A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause temporary dysfunction of
brain cells. More severe craniocerebral injuries can lead to bruising, perforation and tissue rupture, bleeding, and other physical
damage to the brain that can lead to long-term complications or
death (Bigler, 2016). Consequences of TBI can include physical,
sensory, behavioral, and communication disorders, as well as disturbances in cognitive functioning
Interventions to Improve Cognitive Functioning After TBILoki Stormbringer
Traumatic injury to the brain can affect the core of what makes us
human—our cognition and emotion. The injuries are acute but may result
in chronic burdens for individuals and families as well as society. Effective
approaches to improving functioning are needed, and the benefits may
be far-reaching. We discuss some basic principles to guide current prac-
tice, as well as major directions for continuing advancement of ways to
improve functioning after injury. Interventions are more likely to be effec-
tive when we take into account multiple levels of brain functioning, from
neurons to pharmacological systems to social networks. Training of cogni-
tive functions is of special importance, and benefits may synergize with
pharmacologic and other approaches that modify biology. The combina-
tion of physical and experiential trauma deserves special consideration,
with effects on cognition, emotion, and other substrates of behavior.
Directing further research toward key frontiers that bridge neuroscience
and rehabilitation will advance the development of clinically effective
interventions.
In this chapter I will first introduce the research topic dementia, its signs, and symptoms. This will then be followed by discussion of the scope of this thesis, and consequences of living with dementia. Equally, I will describe my personal and professional journey which prompted me to undertake a Ph.D. and how this assisted me to shape the focus of my Ph.D. topic. Lastly, the chapter will conclude with an overview of the thesis.
Dementia refers to a broad category of diseases which cause a long-term effect to the brain and frequently a gradual decrease in one’s ability to think and deterioration in other mental functions (Burns et al., 2006). Other than mental illness, it can also be caused by injuries which result in a progressive dysfunction of both the cortical and sub-cortical functions as well as the loss of an individual’s cognitive ability as a result of physical and chemical changes of the brain. Dementia is one of the progressive diseases which get worse with time although for others it takes several years to reach a critical stage. Furthermore, the rate of progression largely depends on the underlying cause (Victor, 2010).
There are 4 main types of dementia. They include; Alzheimer’s, Lewy body, front temporal lobe and vascular dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is believed to be caused by building up of tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain. Lewy body is caused by abnormal proteins which appear in the brain’s nerve cells thus impairing its functioning (Whitworth & Whitworth, 2010). Vascular dementia is caused by bleeding in the brain as a result of a stroke. Frontotemporal
Interventions to Improve Cognitive Functioning After TBILoki Stormbringer
Traumatic injury to the brain can affect the core of what makes us
human—our cognition and emotion. The injuries are acute but may result
in chronic burdens for individuals and families as well as society. Effective
approaches to improving functioning are needed, and the benefits may
be far-reaching. We discuss some basic principles to guide current prac-
tice, as well as major directions for continuing advancement of ways to
improve functioning after injury. Interventions are more likely to be effec-
tive when we take into account multiple levels of brain functioning, from
neurons to pharmacological systems to social networks. Training of cogni-
tive functions is of special importance, and benefits may synergize with
pharmacologic and other approaches that modify biology. The combina-
tion of physical and experiential trauma deserves special consideration,
with effects on cognition, emotion, and other substrates of behavior.
Directing further research toward key frontiers that bridge neuroscience
and rehabilitation will advance the development of clinically effective
interventions.
In this chapter I will first introduce the research topic dementia, its signs, and symptoms. This will then be followed by discussion of the scope of this thesis, and consequences of living with dementia. Equally, I will describe my personal and professional journey which prompted me to undertake a Ph.D. and how this assisted me to shape the focus of my Ph.D. topic. Lastly, the chapter will conclude with an overview of the thesis.
Dementia refers to a broad category of diseases which cause a long-term effect to the brain and frequently a gradual decrease in one’s ability to think and deterioration in other mental functions (Burns et al., 2006). Other than mental illness, it can also be caused by injuries which result in a progressive dysfunction of both the cortical and sub-cortical functions as well as the loss of an individual’s cognitive ability as a result of physical and chemical changes of the brain. Dementia is one of the progressive diseases which get worse with time although for others it takes several years to reach a critical stage. Furthermore, the rate of progression largely depends on the underlying cause (Victor, 2010).
