws use case diagram, User scenarios and system level high level test
case description. The DrawPlus provides the more convenient and reliable way
of generating use case, user scenarios and test cases in a way reducing the time
and cost of software development process while accelerating the 70% of works
in Software design and Testing phase
KEYWORDS: Natural Language Processing; NLP; UML automation; test case
generation; Open NLP; Grammar Algorithm; User Scenario Automation; NLP Co-
reference; Design phase Acceleration; raw requirement analyze; Actor
identification; function identification
I. INTRODUCTION
Software design and software testing is known as some of
the key critical areas in the software development life cycle
which takes considerable amount of time and cost to a
software project. Basically in the software design phase
system analysis are design the software by using various
diagrams (UML) or charts bases on requirement
specification given by the business. In the current processof
designing a software almost every design is done by
manually by utilizing large amount of human effort and can
have some reliability issues with the design.
When it’s come to the testing phase it is the last phase of
SDLC before software is delivered and in thisphasesoftware
is test against the requirements.Heregeneratingtestcasesis
one of the main task and testers face many problems when
generating test cases such as ambiguity in the requirements,
huge time takes to read and understand the requirement
specification etc. By considering theallof thoseproblems we
came up with an integrated software design tool which is
capable of generating use case, user scenarios andTest cases
for the given requirement
Specification in a way accelerate the Design and Test phase
of the SDLC. So that this paper proposes an approach to
generate UML diagrams, user scenarios test case from
software requirements expressed in natural language using
natural language processing techniques. Basically, system
takes and preprocess the requirements specification as the
input, then use NLP core techniques such as sentence
detector, tokenizer, pos (part-of-speech) tagger and de-
tokenizer with our own algorithms to capture and filter only
necessary parts of the given requirement specification.
Finally system produce outputsinthreeformssuch andUML
diagrams, user scenarios and test cases.
II. METHODOLOGY
For the domain of this research has carried out there are
always limited ways of stating a requirement. Hence it’s a
matter of catching each possible ways of stating a
requirement. But increase in the Grammar arraymay reduce
performance. For each grammar we have defined, there is a
corresponding rule to be applied in order to perform the
actor and function extraction.TherefortherecomestheRule
set. As a result of this research project, the research team
was able to introduce few new algorithms to be used with
Open NLP libraries. The algorithm is applicable when the
concept of grammar is involved. Grammar is composed of
multiple number of tags with the expected sequence of the
tags.
The algorithm processes one sentence at a time. Initially the
grammar matchingalgorithmreceives asentence with allthe
words are tagged [5] by the POS Tagger [1]. The entire
function is running on top of a nested loop consist of two
nested loops. The algorithm thenhasthreeloopsinside,each
is nested to the other. Altogether it makes 5 loops nested to
each other and containing more than 13 conditions in
between. The Grammars and Rules aredefined andstorein a
two dementional array. For each grammar there we have
defined, thers is a coresponding Rule. The rule contains
IJTSRD22900](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/209cohesivesoftwaredesign-190617085144/85/Cohesive-Software-Design-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22900 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 956
information and instructions to follow when a particular
grammar was hit. The correct rule for a particular grammar
can always be refered by the index number of the grammar.
The Figure 1 shows how the above mentioned loops are
nested and the connection and the purpose of each loop.
Figure 1 - Loop structure
Considering the 3 loops inside the algorithm, the first loop
concerns about the grammar number which is now being
compared, and thesecond loopconcernsaboutthetokenized
tagged sentence. The tokenized sentence is prepared by
tokenizing the tagged sentence using the Open NLP
Tokenizer [3]. The third and the last loop concerns about
multi valued tags if defined any in the selected grammar.
Multi valued tags are cases where the grammar indicates, in
a particular tag position whether there can be any
alternative tags. This technique is lately added to improve
the efficiency of the algorithm. With the multi-valued check
technique, we were able to reduce more than half of the
grammars and number of rules defined in the method. This
technique also improves the overall efficiency of the entire
process.
Since the first loop concerns about the Grammar rules
number, increment in a single grammar would cause a
massive number of comparisons inside the next two loops.
As an average value for a description with 12 sentences, the
algorithm makes 710 comparisonsfor 22grammarsdefined.
Therefore reduction in the number of grammars effect all
three inside loops directly. The multi-valued tags are
identified by the “/” sign in between two tags in a single tag
position. The efficiency rate is shown below in the Figure 1
and Figure 2. The tests were carried out by testing giving
random sentences as the input for the program. Test 1
contains 12 sentences, test 2 contains 10 sentences and test
3 contains 6 sentences. The test result show that the
technique has an effective and direct impact for the
performance of the overall process. As the decrease in the
grammar resulted in a decrease in number of comparisons,
the total time taken to process the data were also affected
and resulted a decreased. The test results shown in Figure 2
and Figure 3 shows direct and effective outcomes of the
application of the multivalued tag check into the grammar.
Figure 2 - Comparison efficiency
Figure 3 – Duration efficiency
There can be cases where this techniques may not show any
performance, cases where any sentencesdoesn’tmatch with
a grammar that does have a multi-valued tag.Whenfindinga
matching grammar, whenever small segments in the
grammar is matched with the segments in the sentence, the
indexes of the matched tokens are saved in a string array to
be used when locating the actions and actors.TheGrammars
are stored in a special order. First comes the longest in
length to avoid conflict where onegrammarcan beconsisted
inside another.
Figure 4 - Grammar matching algorithm](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)