This document provides an introduction to a thesis on dementia. It discusses dementia including the main types and symptoms. Memory loss is one of the earliest symptoms. Dementia is progressive and gets worse over time. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but there is no cure for progressive dementias like Alzheimer's. Prevention focuses on lifestyle factors like exercise, diet, and avoiding risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The scope of the research is to explore socio-cultural issues affecting access to dementia diagnosis and support services for the South Asian population in a specific area. It aims to understand the impacts of dementia on the economic and social aspects of this community.
This document discusses managing pain in older adults. It notes that around 53% of older adults experience bothersome pain every month, with women, obese people, and those with musculoskeletal conditions or depression reporting higher rates. Chronic pain is common in older adults and affects mobility, sleep, and quality of life. The types of pain older adults experience include osteoarthritis, musculoskeletal conditions, and pain from cardiac, respiratory or diabetic complications. Treatment considerations must account for how aging affects drug absorption and clearance as well as common comorbidities. Non-drug treatments and a multidisciplinary team approach can also help manage pain in older populations.
The document discusses pain and psychological perspectives in terminal Motor Neurone Disease (MND) sufferers. It defines terminal illness and MND, describing the physical and psychological pain associated with MND. Regarding physical pain, it discusses types, measurement using scales like the SF-36, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management approaches. For psychological pain, it covers measurement using tools like the BDI and management methods. The document also addresses comorbidities like depression, desire for death, and suicidal thoughts in terminal MND patients. It concludes that managing pain in terminal illness requires a multidisciplinary approach including both medical and psychological support.
This document reviews arguments for and against the traditional general practitioner-led model of care for patients with musculoskeletal pain. It discusses how musculoskeletal pain is common and costly. Currently, most healthcare systems rely on general practitioners to be the first point of contact for patients with musculoskeletal issues like back pain, but some evidence suggests this model may not be best. The review critically analyzes the key arguments for and against different professional groups taking responsibility for early assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal problems.
This study examined how often college students prematurely returned to normal activity before becoming asymptomatic after experiencing mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) throughout their lifetime. The researchers surveyed 84 college students about their mTBI history and recovery. They found that 71% of the time after experiencing a mTBI, students returned to normal activity while still experiencing symptoms, rather than waiting until asymptomatic. High school students were more likely than other age groups to wait until asymptomatic before returning to normal activity. Premature return to activity increases the risk of long-term cognitive problems.
The conundrum of opioid tapering in long term opioid therapy for chronic pain...Paul Coelho, MD
The document discusses the challenges clinicians face when tapering patients off long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain. It explains that opioid dependence can cause worsening pain, psychiatric symptoms, and functioning during tapering due to neuroplastic changes. While tapering seems logical to address risks of high-dose opioids, it may paradoxically make a patient's issues worse due to protracted abstinence syndrome. The document provides guidance for managing these complex patients focused on both pain and opioid dependence.
1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is highly prevalent, affecting approximately 2% of the population annually, yet it often goes undiagnosed.
2) GAD frequently presents with medically unexplained symptoms like insomnia or pain rather than anxiety itself, making it challenging to diagnose. It also commonly co-occurs with other psychiatric or medical conditions.
3) While GAD has a substantial personal and economic burden, primary care physicians correctly diagnose it in only about one-third of cases. Better physician education is needed to improve recognition and management of GAD.
This document discusses managing pain in older adults. It notes that around 53% of older adults experience bothersome pain every month, with women, obese people, and those with musculoskeletal conditions or depression reporting higher rates. Chronic pain is common in older adults and affects mobility, sleep, and quality of life. The types of pain older adults experience include osteoarthritis, musculoskeletal conditions, and pain from cardiac, respiratory or diabetic complications. Treatment considerations must account for how aging affects drug absorption and clearance as well as common comorbidities. Non-drug treatments and a multidisciplinary team approach can also help manage pain in older populations.
The document discusses pain and psychological perspectives in terminal Motor Neurone Disease (MND) sufferers. It defines terminal illness and MND, describing the physical and psychological pain associated with MND. Regarding physical pain, it discusses types, measurement using scales like the SF-36, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management approaches. For psychological pain, it covers measurement using tools like the BDI and management methods. The document also addresses comorbidities like depression, desire for death, and suicidal thoughts in terminal MND patients. It concludes that managing pain in terminal illness requires a multidisciplinary approach including both medical and psychological support.
This document reviews arguments for and against the traditional general practitioner-led model of care for patients with musculoskeletal pain. It discusses how musculoskeletal pain is common and costly. Currently, most healthcare systems rely on general practitioners to be the first point of contact for patients with musculoskeletal issues like back pain, but some evidence suggests this model may not be best. The review critically analyzes the key arguments for and against different professional groups taking responsibility for early assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal problems.
This study examined how often college students prematurely returned to normal activity before becoming asymptomatic after experiencing mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) throughout their lifetime. The researchers surveyed 84 college students about their mTBI history and recovery. They found that 71% of the time after experiencing a mTBI, students returned to normal activity while still experiencing symptoms, rather than waiting until asymptomatic. High school students were more likely than other age groups to wait until asymptomatic before returning to normal activity. Premature return to activity increases the risk of long-term cognitive problems.
The conundrum of opioid tapering in long term opioid therapy for chronic pain...Paul Coelho, MD
The document discusses the challenges clinicians face when tapering patients off long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain. It explains that opioid dependence can cause worsening pain, psychiatric symptoms, and functioning during tapering due to neuroplastic changes. While tapering seems logical to address risks of high-dose opioids, it may paradoxically make a patient's issues worse due to protracted abstinence syndrome. The document provides guidance for managing these complex patients focused on both pain and opioid dependence.
1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is highly prevalent, affecting approximately 2% of the population annually, yet it often goes undiagnosed.
2) GAD frequently presents with medically unexplained symptoms like insomnia or pain rather than anxiety itself, making it challenging to diagnose. It also commonly co-occurs with other psychiatric or medical conditions.
3) While GAD has a substantial personal and economic burden, primary care physicians correctly diagnose it in only about one-third of cases. Better physician education is needed to improve recognition and management of GAD.
The document describes 3 experiments that tested the effectiveness of different video conditions on reducing prejudice toward schizophrenia among university students in Japan. Experiment 1 found that a video of a patient narration significantly reduced the cognitive "bad image" component of prejudice, while a video of a psychiatrist explanation did not. Experiment 2 replicated these results. Experiment 3 found that a video of a group home significantly reduced the cognitive component but increased the behavioral "social distance" component of prejudice. The most effective approach for reducing prejudice was found to be direct narratives by patients about their lives.
The document provides an overview of adjustment disorders by summarizing several research studies and publications on the topic. Key points include that adjustment disorders involve the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor or life event, and studies have examined the efficacy of various drug and herbal treatments for adjustment disorders with anxious or depressive symptoms.
Neurotocism and maladaptive coping in patients with functional somatic syndro...Paul Coelho, MD
1) The study investigated neuroticism and maladaptive coping in patients with functional somatic syndromes (FSS) using data from a previous randomized controlled trial.
2) It found that patients with FSS showed higher levels of neuroticism than healthy groups. Neuroticism was linked to poorer physical health indirectly through symptom catastrophizing.
3) Treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) reduced symptom catastrophizing, and this partially mediated the long-term improvement in outcomes from CBT. The results support a cognitive-behavioral model of FSS.
Rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury 2005Tláloc Estrada
This document summarizes a book titled "Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury" which contains chapters written by experts in various areas of brain injury rehabilitation. The book aims to provide a concise overview of the current state of knowledge in different aspects of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation, identify gaps in research, and recommend priorities for future research. It covers topics such as rehabilitation of specific cognitive impairments, special populations, medical interventions, and the role of neuroimaging in rehabilitation. The goal is for the book to serve as a resource for both researchers and practitioners working in the field of brain injury rehabilitation.
This document summarizes a systematic review of studies examining mind-body practices for the treatment of psoriasis. The review identified 9 relevant randomized controlled trials involving a total of 379 participants comparing mind-body interventions like meditation, mindfulness, hypnosis and relaxation techniques to conventional medical treatments or other complementary interventions. While the studies showed some improvements in disease symptoms and psychosocial outcomes, the review found high risks of bias and noted limitations in the available evidence.