There are 4 main types of dementia. They include; Alzheimer’s, Lewy body, front temporal lobe and vascular dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is believed to be caused by building up of tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain. Lewy body is caused by abnormal proteins which appear in the brain’s nerve cells thus impairing its functioning (Whitworth & Whitworth, 2010). Vascular dementia is caused by bleeding in the brain as a result of a stroke. Frontotemporal
1 The Outcomes of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation and .docxhoney725342
1
The Outcomes of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation and Localized Drug Therapy on Patients
Suffering from Traumatic Brain Injury
John Doe
Panther ID: 12121212
Assignment #1
Florida International University
2
Introduction
TBI Trend and Growth
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) affects a wide variety of people nationwide. One constant
does remain; the human condition suffers, both internally and externally. Studies confirm that
caregivers of those who suffer from TBI may experience feelings of burden, distress, anxiety,
anger, and recurring depression (Brain Injury Association of America [BIAUSA], 2015). More
detrimental is the alarming number of deaths and disabilities caused by TBI, which contribute to
roughly 30% of ALL injury related deaths in the U.S. (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention [CDCP], 2014). The effects of TBI can include impaired thinking or memory,
movement, sensation, or emotional function (CDCP, 2014). The ferocity and utter devastation of
those afflicted with this condition are severely hindered in life and in turn the negative prognosis
can have an enduring effect on relatives and even on a community as a whole. The proposed
study will review current literature and collective research models and data based on neural stem
cell transplantation on injured brains and their positive outcomes; as well as, the facilitation of
newly implemented procedures for localized drug therapy on their respective injury sites. Studies
are primarily collected in controlled laboratory setting and modeled on mice for efficacy of
desired treatment protocol. Study goals will also encompass current newly invested research at
the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and the University of Michigan Medical
School so as to further support the indicated research listed above.
Background: Origins of TBI and Impact
TBI is primarily found in patients who suffer from penetrating head injuries that disrupt
the normal function of the brain. It is important to note that not all blows and bumps necessarily
result in TBI formation, but, is based on how serious head trauma is and can range from mild
3
(i.e. brief change in mental status) to severe (i.e. an extended period of unconsciousness or major
loss of cognitive and motor function) (CDCP, 2014). According to the CDCP (2014), most cases
of TBI result in mild symptoms, like concussions, but if left unchecked can result in serious
injury or even death in some cases. TBI has a very unpredictable form of recovery and many
factors can contribute to the ultimate outcome, such as, pre-morbid personality and oriented goal
direction of healthcare team and patient alike, length of coma, specific area of the brain or brain
stem damaged, family support, age the injury occurs, and care of specialized rehabilitation
services (BIAUSA, 2015).
General Problem Statement
The general problem is represented with the ...
Dushyant Verma Maharani Bagh - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can result from a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury. TBI can affect people of all ages and can cause a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. In this blog, Dushyant Verma Shillong, will explain the effects, symptoms, and treatment of traumatic brain injury.
Managment Of Long Term Care In Era Covid-19komalicarol
COVID-19 gives the chance to address long-term care categories
that are sometimes disregarded and undervalued, such as nursing
and residential homes, as well as homecare. Each method of delivering long-term care must meet the highest possible standards
of ongoing care and quality of life. More study and evaluation are
needed to aid decision-making and policy-making, particularly on
the cost-effectiveness and cost-quality elements for each country,
region, or system.
Renal failure and Quality ofLlife Indicators in Kidney Transplantationkomalicarol
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) contains many aspects of
patients' health such as physical, psychological, social functioning
and a general well-being. Progress in renal transplantation and immunosuppressive therapies have increased significantly in recent
decades, resulting in allograft survival rates at one year is now
over 90%. Numerous clinical trials have established the importance of quality of life in a variety of diseases, and it is extremely
popular to evaluate quality of life in clinical trials as a measure of
patients' subjective state of health. The purpose of the study was
to identify factors associated with quality of life after renal transplantation.
