Dushyant Verma Maharani Bagh - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can result from a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury. TBI can affect people of all ages and can cause a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. In this blog, Dushyant Verma Shillong, will explain the effects, symptoms, and treatment of traumatic brain injury.
The Ripple Effect of Stress How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and Life.pdfBisma Pro
The Ripple Effect of Stress: How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and The Ripple Effect of Stress: How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and Life”
The Ripple Effect of Stress: How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and Life”
Stress can have a range of negative side effects on both our mental and physical health. From increased anxiety and depression to high blood pressure and a weakened immune system, prolonged stress can take a significant toll on our well-being. The Ripple Effect of Stress is important to recognize the signs of stress and take steps to manage it before it becomes overwhelming. The Ripple Effect of Stress kills our Happiness.
Table of Contents
What is stress?
What are the symptoms of stress?
Mental symptoms of side effects from stress
Physical symptoms
Cognitive symptoms of
Behavioral symptoms
Common effects of stress
What are the potential outcomes of experiencing prolonged periods of stress?
What are the methods used by healthcare professionals to diagnose stress and evaluate its severity?
Some ways for stress relief
What is the treatment?
FAQ for Effect of Stress
What is stress and how does it affect the body?
Can stress lead to long-term health problems?
How does stress affect the immune system?
Can stress affect cognitive function and memory?
What are some effective ways to manage stress?
What is stress?
Stress is a natural and normal part of human life. It is a physical and emotional response to a perceived threat, danger, or challenge. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, including work pressures, financial problems, relationship issues, health problems, and even positive events such as a wedding or a job promotion.
The body’s response to stress is often referred to as the “fight or flight” response, which is a survival mechanism designed to help humans deal with dangerous or life-threatening situations. When we encounter a perceived threat, our body releases hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which cause several physical changes. Our heart rate and blood pressure increase, our breathing becomes more rapid and shallow, and our muscles tense up, preparing us to either fight the threat or run away from it.
While stress can be helpful in small doses, prolonged or chronic stress can hurt our physical and mental health. It can cause a range of symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, digestive problems, and changes in appetite. It can also lead to anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues.
Managing well-being for maintaining overall health and wellbeing well-being. There are a variety of strategies that can be used to reduce stress, including exercise, mindfulness practices, relaxation techniques such as deep breathing and meditation, and seeking support from friends, family, or a mental health professional.
In conclusion, stress is a natural and normal part of life, but it can have negative effects on our physical and mental health if not managed properly.
Mental Health in Fact-checking and Journalism: Dealing with Stress and Trauma211 Check
Mental Health in Fact-checking and Journalism: Dealing with Stress and Trauma is a presentation by Jibi Moses Daniel Associate Editor and Associate Coordinator for the 211 Check Project at Defyhatenow. He made the presentation for an audience of about 25 attendees via Zoom and YouTube Livestream with support from the International Fact-checking Netwotk (IFCN) through the BUILD Grant
Overcoming Anxiety Practical Strategies for a Calmer Lifewilliamwhitmore3
Table of contents
Understanding Anxiety
Definition and types of anxiety disorders
Understanding Anxiety
Physical Symptoms
Causes and risk factors for anxiety
Coping with anxiety
Lifestyle changes
Cognitive-behavioral strategies
Support systems
Medications commonly used to treat anxiety
Types of therapy used to treat anxiety
Alternative and complementary therapies
Managing anxiety in daily life
Navigating relationships and communication with loved
ones about anxiety
Strategies for preventing and managing anxiety relapses
Conclusion
Final thoughts and encouragement
Resources
Understanding Anxiety
Introduction
Anxiety is a normal and often adaptive response to stress or
danger. It is a natural part of the human experience and can even
help us stay alert and focused in challenging situations. However,
when anxiety becomes excessive, chronic, or interferes with daily
life, it can have a significant impact on mental health and overall
well-being.
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions
characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational
worry or fear. These disorders can affect people of all ages,
genders, and backgrounds, and can have a wide range of
symptoms, such as panic attacks, social anxiety, phobias,
obsessive-compulsive behavior, and post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD).
Chronic anxiety can have a profound impact on mental health,
affecting a person's mood, behavior, and ability to function in daily
life. People with anxiety disorders may experience a range of
negative outcomes, including:
Impaired social and occupational functioning
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Reduced quality of life
Increased risk for other mental health conditions, such as
depression and substance abuse
Physical health problems, such as chronic pain and
cardiovascular disease
Reduced life expectancy
It is essential to recognize and address anxiety disorders to
promote better mental health and overall well-being. With the right
treatment and support, individuals with anxiety disorders can
learn to manage their symptoms and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.