2015: Post Stroke Fatigue - Why Live With It?-GiapSDGWEP
Post-stroke fatigue is a common problem, affecting 38-73% of stroke survivors. It can persist for months or years after a stroke and significantly impact quality of life. The document discusses factors that may contribute to post-stroke fatigue like depression, sleep disturbances, lack of exercise, and medications. It also reviews tools to assess fatigue severity and differentiates fatigue from excessive daytime sleepiness. While no pharmacological treatments have proven effective, non-drug interventions like exercise, energy conservation, and sleep management may help manage post-stroke fatigue. A randomized controlled trial found that cognitive therapy combined with graded activity training over 12 weeks can reduce persistent post-stroke fatigue.
The document discusses the importance of attention and mindfulness. It summarizes research showing that a wandering mind is associated with unhappiness, and that multitasking reduces cognitive performance. Mindfulness training is shown to improve focus, reduce stress and depression, and enhance performance. The document advocates for mindfulness to improve mental and physical health, and suggests it can help reduce medical errors by enhancing focus and attention.
According to the CDC, the leading cause of TBI is falls, particularly for young children and adults over 65. Other common causes of TBI include accidental blunt force trauma, motor vehicle accidents, and violent assaults. If you have had a TBI, rehabilitation (or rehab) will be an important part of your recovery
This literature review examines the lack of research on palliative care for people with pre-existing mental health problems. It finds that while the relationship between mental health problems and poor physical health is well documented, there is relatively little literature on challenges in treating people with co-morbidities. The review also finds an overwhelming lack of literature on palliative care needs for those with mental health problems and little on palliative care for anorexia nervosa. It reveals gaps in palliative care provision for those with pre-existing mental illnesses and discusses implications for future research, practice, and policy.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation aims to restore function and minimize disability through a comprehensive, team-based approach. The rehabilitation process varies based on injury severity but generally involves early intervention to prevent complications, followed by therapy to improve mobility, activities of daily living, cognition, and communication. Outcomes depend on the nature and severity of injury, though most improvement occurs within the first year through coordinated acute and post-acute rehabilitation.
Dementia is not a single disease but a category of brain diseases that cause memory loss and cognitive decline. It progresses through early, middle, and late stages bringing increasing impairment. While stressful for caregivers, group home settings can benefit patients by providing social interaction and respite for families. Regular physical and cognitive exercise may help slow progression of symptoms and improve quality of life for patients and caregivers.
Dementia is a condition characterized by the gradual decline of brain functions, including memory, thinking, and reasoning abilities. It is caused by various diseases and conditions that damage brain cells, such as Alzheimer's disease. Occupational therapists play an important role in helping dementia patients maintain their functional abilities and independence for as long as possible through various approaches, including health promotion, remediation, maintenance, and environmental modification. While there is no cure for dementia currently, occupational therapy aims to improve patients' well-being and delay institutionalization by supporting caregivers and providing customized care.
Neurological SystemThe nervous system is a collection of nerves .docxmayank272369
Neurological System
The nervous system is a collection of nerves and specialized cells forming a spectacular network of connections which transmit signals between different parts of the body. It controls the activities of all body organs and tissues. Structurally, it is organized into two parts: the central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body.
The aging process is associated with many biological, physiological, environmental, psychological, behavioral, and physical processes. These changes often result in several complex health conditions dubbed geriatric syndromes. Most cells have a short life span and are easily regenerated and replaced by new cells in the human body. On the other hand, nerve cells are generated in vivo, have a longer life span, and are usually not replaced when they die or are destroyed.
Several changes occur in the central nervous system. Firstly, nerve cells and supporting neuroglia are gradually lost with age. On the other hand, the remaining cells function less efficiently, and there is an increased concentration of harmful materials such as free radicals and iron in the remaining brain tissue (Knight & Nigam, 2017). Secondly, there is a decrease in brain mass leading to decreased function of affected areas such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and motor cortex, manifesting as impairments in higher functions, memory loss, and gait. Thirdly, the ventricles increase in size and due to the loss of cells lining the ventricles. Fourthly, there is a decrease in cerebral blood flow and diminished integrity of the blood-brain barrier over time. There is also a decline in the production of neurotransmitters. Lastly, age-related changes to the vertebrae and intervertebral discs may increase pressure on the spinal cord and its branching nerve roots. This can slow down nerve impulses' conduction along motor neurons, contributing to reduced muscular strength (Manini et al., 2013).
There is a slowed nerve conduction in the peripheral nervous system attributed to decreased axonal length, loss of mitochondria, and degeneration of peripheral neurons' myelin sheath. This may result in decreased sensation, slower reflexes, and clumsiness. On top of that, damaged neurons are not repaired efficiently in older adults, and some are not repaired at all.
The decrease in brain function with aging may impair mental function seen in neurodegenerative conditions such as delirium and dementia. Delirium is defined as an acute confusional state characterized by an acute decline in attention-focus, perception, cognition, and consciousness. In contrast, dementia is an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory, and personality but without impaired consciousness.
The two conditions are similar in that they exhibit similarities in their presentation: impaired memory and judgment, confusion, disorientation, and varia.
Running Head: ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 1
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 4
Alzheimer disease
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alzheimers disease
Alzheimer's disorder is known to be a step by step continuing degenerative disease of the human brain that with time leads to abnormal brain working and can finally lead to death (Soukup1996). It was first elaborated in 1907 by a German Physician, Dr.Alois. Furthermore, it is a disease marked by a slow decline in brain working that gets worse with time. Some individuals develop this condition when they are just at the age of 40.Hence, it most commonly affects persons who are beyond 65 years. It is approximated that roughly 10% of persons over 65 years old have Alzheimer's disease and in of age 85% to 50% may know how it can be prevented (Turkington& Mitchell2010).
(Turkington& Mitchell2010) The brain undergoes physical changes that resemble amongst different individuals. Therefore, the behavioral and psychological symptoms that arise are complex and differs from person to person. Hence, these symptoms result to form dementia progress, and these losses lead to total dependency for even the simplest activities. This is comprised of (3) stages. The first stage is the onset stage. However, Symptoms of the emergence stage usually appear gradually. Minimum loss of memory particularly of recent events might be there (Soukup1996).
Next to being the successive stage that contains the similar symptoms noted in the first stage but are more evident at this juncture. Different problems exist with language abilities that are typically the most common sign of moving towards this time. The terminal stage is termed to the third one where persons affected now experience substantial dysfunction. Furthermore, core competencies such as eating and drinking are forgotten (Turkington& Mitchell2010).
Causes of Alzheimers disease
This disorder is believed to be brought about a combination of genetic lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the brain with time. However, Alzheimer's is caused by brain cell death is a neurodegenerative disease which means here exists progressive brain cell death that happens over the course of time (Soukup1996).The overall size of the brain shrinks with Alzheimer’s. Moreover, the tissue has progressive fewer nerve cells and connections. Because they cannot be tested or seen in the living brain affected by Alzheimer's disease postmortem will often show tiny inclusions in the nerve tissue called plaques and tangles (Turkington & Mitchell2010).
Plaques are located in brain dying cells from the built up of a protein referred to as beta-amyloid. However, tangles are found in the brain neurons, which is a disintegration of another protein called tau.Threads of tau protein always twist into abnormal tangles inside brain cells, leading to failure of the transport system. This failure is furthermore strongly implicated in th ...
Abin Abraham Mammen, Sharath Hullumani V, Jakka Rahul.
Dementia can be broadly defined as depletion in cognitive performance which makes a person unable to meet multiple intellectual demands of daily life. Dementia is acquired, persistent impairment not by delirium in multiple areas of intellectual function. Some dementia types are progressive but others may be persistent or plateau. Sometimes in cases, the onset can be insidious, as is generally the case in AD, but in many cases, whether something develops after head trauma or stroke, the onset of dementia may be acute, particular. While most dementias are the result of changes in the brain structure, infections and metabolic causes can be treated with success. We are confronted with a diagnostic criterion as we delve into the area of dementia and the increasingly expanding area of dementia research.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. This results in both motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity as well as non-motor symptoms affecting cognition, sleep, and mood. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. Current treatments aim to replace dopamine or stimulate affected brain areas, but do not stop the underlying progression of neuronal loss. Research continues to further understand Parkinson's and develop more effective treatments.
The document discusses the author's personal interest in exploring dementia as an EMT who frequently encounters patients with the condition. Dementia is described as a debilitating neurocognitive disorder that robs people of their memories and changes their personality, making independent living impossible as it progresses. The author hopes that further research can lead to ways to slow, prevent, or potentially reverse the effects of dementia.