More Related Content
Similar to Cognitive Consequences After Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
1 The Outcomes of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation and .docxhoney725342
1
The Outcomes of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation and Localized Drug Therapy on Patients
Suffering from Traumatic Brain Injury
John Doe
Panther ID: 12121212
Assignment #1
Florida International University
2
Introduction
TBI Trend and Growth
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) affects a wide variety of people nationwide. One constant
does remain; the human condition suffers, both internally and externally. Studies confirm that
caregivers of those who suffer from TBI may experience feelings of burden, distress, anxiety,
anger, and recurring depression (Brain Injury Association of America [BIAUSA], 2015). More
detrimental is the alarming number of deaths and disabilities caused by TBI, which contribute to
roughly 30% of ALL injury related deaths in the U.S. (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention [CDCP], 2014). The effects of TBI can include impaired thinking or memory,
movement, sensation, or emotional function (CDCP, 2014). The ferocity and utter devastation of
those afflicted with this condition are severely hindered in life and in turn the negative prognosis
can have an enduring effect on relatives and even on a community as a whole. The proposed
study will review current literature and collective research models and data based on neural stem
cell transplantation on injured brains and their positive outcomes; as well as, the facilitation of
newly implemented procedures for localized drug therapy on their respective injury sites. Studies
are primarily collected in controlled laboratory setting and modeled on mice for efficacy of
desired treatment protocol. Study goals will also encompass current newly invested research at
the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and the University of Michigan Medical
School so as to further support the indicated research listed above.
Background: Origins of TBI and Impact
TBI is primarily found in patients who suffer from penetrating head injuries that disrupt
the normal function of the brain. It is important to note that not all blows and bumps necessarily
result in TBI formation, but, is based on how serious head trauma is and can range from mild
3
(i.e. brief change in mental status) to severe (i.e. an extended period of unconsciousness or major
loss of cognitive and motor function) (CDCP, 2014). According to the CDCP (2014), most cases
of TBI result in mild symptoms, like concussions, but if left unchecked can result in serious
injury or even death in some cases. TBI has a very unpredictable form of recovery and many
factors can contribute to the ultimate outcome, such as, pre-morbid personality and oriented goal
direction of healthcare team and patient alike, length of coma, specific area of the brain or brain
stem damaged, family support, age the injury occurs, and care of specialized rehabilitation
services (BIAUSA, 2015).
General Problem Statement
The general problem is represented with the ...
Dushyant Verma Maharani Bagh - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can result from a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury. TBI can affect people of all ages and can cause a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. In this blog, Dushyant Verma Shillong, will explain the effects, symptoms, and treatment of traumatic brain injury.
Similar to Cognitive Consequences After Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) (20)
Managment Of Long Term Care In Era Covid-19komalicarol
COVID-19 gives the chance to address long-term care categories
that are sometimes disregarded and undervalued, such as nursing
and residential homes, as well as homecare. Each method of delivering long-term care must meet the highest possible standards
of ongoing care and quality of life. More study and evaluation are
needed to aid decision-making and policy-making, particularly on
the cost-effectiveness and cost-quality elements for each country,
region, or system.
Renal failure and Quality ofLlife Indicators in Kidney Transplantationkomalicarol
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) contains many aspects of
patients' health such as physical, psychological, social functioning
and a general well-being. Progress in renal transplantation and immunosuppressive therapies have increased significantly in recent
decades, resulting in allograft survival rates at one year is now
over 90%. Numerous clinical trials have established the importance of quality of life in a variety of diseases, and it is extremely
popular to evaluate quality of life in clinical trials as a measure of
patients' subjective state of health. The purpose of the study was
to identify factors associated with quality of life after renal transplantation.
A case of childhood Burkitt's lymphoma with gingival swelling as the first sy...komalicarol
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a highly infiltrative malignant lymphoma caused by germinal B-cell differentiation. There are several oral symptoms of BL, including tooth mobility, pain, gingival swelling, maxillofacial swelling and pain, and facial sensory
disturbances. In this paper, we report a case of BL in a 4-year-old
child who initially presented with gingival swelling. The diagnosis of BL/leukemia (stage IV) was confirmed by the bone marrow
examination, bone marrow flow cytometry, and B lymphocytoma
mutation gene screening test. After chemotherapy, the general
condition improved, and then there was swelling and pain in the
right cheek. Considering the recurrence of the disease, the patient
died half a year later. This case is characterized by BL with oral
symptoms as the first symptom, emphasizing the important role of
physicians in early detection of systemic disease
Neuropsychiatric Profiles of Brivaracetam: A Literature Reviewkomalicarol
Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) can cause cognitive or behavioral adverse drug reactions, which is a significant consideration
when selecting an appropriate ASM. Brivaracetam (BRV) is a
newer synaptic vesicle protein 2A ligand, which is expected to
have less neuropsychiatric adverse effects due to its mechanism of
action. To understand the impact of BRV on cognition and behavior compared with other ASMs, we conducted literatures searching
from PubMed and MEDLINE databases. After the screening process, a total of two animal studies, one randomized controlled trial, one pooled-analysis of clinical trials, one controlled study and
nine observational studies were included. Animal studies showed
that BRV did not worsen cognition or behavior performance in rodents. Human studies showed that BRV had less cognitive adverse
events compared with other second or third generation ASMs. In
addition, currently available evidence suggests that behavioral disturbance is less common with BRV compared with levetiracetam.