How Can Trauma Symptoms Affect Physical and Mental Health?Reflect Within
Reflect Within on how trauma symptoms manifest, impacting both physical and mental health, highlighting the interconnectedness between mind and body. Visit: https://reflectwithin.in/trauma/
The Ripple Effect of Stress How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and Life.pdfBisma Pro
The Ripple Effect of Stress: How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and The Ripple Effect of Stress: How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and Life”
The Ripple Effect of Stress: How it Impacts Your Body, Mind, and Life”
Stress can have a range of negative side effects on both our mental and physical health. From increased anxiety and depression to high blood pressure and a weakened immune system, prolonged stress can take a significant toll on our well-being. The Ripple Effect of Stress is important to recognize the signs of stress and take steps to manage it before it becomes overwhelming. The Ripple Effect of Stress kills our Happiness.
Table of Contents
What is stress?
What are the symptoms of stress?
Mental symptoms of side effects from stress
Physical symptoms
Cognitive symptoms of
Behavioral symptoms
Common effects of stress
What are the potential outcomes of experiencing prolonged periods of stress?
What are the methods used by healthcare professionals to diagnose stress and evaluate its severity?
Some ways for stress relief
What is the treatment?
FAQ for Effect of Stress
What is stress and how does it affect the body?
Can stress lead to long-term health problems?
How does stress affect the immune system?
Can stress affect cognitive function and memory?
What are some effective ways to manage stress?
What is stress?
Stress is a natural and normal part of human life. It is a physical and emotional response to a perceived threat, danger, or challenge. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, including work pressures, financial problems, relationship issues, health problems, and even positive events such as a wedding or a job promotion.
The body’s response to stress is often referred to as the “fight or flight” response, which is a survival mechanism designed to help humans deal with dangerous or life-threatening situations. When we encounter a perceived threat, our body releases hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which cause several physical changes. Our heart rate and blood pressure increase, our breathing becomes more rapid and shallow, and our muscles tense up, preparing us to either fight the threat or run away from it.
While stress can be helpful in small doses, prolonged or chronic stress can hurt our physical and mental health. It can cause a range of symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, digestive problems, and changes in appetite. It can also lead to anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues.
Managing well-being for maintaining overall health and wellbeing well-being. There are a variety of strategies that can be used to reduce stress, including exercise, mindfulness practices, relaxation techniques such as deep breathing and meditation, and seeking support from friends, family, or a mental health professional.
In conclusion, stress is a natural and normal part of life, but it can have negative effects on our physical and mental health if not managed properly.
Mental Health in Fact-checking and Journalism: Dealing with Stress and Trauma211 Check
Mental Health in Fact-checking and Journalism: Dealing with Stress and Trauma is a presentation by Jibi Moses Daniel Associate Editor and Associate Coordinator for the 211 Check Project at Defyhatenow. He made the presentation for an audience of about 25 attendees via Zoom and YouTube Livestream with support from the International Fact-checking Netwotk (IFCN) through the BUILD Grant
Overcoming Anxiety Practical Strategies for a Calmer Lifewilliamwhitmore3
Table of contents
Understanding Anxiety
Definition and types of anxiety disorders
Understanding Anxiety
Physical Symptoms
Causes and risk factors for anxiety
Coping with anxiety
Lifestyle changes
Cognitive-behavioral strategies
Support systems
Medications commonly used to treat anxiety
Types of therapy used to treat anxiety
Alternative and complementary therapies
Managing anxiety in daily life
Navigating relationships and communication with loved
ones about anxiety
Strategies for preventing and managing anxiety relapses
Conclusion
Final thoughts and encouragement
Resources
Understanding Anxiety
Introduction
Anxiety is a normal and often adaptive response to stress or
danger. It is a natural part of the human experience and can even
help us stay alert and focused in challenging situations. However,
when anxiety becomes excessive, chronic, or interferes with daily
life, it can have a significant impact on mental health and overall
well-being.
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions
characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational
worry or fear. These disorders can affect people of all ages,
genders, and backgrounds, and can have a wide range of
symptoms, such as panic attacks, social anxiety, phobias,
obsessive-compulsive behavior, and post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD).
Chronic anxiety can have a profound impact on mental health,
affecting a person's mood, behavior, and ability to function in daily
life. People with anxiety disorders may experience a range of
negative outcomes, including:
Impaired social and occupational functioning
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Reduced quality of life
Increased risk for other mental health conditions, such as
depression and substance abuse
Physical health problems, such as chronic pain and
cardiovascular disease
Reduced life expectancy
It is essential to recognize and address anxiety disorders to
promote better mental health and overall well-being. With the right
treatment and support, individuals with anxiety disorders can
learn to manage their symptoms and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.