Lewy body dementia was first discovered in the early 1900s and involves protein deposits in the brain that affect brain function and cause Parkinson's-like symptoms. It can be difficult to diagnose due to similarities with Parkinson's disease, but indicators include progressive cognitive decline, fluctuating cognition and attention, visual hallucinations, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Treatments include medications to slow cognitive decline and manage Parkinsonism symptoms, as well as non-pharmacological therapies and counseling. An accurate diagnosis allows for better symptom management and quality of life.
1) The document discusses traumatic brain injuries and how they can often result in depression. It examines the need for proper support systems for those dealing with both traumatic brain injury and depression.
2) It explores how biology and psychology are important disciplines for understanding traumatic brain injury and depression. Understanding both the medical aspects of brain injury and psychological aspects of depression is key.
3) Support systems are lacking for those dealing with both conditions. An integrated approach is needed that considers both the brain injury itself and how depression affects those recovering from such an injury.
The document describes 3 experiments that tested the effectiveness of different video conditions on reducing prejudice toward schizophrenia among university students in Japan. Experiment 1 found that a video of a patient narration significantly reduced the cognitive "bad image" component of prejudice, while a video of a psychiatrist explanation did not. Experiment 2 replicated these results. Experiment 3 found that a video of a group home significantly reduced the cognitive component but increased the behavioral "social distance" component of prejudice. The most effective approach for reducing prejudice was found to be direct narratives by patients about their lives.
The document provides an overview of adjustment disorders by summarizing several research studies and publications on the topic. Key points include that adjustment disorders involve the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor or life event, and studies have examined the efficacy of various drug and herbal treatments for adjustment disorders with anxious or depressive symptoms.
Neurotocism and maladaptive coping in patients with functional somatic syndro...Paul Coelho, MD
1) The study investigated neuroticism and maladaptive coping in patients with functional somatic syndromes (FSS) using data from a previous randomized controlled trial.
2) It found that patients with FSS showed higher levels of neuroticism than healthy groups. Neuroticism was linked to poorer physical health indirectly through symptom catastrophizing.
3) Treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) reduced symptom catastrophizing, and this partially mediated the long-term improvement in outcomes from CBT. The results support a cognitive-behavioral model of FSS.
Rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury 2005Tláloc Estrada
This document summarizes a book titled "Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury" which contains chapters written by experts in various areas of brain injury rehabilitation. The book aims to provide a concise overview of the current state of knowledge in different aspects of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation, identify gaps in research, and recommend priorities for future research. It covers topics such as rehabilitation of specific cognitive impairments, special populations, medical interventions, and the role of neuroimaging in rehabilitation. The goal is for the book to serve as a resource for both researchers and practitioners working in the field of brain injury rehabilitation.
This document summarizes a systematic review of studies examining mind-body practices for the treatment of psoriasis. The review identified 9 relevant randomized controlled trials involving a total of 379 participants comparing mind-body interventions like meditation, mindfulness, hypnosis and relaxation techniques to conventional medical treatments or other complementary interventions. While the studies showed some improvements in disease symptoms and psychosocial outcomes, the review found high risks of bias and noted limitations in the available evidence.
2015: Post Stroke Fatigue - Why Live With It?-GiapSDGWEP
Post-stroke fatigue is a common problem, affecting 38-73% of stroke survivors. It can persist for months or years after a stroke and significantly impact quality of life. The document discusses factors that may contribute to post-stroke fatigue like depression, sleep disturbances, lack of exercise, and medications. It also reviews tools to assess fatigue severity and differentiates fatigue from excessive daytime sleepiness. While no pharmacological treatments have proven effective, non-drug interventions like exercise, energy conservation, and sleep management may help manage post-stroke fatigue. A randomized controlled trial found that cognitive therapy combined with graded activity training over 12 weeks can reduce persistent post-stroke fatigue.
The document discusses the importance of attention and mindfulness. It summarizes research showing that a wandering mind is associated with unhappiness, and that multitasking reduces cognitive performance. Mindfulness training is shown to improve focus, reduce stress and depression, and enhance performance. The document advocates for mindfulness to improve mental and physical health, and suggests it can help reduce medical errors by enhancing focus and attention.
According to the CDC, the leading cause of TBI is falls, particularly for young children and adults over 65. Other common causes of TBI include accidental blunt force trauma, motor vehicle accidents, and violent assaults. If you have had a TBI, rehabilitation (or rehab) will be an important part of your recovery
This literature review examines the lack of research on palliative care for people with pre-existing mental health problems. It finds that while the relationship between mental health problems and poor physical health is well documented, there is relatively little literature on challenges in treating people with co-morbidities. The review also finds an overwhelming lack of literature on palliative care needs for those with mental health problems and little on palliative care for anorexia nervosa. It reveals gaps in palliative care provision for those with pre-existing mental illnesses and discusses implications for future research, practice, and policy.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation aims to restore function and minimize disability through a comprehensive, team-based approach. The rehabilitation process varies based on injury severity but generally involves early intervention to prevent complications, followed by therapy to improve mobility, activities of daily living, cognition, and communication. Outcomes depend on the nature and severity of injury, though most improvement occurs within the first year through coordinated acute and post-acute rehabilitation.
Dementia is not a single disease but a category of brain diseases that cause memory loss and cognitive decline. It progresses through early, middle, and late stages bringing increasing impairment. While stressful for caregivers, group home settings can benefit patients by providing social interaction and respite for families. Regular physical and cognitive exercise may help slow progression of symptoms and improve quality of life for patients and caregivers.
Dementia is a condition characterized by the gradual decline of brain functions, including memory, thinking, and reasoning abilities. It is caused by various diseases and conditions that damage brain cells, such as Alzheimer's disease. Occupational therapists play an important role in helping dementia patients maintain their functional abilities and independence for as long as possible through various approaches, including health promotion, remediation, maintenance, and environmental modification. While there is no cure for dementia currently, occupational therapy aims to improve patients' well-being and delay institutionalization by supporting caregivers and providing customized care.
Neurological SystemThe nervous system is a collection of nerves .docxmayank272369
Neurological System
The nervous system is a collection of nerves and specialized cells forming a spectacular network of connections which transmit signals between different parts of the body. It controls the activities of all body organs and tissues. Structurally, it is organized into two parts: the central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body.
The aging process is associated with many biological, physiological, environmental, psychological, behavioral, and physical processes. These changes often result in several complex health conditions dubbed geriatric syndromes. Most cells have a short life span and are easily regenerated and replaced by new cells in the human body. On the other hand, nerve cells are generated in vivo, have a longer life span, and are usually not replaced when they die or are destroyed.
Several changes occur in the central nervous system. Firstly, nerve cells and supporting neuroglia are gradually lost with age. On the other hand, the remaining cells function less efficiently, and there is an increased concentration of harmful materials such as free radicals and iron in the remaining brain tissue (Knight & Nigam, 2017). Secondly, there is a decrease in brain mass leading to decreased function of affected areas such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and motor cortex, manifesting as impairments in higher functions, memory loss, and gait. Thirdly, the ventricles increase in size and due to the loss of cells lining the ventricles. Fourthly, there is a decrease in cerebral blood flow and diminished integrity of the blood-brain barrier over time. There is also a decline in the production of neurotransmitters. Lastly, age-related changes to the vertebrae and intervertebral discs may increase pressure on the spinal cord and its branching nerve roots. This can slow down nerve impulses' conduction along motor neurons, contributing to reduced muscular strength (Manini et al., 2013).
There is a slowed nerve conduction in the peripheral nervous system attributed to decreased axonal length, loss of mitochondria, and degeneration of peripheral neurons' myelin sheath. This may result in decreased sensation, slower reflexes, and clumsiness. On top of that, damaged neurons are not repaired efficiently in older adults, and some are not repaired at all.
The decrease in brain function with aging may impair mental function seen in neurodegenerative conditions such as delirium and dementia. Delirium is defined as an acute confusional state characterized by an acute decline in attention-focus, perception, cognition, and consciousness. In contrast, dementia is an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory, and personality but without impaired consciousness.
The two conditions are similar in that they exhibit similarities in their presentation: impaired memory and judgment, confusion, disorientation, and varia.