This review revealed that BRV has a limited impact on cognition
and behavior. For patients who are intolerant to levetiracetam
and have levetiracetam-related behavioral side effects, switching
to BRV could be beneficial. However, the heterogeneity between
studies makes the quality of the evidence weak and further trials
are needed to confirm the findings.
Clinical and evolutionary features of SARS CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in chil...komalicarol
Starting with December 2019 the medical world has faced a
new challenge as a consequence of a new type of coronavirus-2019-nCoV, similar to several familiar strains that determine
a comparable symptomatology (SARS- severe acute respiratory syndrome, MERS- Middle East severe acute respiratory syndrome), subsequently named SARS CoV-2, while the disease it
causes- COVID-19. The virus is of animal origin and through an
intermediate host (probably also a mammal) it suffered genetic
changes thus acquiring human cells receptors. In consequence,
SARS CoV-2 virus affects both children and even more frequently where it determines more severe clinical forms of disease. In
children, COVID-19 has various clinical forms, from asymptomatic ones to severe ones, complicated by multisystem inflammatory
syndrome (MIS-C Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome – Child
or PIMS - TS (Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
temporally associated with COVID-19) that sometimes can lead
to death
Viral load and antibody responses in an asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic SA...komalicarol
Asymptomatic patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are silent carriers of the disease. We
aimed to characterize their dynamics of disease occurrence, viral
shedding and antibody responses using a cohort of asymptomatic/
minimally symptomatic patients from Sri Lanka during the first
wave of COVID-19.
Vonlay; A paradigm shift in post endodontic restoration: A case report.komalicarol
Porcelain veneers have long been a popular restorative option that
have evolved into a well- accepted treatment that can be fabricated
in various ways. Onlays are another common treatment modality
used in contemporary dentistry to restore large areas of decay and
to replace old restorations. With the availability of newer highstrength materials such as lithium disilicate and processing technologies like CAD/CAM and heat pressing, dental professionals
are now able to produce highly esthetic, high-strength restorations
that blend seamlessly with the natural dentition while also withstanding posterior occlusal forces. A tooth more complex restoration is required after endodontic treatment when compared to normal tooth restoration, because of factors such as extensive caries,
post-treatment root canal dentin and even the economics condition
of the patient.One such design proposed by Dr.Ronald E Goldstein
is “Veenerlay”or “Vonlay”. Vonlay is a blend of an onlay with an
extended buccal veneer surface for use in premolar region, where
there is sufficient enamel present to bond. This restorative option
requires a much less invasive preparation than a full coverage
crown but provides the same structural benefits. Thus, the aim of
this case report is to present a case of Vonlay following endodontic
treatement of lower mandibular premol
A COVID Journey in Diabetes: T1D Diabetes Patient 44 years - Winning in Insul...komalicarol
Complications of Hypoglycaemia, Hypoglycaemia
and Neuroglycopenia are often encountered by patients treated
with insulin. It is feared by patients and families often leading to
emotional and mental scars and can affect lifestyle and confidence.
Hypoglycaemia can occur in premature babies, persons with hypopituitarism and Addison’s Disease. Low blood glucose can affect
athletes and the elderly leading to falls. Cases are individual and
often difficult for families, clinicians, lawyers and courts to understand.
Loops Around the Heart – A Giant Snakelike Right Coronary Artery Ectasia with...komalicarol
Coronary artery dilatation is an uncommon finding and is incidentally found during diagnostic coronary angiography or at necropsy.
The pathogenesis of dilatation of coronary arteries is still not very
well understood and therapeutic strategies are not clear. It is useful to know the difference between aneurysm and ectasia. In this
report we demonstrate the diagnostic workup of an asymptomatic
patient with a remarkable snakelike dilatation of the right coronary
artery with unique convolute. For the first time we used intracoronary injection and simultaneous echocardiographic visualization
of contrast agent (Sonovue) to proof a fistula to the coronary sinus.
Like our patient, most of the patients are asymptomatic in absence
of coronary artery disease and we decided on a conservative approach because of his very complex anatomy
Skull Metastasis From Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma : Case Report and Literatur...komalicarol
Although papillary thyroid carcinoma is a relatively common form of malignancy, metastatic spread to the skull
is exceptional. Here, we report a case of papillary thyroid carcinoma revealed by frontal skull metastasis.
Diabetes and Covid-19 Pandemic - A T1 Patient Perspective - Derek C Beattykomalicarol
A patient treated and cared for by NHS Scotland and NHS England
the author has in his 44 years T1D Diabetes journey experienced
surgery provided by the NHS by way of Vitrectomy, Ophthalmic
laser and correction, and Orthopedic knee correction following
a balance issue associated with IV antibiotic treatment for Otitis
Externa and Osteomyelitis associated with long term T1 Diabetes
with neuropathy. Interestingly IV antibiotic treatment led to glycemic issues offering explanation as to why on occasion glycaemia
abnormalities can occur with antibiotic treatment for infection.
Growth Charts-Curves of Children's Height - How to Construct Themkomalicarol
A person born in 1990, for example, grew to one year old on his/
her birth day in 1991 and 17 years old in 2007. No one grows
to their 17 or 20 years old instantaneously. It takes a long-capricious time of mental and physical activities to grow. As regards
children’s milk consumption, for example, school lunch programs
were put into in practice on national scale only in the late 1990s.
Those in their late adolescence in 2007 were not the beneficiaries
of free milk, when they were in primary school.
Dermatological health in the COVID-19 erakomalicarol
COVID-19 and its impact on dermatological health was reviewed
from theoretical and statistical frameworks in the present study. A
cross-sectional and retrospective work was documented with a selection of sources indexed to Scopus, considering the period from
2019 to 2022, as well as the search by keywords. Approaches were
discussed in order to outline a comprehensive model that considered the differences between the parties involved, as well as their
relationships in a risk context. The proposal contributes to the state
of the question in terms of the prediction of contingencies derived
from the probability and affectation of dermatological health
The Importance of Framing at the Beginning of an Review Dialoguekomalicarol
Long-term care of patients with chronic conditions in general practice rarely focuses on the treatment process. A specific interaction
tool, the Review Dialogue (RD), has been developed to integrate
patients’ health-related problems/risks as well as coping strategies
and to agree upon shared treatment objectives assuming that periodical RDs will help to achieve them. Initiated by the GP, the RD
changes the role expectations of the patient and doctor. Therefore,
the framing of the encounters is of particular importance.
Early detection of interstitial lung disease in asymptomatic patients with 2-...komalicarol
Pulmonary involvement is a common manifestation of Dermatomyositis (DM), the most frequent histologic pattern being Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) which is a major contributor to
morbidity and mortality in these patients. Therefore, this disease
should be investigated and it is essential to perform pulmonary
function tests (PFTs) and High-Resolution Computed Tomography
(HRCT) early in the course of the disease to make a definitive
diagnosis. Nowadays, 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose positron
emission tomography/computed tomography
Association between Galectin-3 and oxidative stress parameters with coronary ...komalicarol
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), as a mediator of inflammation and fibrosis, has been reported to be a biomarker of severity in
coronary artery disease (CAD). The study aimed to assess the relationships between coronary artery disease (CAD) and risk factors,
including parameters of oxidative stress in Tunisian patients CAD.
The risks of using 2,4?dinitrophenol (2,4?DNP) as a weight loss agent: a lite...komalicarol
The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased in response to
changes in diet and physical activity patterns over the past 10
years, becoming one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, the popularity of social networks
has increased social and cultural pressure for the search for the
“perfect body”. These factors result in the search for fast and unconventional methods of weight loss, such as the use of weight
loss accelerating drugs. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2-4-DNP or DNP) is
an industrial chemical used to lose weight quickly. Due to its great
potential for toxicity, its use has been banned in several countries
since 1938
Height is a measure of consumption that incorporates nutritional needs: When ...komalicarol
Japan suffered heavily from WWII. Per capita food supply was
1,450 and 1,700 kcal/day in 1946 and 1947, respectively. Japan’s
economy quickly recovered to the pre-war level in 10 years after
the war, 2,200 kcal/day in average food supply in 1955, making
steady progress toward the end of the century. People in Japan,
the younger generations, in particular, learned to eat more animal
products and children started growing taller in height
Successful management of a broken stylet retained in tracheobronchial tree-a ...komalicarol
In Covid-19 pandemic, the use of video laryngoscope for tracheal
intubation is highly recommended due to the increasing distance
between patient’s airway and operator. An endotracheal tube with
an intubating stylet has been proposed to facilitate tracheal tube
insertion, especially when video laryngoscope was used. Thus in
routine anesthesia practice intubating stylet is used as an aid in tracheal intubation for confirmed or suspected Covid-19 infected patients. At the present time, the disposable plastic covered or plastic
bougie is more recommended but in some institutes, the malleable
aluminum stylets are still in use. Though shearing of part of the
stylet has been reported in past but we report a case with as unrecognized broken piece of stylet into his right main bronchus, which
was later extracted immediately and successfully before causing
adverse symptoms or hurts.