Running Head: ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 1
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 4
Alzheimer disease
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alzheimers disease
Alzheimer's disorder is known to be a step by step continuing degenerative disease of the human brain that with time leads to abnormal brain working and can finally lead to death (Soukup1996). It was first elaborated in 1907 by a German Physician, Dr.Alois. Furthermore, it is a disease marked by a slow decline in brain working that gets worse with time. Some individuals develop this condition when they are just at the age of 40.Hence, it most commonly affects persons who are beyond 65 years. It is approximated that roughly 10% of persons over 65 years old have Alzheimer's disease and in of age 85% to 50% may know how it can be prevented (Turkington& Mitchell2010).
(Turkington& Mitchell2010) The brain undergoes physical changes that resemble amongst different individuals. Therefore, the behavioral and psychological symptoms that arise are complex and differs from person to person. Hence, these symptoms result to form dementia progress, and these losses lead to total dependency for even the simplest activities. This is comprised of (3) stages. The first stage is the onset stage. However, Symptoms of the emergence stage usually appear gradually. Minimum loss of memory particularly of recent events might be there (Soukup1996).
Next to being the successive stage that contains the similar symptoms noted in the first stage but are more evident at this juncture. Different problems exist with language abilities that are typically the most common sign of moving towards this time. The terminal stage is termed to the third one where persons affected now experience substantial dysfunction. Furthermore, core competencies such as eating and drinking are forgotten (Turkington& Mitchell2010).
Causes of Alzheimers disease
This disorder is believed to be brought about a combination of genetic lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the brain with time. However, Alzheimer's is caused by brain cell death is a neurodegenerative disease which means here exists progressive brain cell death that happens over the course of time (Soukup1996).The overall size of the brain shrinks with Alzheimer’s. Moreover, the tissue has progressive fewer nerve cells and connections. Because they cannot be tested or seen in the living brain affected by Alzheimer's disease postmortem will often show tiny inclusions in the nerve tissue called plaques and tangles (Turkington & Mitchell2010).
Plaques are located in brain dying cells from the built up of a protein referred to as beta-amyloid. However, tangles are found in the brain neurons, which is a disintegration of another protein called tau.Threads of tau protein always twist into abnormal tangles inside brain cells, leading to failure of the transport system. This failure is furthermore strongly implicated in th ...
Abin Abraham Mammen, Sharath Hullumani V, Jakka Rahul.
Dementia can be broadly defined as depletion in cognitive performance which makes a person unable to meet multiple intellectual demands of daily life. Dementia is acquired, persistent impairment not by delirium in multiple areas of intellectual function. Some dementia types are progressive but others may be persistent or plateau. Sometimes in cases, the onset can be insidious, as is generally the case in AD, but in many cases, whether something develops after head trauma or stroke, the onset of dementia may be acute, particular. While most dementias are the result of changes in the brain structure, infections and metabolic causes can be treated with success. We are confronted with a diagnostic criterion as we delve into the area of dementia and the increasingly expanding area of dementia research.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. This results in both motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity as well as non-motor symptoms affecting cognition, sleep, and mood. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. Current treatments aim to replace dopamine or stimulate affected brain areas, but do not stop the underlying progression of neuronal loss. Research continues to further understand Parkinson's and develop more effective treatments.
The document discusses the author's personal interest in exploring dementia as an EMT who frequently encounters patients with the condition. Dementia is described as a debilitating neurocognitive disorder that robs people of their memories and changes their personality, making independent living impossible as it progresses. The author hopes that further research can lead to ways to slow, prevent, or potentially reverse the effects of dementia.
Lewy body dementia was first discovered in the early 1900s and involves protein deposits in the brain that affect brain function and cause Parkinson's-like symptoms. It can be difficult to diagnose due to similarities with Parkinson's disease, but indicators include progressive cognitive decline, fluctuating cognition and attention, visual hallucinations, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Treatments include medications to slow cognitive decline and manage Parkinsonism symptoms, as well as non-pharmacological therapies and counseling. An accurate diagnosis allows for better symptom management and quality of life.
1) The document discusses traumatic brain injuries and how they can often result in depression. It examines the need for proper support systems for those dealing with both traumatic brain injury and depression.
2) It explores how biology and psychology are important disciplines for understanding traumatic brain injury and depression. Understanding both the medical aspects of brain injury and psychological aspects of depression is key.
3) Support systems are lacking for those dealing with both conditions. An integrated approach is needed that considers both the brain injury itself and how depression affects those recovering from such an injury.
Dementia is a progressive syndrome that causes deterioration in cognitive function and abilities such as memory, thinking, and judgement. It is caused by damage to brain cells and their ability to communicate. There is currently no cure for dementia but medications and therapies can help slow its progression. The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, and drugs like Aduhelm and lecanemab are used to slow its degenerative process. Dementia is a major global health issue and its prevalence is expected to triple by 2050 without effective treatments.
The document discusses motivation and the brain in the context of quitting drinking alcohol. It explains that motivation comes from various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Advances in brain imaging have provided insights into how the brain of an alcoholic differs from a non-alcoholic, especially regarding reward pathways. Abstaining from alcohol allows the brain to begin repairing itself, though it can take years for full recovery. The motivation to change must involve internal incentives rather than just external pressures in order to maintain long-term abstinence. Recovery programs aim to develop intrinsic motivation in individuals through addressing feelings of guilt and empowering them to regain control over their decision-making.
This document compares the cognitive changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. MCI involves mild memory loss that does not interfere with daily life. Parkinson's disease causes tremors and movement difficulties due to dopamine loss. Alzheimer's disease is the most common dementia in older adults and involves severe memory loss and cognitive decline. While there are no cures for these conditions, treatments can help manage symptoms for a time. All three diseases have significant effects on patients and their families.
Dementia dementedness could be a neurological disease that aff.docxtheodorelove43763
Dementia
dementedness could be a neurological disease that affects your ability to assume, speak, reason keep in mind and move. whereas Alzheimer’s malady is that the most typical reason for dementedness, several different conditions can also cause similar symptoms. a number of these disorders exacerbate with time and can't be cured, whereas others respond well to treatment and their symptoms will even be reversed.
What will it mean once somebody is claimed to possess dementia? for a few folks, the word conjures up scarey pictures of crazy behavior and loss of management. In fact, the word dementedness describes a bunch of symptoms that has remembering loss, confusion, the shortcoming to downside solve, the shortcoming to finish multi-step activities like making ready a mean or equalisation a chequebook, and, generally temperament changes or uncommon behavior.
dementedness is that the general term for a bunch of disorders. sure conditions will cause reversible dementias, like medication interactions, depression, nutriment deficiencies or thyroid abnormalities. it's necessary that these conditions be known early and be treated taken over so symptoms is improved. There are irreversible dementias called chronic dementias, of those Alzheimer’s malady is that the most typical. There square measure variety of different chronic dementias, however, which will appear as if Alzheimer’s, however have distinct or completely different|completely different} options which require special attention and different treatment.
For those who have a lover that has one in every of the numerous completely different dementias, the road ahead is a really difficult one.
urban center Ronald Reagan maybe aforementioned it best in Associate in Nursing interview with J.D. Heyman of individuals magazine, in December of 2003, she referred to as Alzheimer’s malady “the long goodbye” (Heyman, 2003).
Dementia: Definition and designation
dementedness is that the general term for a bunch of disorders that cause irreversible psychological feature decline as a results of varied biological mechanisms that injury brain cells. it's a really common downside, significantly within the older, and it's going to go unrecognized for quite it slow. Studies indicate that up to twenty or a lot of of persons UN agency have symptoms suggestive dementedness end up to possess treatable diseases and regarding 1/2 them can have medical specialty issues.(Shenk, 2001).
many issues arise once attempting to determine whether or not or not a consumer is really insane. First, gentle defects in memory commonly occur with age, therefore any psychological testing has to take this under consideration. Secondly, as a result of dementedness is outlined as a loss of perform, with shoppers UN agency have a history of retardation, or previous learning or psychological feature disabilities it's necessary to get instructional and activity histories so as to establish if there.
This document discusses Psychiatric Drug-Induced Chronic Brain Impairment (CBI). It describes CBI as a syndrome that can result from any trauma to the brain, including long-term exposure to psychiatric medications. The key symptoms of CBI include cognitive dysfunction, apathy, emotional worsening, and lack of self-awareness of these symptoms. Long-term studies have shown that antipsychotic and other psychiatric drugs can cause brain damage, atrophy, and mental dysfunction in both humans and animals over time. The effects of CBI are similar regardless of the specific cause and resemble those of conditions like traumatic brain injury or dementia.