Risk Analysis of Secular Trends for a Later Age at MPV of Weight in an Earthq...komalicarol
The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in 2011, bringing unprecedented damage to the Tohoku region of Japan. Today, after 11
years, the scars from that tremendous damage remain. The health
damage to young school children has been particularly great. One
may imagine a slowing trend in physical growth from the effects
of that disaster, but no clear findings have been reported.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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2. http://www.acmcasereport.com/ 2
Volume 6 Issue 16 -2021 Review Article
clude changes in perception of his environment, distraction, lack
of rational thinking, inability to solve problems, and executive
functionality (eg, goal setting, planning, movement, self-knowl-
edge, self-control, and evaluation). Although re-learning ability is
affected by memory deficits, long-term memory impairment for
events and things that happened before the injury, however, the
general state of memory may remain unaffected (e.g., the person
remembers the names of friends and family) (Neumann, 2009) [9].
The person may have difficulty starting their tasks and setting
goals to complete them. Difficulties can also be observed in the
planning and organization of a project and in the self-evaluation
of the project. The sufferer often seems disorganized and needs
help to perform even simple tasks. Problem solving and situa-
tion management are also greatly affected, sufferers often experi-
ence an inability to solve rational problems and quite often show
spontaneous reactions to stressful situations (Novack, 2002) [9].
Communication deficits are often characterized by difficulty un-
derstanding or producing correct speech (aphasia), unstructured
speech resulting in weak muscles (dysarthria), and / or difficulty
controlling the mouth muscles to produce speech (inactivity). In
people with TBI, understanding written and spoken language quite
often proves to be quite difficult. They may also have difficulty
spelling, writing and reading. Some people may have difficulty
communicating socially, such as having difficulty rotating in con-
versation and having problems maintaining a topic during conver-
sation. More frustrating for their families and friends, people with
TBI may have little or no awareness of how inappropriate their
behaviors are (Theofilidis, 2020) [12].
4. Mobility disorders
Most people with TBI are able to walk and use their hands within
6-12 months of injury. In most cases, physical difficulties do not
prevent a return to independent living, including work and driv-
ing. Physical problems may include loss of consciousness, convul-
sions, headaches, dizziness, nausea / vomiting, decreased muscle
strength (paralysis / paralysis), movement disorders, balance, and
/ or coordination, including dyspraxia / inactivity (ASHA, 2016)
[2]. In the long run, TBI can reduce coordination or cause weak-
ness and balance problems. For example, a person with TBI may
have difficulty engaging in pre-injury sports. Intense fatigue can
also lead to inability to engage in specific activities, especially
those that require muscle strength and endurance (Neumann &
Lequerica, 2009)[9]. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) is highly
noticeable among people with TBI and is due to the weakness and
/ or lack of coordination of the muscles in the mouth and throat.
The motor changes observed in people with TBI fall mainly into
one or more of the following categories:
• Orthopedic in nature. Injuries that occur in TBI patients
can include: fractures or bruises, sprains or ruptures of
ligaments, muscles or tendons. External and internal
stabilizing medical devices and splints are often used as
healing mechanisms (Vanderploeg, Belanger, Duchnick
& Curtiss, 2007) [13].
• Heterotopic ossification (EO). It is the development of
bones in muscles and joints, where there is usually no
bone. This can happen over time when body parts do not
move in the full range of motion. Heterotopic ossification
can be painful and restrict movement and in the long run
limit function in daily life (Vanderploeg, Belanger, Duch-
nick & Curtiss, 2007) [13].
• Contractions occur when the muscle tissue is shortened
or stretched. Causes movement restriction on a link. If a
person is unable to move their ligaments over time due
to injury or pain, they may experience contractions. Full
range of motion is necessary to prevent such an eventual-
ity. Family and caregivers play a role in preventing con-
tractions by helping the individual do a range of motion
exercises. Splints and medical casts can also be used for
the same purpose (Vanderploeg, Belanger, Duchnick &
Curtiss, 2007) [13].
Muscle problems are also common after a brain injury. Problems
include:
• Muscle weakness from limited use. There may also be
muscle injury that can add to the weakness. Even more
so the energy required for healing can reduce the energy
required for muscle strength.
• Lack of endurance. People with TBI still have a lack of
endurance or a decrease in energy, due to long sleep in-
tervals, low energy reserves and large amounts of energy
required for their retraining. This problem is a big chal-
lenge for the individual, especially when trying to do ba-
sic tasks (Chua, Ng, Yap & Bok, 2007) [4].
• Loss of control is also a very serious problem. The brain's
ability to say muscle at work can be lost or severely re-
duced after a brain injury. An injury to the right side of
the brain can cause problems with movement on the left
side of the body, while an injury to the left side of the
brain can cause problems with movement to the right
side of the body. When the injury causes loss of muscle
control or paralysis on one side of the body, it is called
hemiplegia, while when the injury causes loss of muscle
control or paralysis on both sides of the body, is called
quadriplegia and affects all 4 limbs of the patient. The
motor neuron centers of the brain that control the muscle
may need to be retrained after TBI challenge (Chua, Ng,
Yap & Bok, 2007) [4].
• •Poor balance is a common problem after a brain injury.
The extent of the problem usually determines the amount
of help the person will need to avoid falls and ensure their
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Volume 6 Issue 16 -2021 Review Article
safety.
5. Sensory disorders
Aesthetic deficits can include all the aesthetic details, depending
on the areas of the brain involved. ATBI can lead to the well-being
of the individual, either more or less sensitivity or change / loss of
consciousness, or even cause the sufferer to be unable to synthe-
size his senses causing him geographical and temporal disorienta-
tion (Chua, Ng, Yap & Bok, 2007) [4].
Changes in the senses may include the following:
• Brain injury can cause changes in the way a person feels
or reacts to pain.
• It can also lead to changes in a person's ability to feel
temperature or touch (Tombaugh, Stormer, Rees, Irving
& Francis, 2006) [11].
• Impossibility of feeling the parts of their body in relation
to the surrounding area or even in extreme cases in rela-
tion to the rest of their body resulting in be more vulner-
able to injury. For example, the person may not be able
to feel their hand on sharp objects, etc. (Vanderploeg, Be-
langer, Duchnick & Curtiss, 2007) [13].
Changes in vision
Brain injury can cause changes in vision. These may include:
hemianopsia (where the person is blind in half of each field of view
in each eye) or visual neglect, where visual information received
from one visual input of the body is not processed by the brain
(Tombaugh, Stormer, Rees, Irving & Francis, 2006) [11].
6. Cognitive consequences
Perception of perception
Perceptual disorders are diseases that affect the human senses,
such as smell, sight, taste, hearing, touch, and can be devastating
to a person because people rely heavily on the senses to function
in their daily lives (Andrewes, 2002) [1].
Perception disorder can be encountered in the following 3 ways:
• Sensory distortions, ie the distorted perception of objects
• Sensory deception, ie the perception of objects or events
that are usually not in line with external stimuli
• Disorders in the sense of time when the patient misunder-
stands the time (morning / evening etc) or the time period
(previous years etc) (Haggard, 2006)
Disorders can also be observed in the intensity of aesthetic per-
ceptions. The person may experience hallucinations or an increase
in the senses or a decrease in the normal sensory threshold. Some
examples are hypereaction (increased sensitivity to noise), hypoea
(decreased sensitivity to noise), change in the shape of an object,
microscopy (the patient sees objects smaller or farther away than
they really are) and macropsy (the patient sees objects closer or
larger than they really are) and more. The patient may also experi-
ence symptoms of hallucinations and obsessions (Haggard, 2006).
7. Memory disorder
Memory disorders are the result of damage to the neuroanatomical
structures that prevent the storage, preservation and retrieval of
memories. Some examples of memory disorders include:
Ignorance is the inability to recognize certain objects, faces or
sounds, but there are many more specific diagnoses of ignorance
depending on the characteristics of the symptoms. Ignorance is
usually caused by damage to the brain (usually the occipital or pa-
rietal lobe) or a neurological disorder. Treatments vary depending
on the location and cause of the lesion. Recovery is possible, de-
pending on the severity of the disorder and the severity of the brain
damage. Some examples of specific types of ignorance include:
Associative visual ignorance, auditory ignorance, acoustic verbal
ignorance, person cognition, visual ignorance etc. (Haggard, 2006)
Amnesia is an abnormal mental state in which memory and learn-
ing are disproportionately affected by other cognitive functions in
a patient with full alertness and response (Theofilidis, 2020) [12].