Huntington's disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation on the Huntingtin gene that results in an abnormal expansion of CAG nucleotide repeats, producing a mutant Huntingtin protein (mHtt). The mHtt protein is toxic to medium spiny neurons in the striatum, causing their degeneration. Symptoms include chorea, cognitive decline, psychiatric problems, and loss of motor control. There is no cure, but treatments can help manage symptoms. The pathophysiology is not fully understood, but mHtt aggregation, transcriptional dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis may all contribute to neuronal cell death over time.
Difficulties in Treating Patients with Traumatic Brain injuryjamesyoungmd
This document discusses traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the difficulties in discharging patients with TBI. It describes the various medical and non-medical treatments available for TBI and examines the newest evidence-based treatments. It also explains that due to shorter hospital stays, there are now multiple layers of post-acute care programs available including home care, day treatment programs, assisted living facilities, and independent living arrangements. However, choosing the appropriate next level of care can be challenging given differences in cost, availability of services, and levels of support across options. Family and medical input, insurance coverage, and individual needs must all be considered.
Huntington's disease is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor and cognitive decline. While it is known for disrupting motor skills, it also significantly impacts cognitive abilities and can cause dementia. There are two types of Huntington's disease-associated dementia - cortical and subcortical. Subcortical dementia affects areas below the cortex and leads to motor impairments, while cortical dementia impacts functions like memory, language, and perception. Cognitive testing can help diagnose dementia early to allow for mental stimulation activities that may help slow progression. Currently there are no treatments to stop or cure cognitive decline from Huntington's disease.
Capstone ProjectPSYC 6393Components of CapstoneI.docxjasoninnes20
Capstone Project
PSYC 6393
Components of CapstoneIntroduction Problem StatementIntegrated Literature ReviewCritical AnalysisProblem ResolutionConclusionReferences
IntroductionThe purpose of the introduction is the introduce the identified problem/issue and why you chose this specific topic. In 1-2 paragraph provide specific details about the nature of the problem and your rationale (why this problem is important to you).
Problem Statement
The problem statement describes the identified problem/issue in more detail. Please see the Problem Statement Template for more discussion and examples of a problem statement. The problem statement should be 1-2 pages in length.
Integrated LiteratureThe literature will involve a detailed summary and critique of at least 4 relevant sources related to the problem/issue. The literature review should be between 3-5 pages. Please review the readings for guidance on completing an integrated literature review.
Critical Analysis NarrativeIn this section you will critically analyze the problem/issue using the sources collected in week 4. Please review the Critical Analysis Template for step-by-step instructions on completing this section. The critical analysis narrative should be 3-5 pages in length.
Problem ResolutionUsing the steps outlined in the Problem Solving Template, develop one solution to the problem/issue. Describe the solution in detail including the costs and benefits, and the challenges and barriers to implementing this solution. The problem resolution should be 2-3 pages in length.
ConclusionsEnd the Capstone with a 1 page narrative of your final thoughts about the problem and generated solution. Also include your reaction to the project and what you have learned about yourself in completing the project.
References and Form and StyleBe sure that your references are in APA format.Make sure that your capstone is double spaced in 12 pt font.Be sure the do spell check and grammar check.
Running head: Critical Analysis II 1
Critical Analysis II 8Critical Analysis II: Comorbidity an Its Connection to Substance Abuse, Treatment, and Relapse
Paula King
Walden University
Capstone
Dr. Jane Lyons
July 14, 2019
Critical Analysis II:
Environmental influences are among the causes of drug abuse and mental illnesses identified in my week six assignment. The external environment surrounding a person plays a critical role in shaping a person's behavior. Also, the impact of the environmental influences is far reaching as it may also dictate the mental health of a person. Early childhood exposure to stress and trauma may lead the child to experience mental illnesses in the future. According to the social learning theory which suggests that people learn from each other, a person adopts behaviors from the people around him or her through imitation, observation, and modeling (Rotter, Chance & Phares, 2012). With most of the human behavior being learned from observing others, an ide ...
Psychosocial interventions may be a safer alternative to antidepressant medication for treating depression in older adults. A literature review found that psychosocial interventions can be effective in reducing depressive symptoms and increasing self-efficacy in elderly populations. The review categorized psychosocial interventions into four groups: self-help, technology-based, social/befriending, and clinical approaches. While more research is still needed, available evidence suggests psychosocial therapies show potential for improving depression outcomes for older adults.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
1. Running Head: DEMENTIA 1
1.0: Iintroduction to dementia
In this chapter I will first introduce the research topic dementia, its signs, and symptoms.
This will then be followed by discussion of the scope of this thesis, and consequences of living
with dementia. Equally, I will describe my personal and professional journey which prompted
me to undertake a Ph.D. and how this assisted me to shape the focus of my Ph.D. topic. Lastly,
the chapter will conclude with an overview of the thesis.
Dementia refers to a broad category of diseases which cause a long-term effect to the
brain and frequently a gradual decrease in one’s ability to think and deterioration in other mental
functions (Burns et al., 2006). Other than mental illness, it can also be caused by injuries which
result in a progressive dysfunction of both the cortical and sub-cortical functions as well as the
loss of an individual’s cognitive ability as a result of physical and chemical changes of the brain.
Dementia is one of the progressive diseases which get worse with time although for others it
takes several years to reach a critical stage. Furthermore, the rate of progression largely depends
on the underlying cause (Victor, 2010).
There are 4 main types of dementia. They include; Alzheimer’s, Lewy body, front
temporal lobe and vascular dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is believed to be caused by building
up of tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain. Lewy body is caused by abnormal proteins which
appear in the brain’s nerve cells thus impairing its functioning (Whitworth & Whitworth, 2010).
Vascular dementia is caused by bleeding in the brain as a result of a stroke. Frontotemporal
dementia is believed to be caused by damaging or shrinking of the brain. Each type of dementia
is concerned with specific brain cell damage that is, affecting a particular section of the brain. In
2. DEMENTIA 2
accordance with that, memory loss is one of the earliest symptoms with are associated with
dementia (Bartlett, 2010). The mai reason for that is because it is a brain disease which induces a
slow decrease in resoning and thinkng skills
Clinically, it has been discovered that people experience different developmental stages
of dementia. Regardless of that, the signs and symptoms of dementia are the same in a large
percentage of people who have contracted this memory disorder. Dementia always results in the
deterioration of the cognitive function (Burns et al., 2006). This is to say that it leads to slight
but quantifiable and noticeable decrease in an individual’s cognitive abilities which incorporates
memory and thinking skills. Dementia to a large extent affects individual’s language, thinking,
learning capacity, judgment, and memory and not his or her consciousness (Victor, 2010).
Therefore, this indicates that the impairment of the cognitive functions of a parson is mostly
attributed to the emotional, motivational, and social behavioural deterioration.
1.1: Symptoms and effects of dementia
Symptoms associated with the disease, dementia, are considered to have a
significant variance. However, various medical researches that have been carried
out about the effects of dementia reveal that there are several mental impairments
which are associated with it (Whitworth & Whitworth, 2010). These include;
Memory loss
Visual concepts
Communication aspects
Language (Whitworth & Whitworth, 2010)
3. DEMENTIA 3
Most of the identified dementias are considered to be progressive. Similarly, the
symptoms associated with it begin slowly and eventually become futile. The brain is associated
with the possession of various distinct sections which have a responsibility for performing
different functions including judgment, movement, and memory (Whitworth & Whitworth,
2010). Therefore, when there is damage to specific cells regarding a given region, then the region
becomes inefficient and therefore it functions poorly. In case an individual experiences memory
challenges, it is vital for such a person to seek immediate medical attention (Dong, 2017).
Determining the main cause dementia is the first strategy for enhancing better treatment.
1.2: Treatment for dementia
The changes in the chemical nature of the brain, which are also a clear sign of the
development of dementia, are sometimes considered to be permanent or progressive over time
(Schüssler & Lohrmann, 2017). This is to say that the medical attention given to the patient
suffering from dementia largely relies on it cause. Therefore, giving it first clinical priority
means that some of the conditions regarding the changes in the chemical nature of an
individual’s brain may be reduced considerably (Kitwood et al., 2007). There is no specific test
is used in the determination of dementia in individuals. The identification of the existence of the
disease in a person is done by a person's history through medical aspects, physical examination,
and the common characteristic changes in association with the art of thinking and the
mannerisms about each kind (Fogel & Greenberg, 2014). To some extent, it can be difficult for
clinician to carry out an identification of the exact type of dementia that an individual is suffering
from (Downs & Bowers, 2014). The reason for that is because the identified symptoms and the
changes of the brain can at times overlap (Dong, 2017, P. 98-105).