There are two forms of amnesia: Progressive amnesia and retro-
grade amnesia, associated with hippocampal or temporal lobe le-
sions. Patients with progressive amnesia have difficulty learning
and retaining information that emerged after brain damage. Pa-
tients with retrograde amnesia retain some memories generally
have memories of personal experiences or memories that belong
to a general framework of independent semantic information (Ko-
pelman, 2002) [7].
8. Attention disorders
Attention disorders concern: Rapid exhaustion: typically seen in
people with TBI and fractures of the white or gray matter of the
frontal lobes.
Prone to distraction: observed in patients with parietal or fron-
tal lesions or in patients in a state of confusion. Attention Defi-
cit Disorder is a neurobiological-based developmental disorder
characterized by 3 predominant symptoms: short attention span,
intense mobility, and impulsivity. The difference between patients
and people who may have the same symptoms is that people with
Attention Deficit Disorder present the above behaviors at a level
inconsistent with their developmental level, age and frequency or
power that is a significant burden in key areas of their daily lives
and interpersonal relationships. In a patient with attention deficit
disorder, mental retardation and speech and joint disorders are ob-
served. The general clinical observation of the immediate repeti-
tion of a series of words, a sequence of numbers and the inability
to concentrate the gaze at a fixed point even in a familiar place are
some of the symptoms / indications for further clinical examina-
tion.
9. Language disorder
When a person is unable to produce speech sounds properly or flu-
4. Volume 6 Issue 16 -2021 Review Article
http://www.acmcasereport.com/ 4
ently, or has problems with his voice, then he suffers from a speech
disorder. Difficulty pronouncing sounds or joint disorders, and
stuttering are examples of speech disorders. Also when a person
has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing
thoughts, ideas and feelings (expressive language), then he or she
has a language disorder. A stroke or brain injury (especially in the
right hemisphere) is the most common cause of these disorders in
adults, while in children the genetic factor plays a fairly large role.
Language disorders are often characterized by difficulty in un-
derstanding or producing speech (aphasia), slurred speech as a
consequence of weak muscles (dysarthria), and / or difficulty in
programming the mouth muscles to produce speech (inactivity).
In people with TBI understanding spoken and written language
can be a difficult achievement and usually resembles the effort you
make when a healthy person is trying to understand a foreign lan-
guage.
10. Conclusions
In summary, people suffering from craniocerebral injury may
present disturbances at any level of the cognitive function process.
Any Short-term memory impairment during the initial stage of re-
covery occurs rarely and especially in cases with serious injuries.
During post-traumatic amnesia, the cause of long-term memory
impairment and the assessment of other cognitive functions re-
main unclear. Damage to semantic memory is possible although
they are rarely completely lost information obtained. Regarding
the expected memory, it rarely records lesions in cases of cranioce-
rebral injury, but without being an element of great importance
for the patient to reintegrate into his obligations and social total
(Hammill, 1998).
Possible memory impairments appear to affect the functioning of
the language. The patients with impaired memory have difficul-
ty finding the right word, in spelling and reading as well as the
sequence of a large number of commands. All these result in the
fragmentation of the language, which lacks in accuracy, sequence,
specificity and logic (Hagen, Malkmus, & Durham, 1972) [6].
Another memory-related disorder is disorientation due to inability
of the patient to recall older and newer information. The presence
confusion due to disorientation after ΤΒΙ makes his cooperation
difficult patient with specialist. Disorientation occurs at four lev-
els: in time, in space, in the individual situation and in the indi-
vidual himself. Of the above categories of disorientation, the most
common is that of time. Patients experience confusion related
to year, month and even hour which they go through. They also
have difficulty estimating how time passes. The patients with this
confusion have been injured in the right hemisphere (Pimental &
Kingsbury, 1989) [10]. People with spatial disorientation do not
recognize the place they are located or misidentified (Pimental &
Kingsbury, 1989) [10].
The next category is the one that' s disorienting the patient about
what happened to himself. It is a selective or total kind of dis-
orientation in which the patient refuses to accept his condition.
Thus, it is concluded that the denial may be the result of ΤΒΙ with
specific lesions in the parietals lobes or be a way of manifesting a
psychological protective mechanism to facilitate the patient in the
management of reality. The fourth and last category of disorien-
tation is that associated with confusion in the patient who has an
inability to identify people from his environment and make proper
use of their names.
The results of a craniocerebral injury appear to contain a wide
range of deficits involving almost all cognitive functions. This fact
should be taken seriously in any rehabilitation program for these
patients.
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