4. DEMENTIA 4
Treatment of dementia is dependent on the various causes. In cases where there is the
issue of progressive dementia including Alzheimer's illness, there is no any cure or treatment
which can slow down or halt its progression. However, because of the appreciation for research
and science, there are various drugs, such as bupropin, trazodone, and haloperidol, and
associated procedures that can be utilized by the patient to improve the identified symptoms
temporarily (Douglas, 2016). The same type of medication is used broadly in all kinds of
dementia. However, there are no particular drugs that are associated with healing dementia. On
the other hand, there are no non-drug related therapies that can be used to alleviate any of the
symptoms identified (Bartlett, 2010).
Ultimately, active process of treating various types of dementia is via the utility of
increased research funding and also greater participation in the studies related to clinical matters.
Genetics and age are some of the risk factors that significantly make an individual to be
vulnerable to contacting dementia (Cox, 2007). According to research, elderly people at the age
of 60 years and above are the ones who are more prone to these risk factors i.e. age, genetic, and
environmental, although they may not be main cause of dementia (Tanaka et al., 2001). These
factors cannot be changed as they are naturally in existence. The researches will are currently
underway are aimed at boosting the examination of the effects of other factors that might pose a
risk to the brain. These risk factors are those ones which pose health problems and also
preventing the implementation of the various measures aimed at reducing the chances of
individuals developing dementia. Several researches indicate that diet, physical fitness, and
cardiovascular-related factors are some of the prevention measures which also need to be taken
into consideration by patients (Desai, 2010).
5. DEMENTIA 5
Nonetheless, the brain of an individual is nourished by one of the body's richest network;
the blood vessels. Anything that is involved in the damage of blood vessels in any place in the
body can also cause damage to the brain blood vessels hence depriving the concerned brain cells
necessary nourishment and oxygen (Tame, 2014). Also, these changes are also associated with
numerous changes as discussed in section 1 that are brought about by other kinds of dementia
which includes Alzheimer's illness and Lewy body. These changes include language, thinking,
learning capacity, judgment, and memory. The sweeping changes may, therefore, lead to other
chemical interactions i.e. food and drugs, which in return cause quicker decline of their normal
functioning (Weiner et al., 2009). Since several difficulties are encountered during the
administering of the right treatment as discussed above, it is vital to come up with a plan that will
delay the age of onset i.e. 60 years and above (Dong, 2017, P. 98). The effect that age has on
cognitive development is taken to be extremely futile. It is vital to have a clear understanding of
various danger elements associated with severe cognitive ageing-related development.
1.3: Prevention measures
One can prevent dementia by the utility of measures that are used to prevent heart
diseases like avoiding smoking, taking various steps to maintenance the right blood pressure
limits, and maintaining a healthy weight (Isaacson, 2011). Regular physical exercise is also
essential in preventing an individual from contracting dementia. The effectiveness of this is that
it helps in the lowering various risks factors which are associated with the various types of
dementia mentioned above. Research reveals that regular exercise directly benefits the identified
brain cells by making an increment in the blood and oxygen flow to the brain (Pathy, 2006).
Also, what an individual eats has a significant effect on the health of the brain via its impacts on
the heart healthy (Isaacson, 2011). Heart-related healthy eating patterns like the Mediterranean
6. DEMENTIA 6
diet are involved in the protection of the brain. A Mediterranean meal is one that includes
relatively red meat in small quantities. It emphasises whole grains, vegetables, and fruits.
Living with dementia is considered to having the probability of impacting on a person in
various aspects like social, economic; and psychological. It is vital to perform the following
program-like community-based respite program-with the aim of increasing one's awareness of
what it feels like to be living with dementia (Rhonda, 2014). It provides a brief explanation of
the means an individual can use in offering support and other health intervention measures to
people with dementia. Furthermore, it allows them to have clear insight on how to live
appropriately with these conditions. The reason for that is because the manner in which an
individual with dementia experiences emotions and life is something which has to be given
greater medical attention.
Apart from the symptoms, there are also other conditions that play a crucial role in the
modelling of an individual's experiences with dementia. They include the identified relationships
the individual has, their surrounding, and the designated support they gain from medical
professionals and their families (Pathy, 2006). Regardless of an individual’s mental capacity and
age, personal relationships and his or her surrounding are considered to be central to the art of
life. Caregivers together with friends and family can assist an individual living with dementia to
experience value and sense of belonging. This is attained through the provision of physical,
emotional, or mental support is relatively crucial in not only promoting their well-being but also
helping them in meeting their health care requirements (Bartlett, 2010).
When offering support to a person who has dementia, it is important to provide
comprehensive explanation about the effects that condition has on the health of a person living
7. DEMENTIA 7
with dementia (Mulvenna & Nugent, 2010). This includes creating awareness on how these
conditions might alter his or her reasoning, feelings, emotions, and so on. This is because it has
been clinically proven that these changes greatly impact the manner in which an individual acts
(Whitworth & Whitworth, 2010). Therefore, such a step will be beneficial if the caregiver is
more supportive while trying to gather adequate information about the behavioural changes of a
person with dementia as far as probable. Since each person has unique life history, likes,
personality, and dislikes, it is vital to base one's focus on what the individual still does, possess,
and so on and not on what he or she have lost (Pathy, 2006, P. 50-52). It is also essential to base
one's focus on what the person experiences rather than what they can consider memorable. As
discussed earlier in this chapter, dementia has many impacts, as a result of that, the majority of
individuals end up experiencing memory challenges and other associated health issues. In spite
of all these, an individual can still regain some of his or her capabilities, and will still experience
an emotional link between people, their surroundings.
As noted above, dementia is a disease which development and growth take place
over an extended period of time approximated to be 20 to 30 years. The attempts that are
involved in the identification of various risk factors take into consideration the identified period
and also the false start which features dementia (Bartlett, 2010). Apart from age, genetically
predisposing factors, and environmental factors, and behavioral risk elements are also other
dementia triggering factors. The only disadvantage of these factors is that they are not consistent
and they lack specificity (Zandi, 2009, 52). This is because clinically, people experience
different developmental stages of dementia. Equally, as discussed each type of dementia is
concerned with specific brain which is affected.
8. DEMENTIA 8
1.4: The scope of this research
According to the report published by the World Health Organization (WHO), at least
61,600 cases of people live with dementia are recorded each year (Atkins, 2015). This figure is
anticipated to rise to about 1535.5m by the end of the year 2020. This means that dementia is
also one of the global health ailments which have been given a huge global health priority. This
is coupled with the fact that there has been a significant interest on both the national and
international level to come up with strategies which are aimed at improving the lives of
individuals living with dementia. Moreover, it is essential, therefore, to ensure that all strategies
to be used by various healthcare organisations in controlling and curbing this disease have been
efficiently and appropriately implemented (James, 2011). Additionally, in order to ensure that
the causes of dementia have been successfully prevented, it is essential to perform it on the basis
of the national strategies to be formulated or already implemented. The reason for that is
because, as discussed in detail in chapter 2, each country has its own demographic and thus the
needs of individuals vary. Thus, the strategies to be used at the national level should take into
consideration the relevant information as well as the support which is related to the needs of
dementia individuals and their communities as a whole.
With the introduction to personal centered approaches (Kitwood 1997), placing the
person with dementia at the core of research and service development, there has been a shift
toward understanding dementia in term of psychological and social factors that directly impact
an individual’s experience with dementia and the health care attention given to someone with
dementia. Kitwood (1997) highlights the importance of constructing dementia and dementia
service in line with the lived experience of a person with dementia, and the impacts of the
negative and positive interaction on individuals with dementia.
9. DEMENTIA 9
Existing researches indicate that there is insufficient information regarding the
experiences about dementia and even more so for people from ethnic minority group which will
be discussed in detail in chapter 3. As a result of that, the main focus is on caregivers to obtain
clear information about their reasoning with this disease. Another issue associated with this is
that there is the widespread lack of knowledge amongst community members about the
difference between dementia and normal part of ageing. Although research documents the
existence of stigma, there is no clear information about the impacts of this on the experience of
dementia. The existing research identifies the need for more exploration of South Asian
community experience of dementia, the impact of negative culture attitudes, such as stigma and
the economic and political driven medical world underpin access to dementia diagnosis and
related support services within the South Asian population. The reason these considerations is
because stigma context is something which has been extensively criticised in the process of
addressing countless social forces which aid in promoting individual exclusion from everyday
life. This thesis expounds on the concept of stigma and system world through tying it with other
multi-faceted aspects of the societal world for example rejection and stereotyping (which will be
discussed in detail in chapter 3 and later in chapter 4 on theoretical framework underpinning this
research).
Conversely, during the initial conception of this research, the reviews of literature
conducted with respect to this disease were somehow poor and not detailed as expected (see
chapter 3 for detail discussion). In light of this, still, there was a small percentage of background
information and knowledge regarding the needs of the South Asian community with respect to
dementia. The aim of this research study is to explore the socio-cultural issues underpinning the
processes which are being used to access the diagnosis of dementia as well as the related clinical
10. DEMENTIA 10
support services within the South Asian population in Blackburn with Darwen. In light of this,
this research study will explore the extent to which dementia have impacted their economic
healthcare sector and the aspects of their society at large.
Teddlie and Tashakkori (2009, p.116) proposed four criteria for developing a mixed-methods
research ideas: prior experiences, reactions to practical problems, findings from previous studies
and theoretical framework. This research project is informed by the following three criteria:
Prior experiences – clinical, academic, and personal experience of working and being
from the South Asian community.
Reactions to practical problems - liaison with local authority and NHS Memory
assessment clinic who were identifying the underrepresentation of south Asian
community to dementia service as an urgent health priority in the borough
Results from previous research–previous project carried out in partnership between
Blackburn with Darwen Council and Lancaster University suggested the high level of
cognitive impairment the member of South Asian community but poor access to dementia
service.
1.5: Introduction to the thesis
The scope of this research is to move away from medical model of dementia to more
individualistic model of dementia. With respect to the theory of colonization, regarding the
lifeworld, the global system is the main hypothesis underpinning the thesis statement of this
research. This research will equally draws from the theory of stigmatization by Goffman. The
reason for that is because it is the one which will assist in describing the stigma attached to the
mental illness of the community in this context. As a result of that, the stigmatization theory will
11. DEMENTIA 11
extensively assists in providing concrete insight about the manner in which individuals living
with dementia together with their family ends up experiencing stigma within their community.
Conversely, this indicates that the thesis statement of this research study also identify the main
points of such a dilemma and then offer an adequate analysis from the perspective of the
colonization and stigma theory.
As illustrated by Herbamas, the private is a person’s habitus which is shared amongst
individuals who have similar background, for instance, education level, ethnicity, religious
beliefs, and social status. It is the space where community members meet, interacts, exchange
ideas, and opinions concerning their social problems which affect them to some extent, thus
forming political action. This makes it to be an avenue for open discussion in which political
totalitarianism is challenged. On the other hand, the public sphere gives rise to the self-governing
regime, which of course does not have the potential of shaping political action other than
weakening it. As a result of that, it is the experience of enlightenment which allows individuals
to realize political legitimation and action which is free from any political domination. This
illustrates that the public sphere has the ability of affecting social justice and action from the
political organizations in the process of balancing social order and politics.
Nevertheless, research illustrates that since social integration is enhanced by lifeworld,
mutual understanding of the shared practices, values, and norms is facilitated. The practices,
values, and norms which are shared by community members is something which is developed
and maintained via face-to-face interactions from time to time and within several societal groups.
The end result of this is a group or groups of people who have common and shared practices,
values, and norms which enable them to form families or communities. Since the adherences to
behavioural values and norms end up becoming problematic, there is the need of recognizing and
12. DEMENTIA 12
putting greater considerations on collective reasoning as opposed to individual reasoning.
Although this is a good step to take, it equally difficult and challenging to realize it in the
modern world which is largely influenced by the varied needs and interests of individuals.
Considering Habermas vision, those individuals who form part of the social collective groups are
the ones who are cultured by multifaceted interpretations and experiences. Therefore, this
suggests that people interact amongst each other depending on the shared mutual understanding
of a certain situation.
Because of the above considerations, it is vivid that the public sphere can also be
efficiently maintained through dialogue, discussion, acts of speech, and debate. As illustrated,
the cultural identity of an individual or communities is something which is established via
interactions between more than two conscious thoughts. Since shared interactions are
established or maintained with the aid of individual or communal collective actions, realizing
and recognizing their shared commitment and understanding is equally significant in this
context.
From the perspective of Habermas theory, the world system is perceived as to be
comprising of its own self-contained subcomponents i.e. money and powers. Typically, there
exist a number of universal patterns of the strategic action/s which assists in serving the interests
and needs of institutions and organizations. Such a system is normally shaped by the economy
(money) and the political state (power). The main objective of this two is to manipulate not only
the everyday societal life of people but also their community at large. Since all these do not
coincide with the objectives of the people, the strategic action/s of the world system are aimed at
achieving certain ends; power and money controls and dictates how people will be living in their
13. DEMENTIA 13
society. The governing system ideology is then instilled into the social reasoning of people
through various manipulative actions.
In our society the medical world retain great power i.e. bio medical model of dementia,
perceiving seeing the person with dementia as patient. There has been a shift toward
understanding dementia in term of psychological and social factors that directly impacting on the
experience of dementia and of caring for someone with dementia (Victor, 2010).
Better comprehension of several risk factors, in relation to the aspect of particularity, is
one of the identified life-related approach in which identified risk factors are analyzed before the
start of the disease system (Bartlett, 2010). As in the case of weight gain, other critical periods
which include childhood, midlife, adolescence, and early adulthood cannot be easily analyzed.
Typically, weight gain in the identified midlife stage is often considered to be another risk factor;
though at later ages. The reason for that is because incipient together with comorbidity is usually
coupled with various metabolic and behaviorally-related implementations which reduce the size
(Zandi, 2009, P. 52).
Trajectories or rather repeated assessments in association with other risk factors may not
only be involved in the improvement of danger stratification. However, they permit the analysis
of several rival hypotheses for example prevailing risk, identified threat-related critical times,
associated approaches and the period for its implementation in elements prior the start of the
disease (Bartlett, 2010). Whenever designated atherosclerotic degenerative stage is used to reveal
the main case of dementia, an estimation of entire risk factors may strictly be carried out through
utilizing individual longitudinal system (Cox, 2007, P. 54).
14. DEMENTIA 14
Socioeconomic associated factors, for example education aspects, are some of the factors
which have also been considered have to have the capacity of minimizing the danger associated
with this disease. The reason for that is because they have shown to be one of the alternatives
which can be used to assist people to withstand continuous brain pathology. The reason for that
is because some of the strategies which were being used before lacked actual creation of concise
the clinical cognitive related symptoms. Moreover, the main focus of the majority of modern
research related to dementia is on the identification of individuals who are considered to be at the
greatest risk (Cox, 2007, P.54).
1.6: Personal reflections
There is no doubt that my personal experience of caring for someone with mental health
condition was the single most significant factor in initially had before considering this Ph.D. it
was also the most challenging part of my journey towards realizing my dream. I had struggled to
balance the emotional aspect of caring for someone with mental illness and carrying out the
research.
I am the youngest child of three, born and raised in a small clustered South Asian
community in North West, England. In 2007, a family member was diagnosed with a mental
health condition. This initiated my interest to understand more about her condition which led me
to undertake my undergraduate in psychology with counseling and later Master in Psychology.
During this time I became the main source of health care service for her. The main reason for
that is because I had the first-hand personal experience on how mental health is viewed upon in
South Asian community and the impact of this on a person living with the condition.
15. DEMENTIA 15
Along with my personal experience, during my professional role, I realized that a large
percentage of people from the South Asian community had problems with accessing adequate
mental health care services. As a result of that, I have dedicated my career to improve access to
mental health service for this community. However, given the increasing epidemiology of
dementia, many people including members of the South Asian community could be either caring
for someone with dementia or living with dementia. By this time they would have absorbed the
cultural understanding of dementia and their journey would be affected by this construction of
dementia in the South Asian community. Nonetheless, being that I originally come from the
South Asian community, I passionately believe that I have the potential of improving access to
dementia services. In order to achieve that, it is essential to first understand the needs of the
South Asian community so as to be able to improve their understanding about dementia.
In connection to that, it should be noted that because of the predicted global lifestyle
changes, the kind of health care that individuals receive as they grow older have been greatly
impacted. Thus, in order to gain a clear understanding of these consequences and many more, a
more detailed discussion in connection with the provision of effective heath care to people with
dementia is essential. This research, therefore, integrates other information from the literature
review which was initially undertaken for the purpose of identifying certain diagnoses and
demographic details pertaining to the residents living with dementia in South Asian community.
1.7: Overview of the Thesis
This research thesis is sub-divided into eight chapters. A brief summary of each chapter is
provided as an introduction to the whole thesis.
Chapter one: Introduction to the research topic
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Dementia is a form of disease which is mainly brought about the long-term effect of the
brain. It results into the decline in an individual’s ability to reason, think and memory loss. It is
caused by factors like illness, blockage of blood vessels of the brain, and the injury. All this
alters the chemical nature of the brain hence decreasing its normal functioning. As a progressive
disease, it depends on the underlying cause and equally it worsens with time i.e. can take a
couple of years to reach a critical stage.
Although all the four types of dementia develop differently, the end result of them all is
that they results in the deterioration of the cognitive function. The damaging of the brain cells
means that the affected region end up becoming inefficient and therefore it functions poorly.
Thus, this indicates that the impairment of the cognitive functions of a parson is mostly attributed
to the emotional, motivational, and social behavioural deterioration. On the other hand, since
older people are more vulnerable to contracting dementia because of their maturity, accentuation
on their exceptional health care needs ought to be given the first priority. This equally calls for
more research to be undertaken within the community in order to meet their health requirements
before the condition worsen for those who might have already contracted it (Kooten et al., 2017).
CHAPTER TWO: Background
Within this chapter, ageing is a term used to describe the process of getting old. As a
person continues to grow and age, his or her skin stores less fat underneath it and thus becomes
more slender and creates wrinkles. This in return makes the bones to be plainly visible (Ryan and
Coughlan, 2011). As the insusceptible framework becomes weaker and weaker, it makes it hard
for it to fight diseases as compared that of a youthful person (Ryan and Coughlan, 2011;
17. DEMENTIA 17
Johnson, 2005). Because of their weak indestructible framework, older people become more
susceptible to contracting dementia.
Within this context, it is perceived that about 3% of individuals at the age of 70–75 and
25% of individuals at the age of 85 years or more are living with dementia. This number is
expected to increase with the global increase in the number of aged individuals (Ferri et al.,
2005). Regardless of that, in our contemporary world, it has been recognised that more ageing
individuals have started to live longer and more beneficial lives contrasted with their precursors.
The main reason behind this is because of diminished death rates and increased life expectancy
which are all coupled with improved health care services (A.D.I, 2009; Yi et al., 2006).
CHAPTER THREE: Literature Review
This chapter mainly deals with the comprehension of dementia amongst the South Asian
Indian and Pakistanis. This chapter will, therefore, be aimed at addressing how various social
factors for instance qualifications, family structure, control, air, and reputation is assorted signs
of dementia, social character, ethnic personality, and ethnic qualities may influence the
experience of a person with dementia. Individuals with dementia should not be perceived from
the perspective of their disease; but rather as people who have the potential of expressing wishes
to their desires. According to Boyle (2011), perceiving individuals with dementia as being
incapable of expressing themselves and recovering from this condition as a result of their
neurological issue is one of the main causes of oppression in them.
Wang (2012) also contends that the lower level of cultural assimilation is the one which
has the ability of shaping the discernment and information of dementia in view of the socially
related convictions and qualities allocated to dementia by ethnic minorities. This may have the
18. DEMENTIA 18
capacity of influencing the level and type of help the EM group will seek to have so as to be able
to address this problem
CHAPTER FOUR: Theoretical Framework
In this section, Goffman's theory of stigmatization and Habermas' theory of colonisation
are theories that add to understanding socio-cultural issues supporting how diagnosis of dementia
is done and related bolster administrations are accessed in the South-Asian Indian and Pakistani
people group living in Blackburn with Darwen are recognized. Goffman's hypothesis of
stigmatization is not constrained to its discipline; rather, it reaches out to different disciplines, for
example, brain research, wellbeing and pharmaceutical, and criminology (Bos et al., 2013).
Habermas' hypothesis colonisation also includes a basic hypothetical viewpoint as it creates an
idea of reason in an emancipatory open act.
CHAPTER FIVE: Methodology
The purpose of this section is to portray the methodological strategies and techniques that
were used to carry out this research. From the objectives of the research, it is evident that there
are distinctive ontological, epistemological, and methodological suppositions underlying this
study. These assumptions can also be addressed through the subject of paradigm. The reason for
picking practicality as a research philosophy is because it assists in reflecting the analyst's
conviction about the issues surrounding the access to quality dementia health care services by the
South Asian community. By embracing this approach, the exploration did not confine itself to
one technique. Rather, it enables itself to be driven by the necessities of the objectives of the
researcher, the reason for the exploration, and the study limits, and setting (Johnson et al., 2007).
The mixed-method methodological approach proposes that the study ought to receive a different
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approach in view of what is best for the research or an ideal approach to accomplish the study’s
objectives (Johnson et al., 2007).
CHAPTER SIX: Seeking help and access to dementia services: experiences of people from
the South Asian community.
The results of this section demonstrate that members, who were individuals from the
South Asian community, perceive dementia as a new ailment (see segment 6.2.3), with no
physical illness (see segment 6.2.4). Because of these perceptions, some credit its cause to other
worldly variables. The members' discourses highlighted their relationship to the feeling of their
own community. Therefore, they recommended that the groups’ social esteems and convictions
is what have extensively shaped a structure on the best way to live, and what apparently is proper
conduct, is impacted by their ancestors and nation of origin. Regardless of these views, the truth
is that people from the South Asian community have distinctive connections to the community's
social esteems and convictions, which is to some extent affected by their own particular level of
information and mastery in a given region.
CHAPTER SEVEN: Consequences of living with dementia
One consequence of the South Asian community comprehension of dementia is
individuals with dementia being defamed or rather stigmatized in the community. The members
perceived the disgrace coming about because of dementia and remarked that this influences the
choices of individuals in the South Asian community in regards to whether they get to dementia
administrations. Several HCPs illustrated that expelling the shame inside the South Asian
community would bring about a superior introduction of individuals from the South Asian
community to dementia administrations. The stigma appended to dementia leads to relatives
20. DEMENTIA 20
attempting to maintain a strategic distance from divulgence of that dementia by concealing or
rather hiding the sufferer.
CHAPTER EIGHT: Provision of health and social services
Most members remarked that entrance to dementia indicative administrations will
typically be because of the behavioral side effects (hostility and savagery) as they end up plainly
unmanageable by the family without proficient help. A relative of a person living with dementia
expressed that the reason as to why they are motivated to seek dementia services was because of
the savage conduct of the relative living with dementia, which had turned out to be hard to
oversee. Individuals in the South Asian community will just look for help to acquire a dementia
diagnosis keeping in mind the end goal of beginning therapeutic treatment.
CHAPTER NINE: Discussion
From this research, it is, therefore, evident that people experience different developmental stages
of dementia. Individual’s language, thinking, learning capacity, judgment, and memory is what is
mainly affected by this disease. The various health care attentions that a person with dementia is
given mainly depend on the underlying cause. Therefore, determining the main cause dementia is
the first strategy for enhancing better treatment.
Moreover, the findings of this research indicate that older people are the one who are more
vulnerable to dementia. As noted, living with dementia is considered to having the probability of
impacting on a person in various aspects like social, economic; and psychological. Another issue
associated with this is that there is the widespread lack of knowledge amongst community
members about the difference between dementia and normal part of ageing.
21. DEMENTIA 21
CHAPTER TEN: Conclusion
The findings of this thesis indicate that the understanding of the general public about dementia is
typically a paradoxical one. The widespread use of various hypotheses is the framework for
gathering and communicating such an understanding. There is also a lasting argument that
dementia is somehow a community metaphor for the ageing population. This research, therefore,
takes into account various intertwined factors which are associated with the needs of the patient
to the emotional responses of the public to their own.
Nevertheless, the present literature as well as the findings from this thesis illustrates the manner
in which the community understands dementia is the one which assists in shaping our
experiences about it. The involvement of all community members is the one which enhances
better clinical intervention.
22. DEMENTIA 22
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