How Can Trauma Symptoms Affect Physical and Mental Health?Reflect Within
Reflect Within on how trauma symptoms manifest, impacting both physical and mental health, highlighting the interconnectedness between mind and body. Visit: https://reflectwithin.in/trauma/
This PPT aims to provide Learner about the concept and understanding of Stress, Stress Management, Coping Strategies and Every day Practices to Manage Stress. It's Will help broader Audience to Acclimatize the Skill of Stress Management.
Insomnia and Anxiety: Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentNature Relaxing
insomnia and anxiety are two interconnected conditions that can significantly impact daily life, including productivity, relationships, and mental and physical health. Insomnia can lead to anxiety, and anxiety can worsen insomnia, creating a vicious cycle. It is essential to seek professional help if you are experiencing symptoms of insomnia or anxiety, as these conditions can be effectively managed with appropriate treatment. Medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and complementary and alternative therapies are all potential treatment options. Prevention strategies, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing stress, and creating a sleep-conducive environment, can also be effective in reducing the risk of developing these conditions. By taking steps towards improving sleep and mental health, individuals can improve their overall quality of life and well-being.
No sleep at night: The Consequences and SolutionsNature Relaxing
Summary of the causes, consequences, and solutions for no sleep at night:
No sleep at night can be caused by physical health issues, mental health issues, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The consequences of not getting enough sleep include impaired cognitive function, mood changes, increased risk of accidents and injuries, and negative impacts on relationships. Solutions for getting better sleep include establishing a consistent sleep routine, creating a sleep-conducive environment, practicing relaxation techniques, and seeking medical or professional help if necessary.
Significance of focusing on rest for in general wellbeing and prosperity:
Sleep is crucial for physical and mental health. It allows our body to repair and recharge, helps with memory consolidation and learning, and affects our mood and overall well-being. Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to a variety of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Prioritizing sleep is essential for maintaining good health and improving overall quality of life.
People know a lot about mental health these days. But still very rare people know the real meaningful reason of what mental health is. Well, it's not very comforting to know that we don't know a better version of ourselves. Mental health is essentially a biological factor, such as brain chemistry or genes. Which affects the way we feel, act and think. In addition, these biological genes help regulate how people can communicate with others and make certain decisions, as well as how our brains handle stress. Meanwhile, adequate mental health can prevent physical and psychological damage. Although it varies from person to person, still my aim is to let you all know how to improve mental health through this article.
Everything You Should Know About Physiotherapy, Massage Therapy And AcupunctureBody Restoration
1. The Fight Against Dementia – How Physiotherapy Can Help
2. How Physiotherapy Can Help You as You Get Older
3. How Massage Therapy Will Change Your Life
4. Massage Therapy: See how it can benefit your Mental Health
5. The Benefits of Acupuncture and How It Can Change Your Life
Find out more at http://stalbertphysiotherapy.com/service/acupuncture/
Understanding and Overcoming Insomnia: A Guide to Better SleepNature Relaxing
Summary of Main Points: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including medical conditions, medications, lifestyle factors, and psychological factors
The way people think, feel, and act is everything to mental health. Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and addiction are just a few of the mental health conditions that mental health professionals or psychologist can assist with.
Daily living, relationships, and physical health can all be impacted by mental health.
DUSHYANT VERMA - BRAIN TECHNIQUES FOR MIND MAPPING.pptxdushyantverma25
In this blog, we will explore various brain imaging techniques and shed light on their applications in neuroscience, all with the guidance of renowned neurologist, Dushyant Verma. From peering inside the intricate networks of the brain to deciphering neurological disorders, these imaging techniques have revolutionized our understanding of the mind.
Dushyant Verma - Dyslexia Symptoms, treatment, and types.pptxdushyantverma25
Dushyant Verma Maharani Bagh - Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects one's ability to read, write, and spell. It is a neurological condition that occurs due to differences in brain development and processing. Dyslexia affects individuals of all ages and backgrounds, and it can have a significant impact on their academic and professional success.
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This PPT aims to provide Learner about the concept and understanding of Stress, Stress Management, Coping Strategies and Every day Practices to Manage Stress. It's Will help broader Audience to Acclimatize the Skill of Stress Management.
Insomnia and Anxiety: Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentNature Relaxing
insomnia and anxiety are two interconnected conditions that can significantly impact daily life, including productivity, relationships, and mental and physical health. Insomnia can lead to anxiety, and anxiety can worsen insomnia, creating a vicious cycle. It is essential to seek professional help if you are experiencing symptoms of insomnia or anxiety, as these conditions can be effectively managed with appropriate treatment. Medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and complementary and alternative therapies are all potential treatment options. Prevention strategies, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing stress, and creating a sleep-conducive environment, can also be effective in reducing the risk of developing these conditions. By taking steps towards improving sleep and mental health, individuals can improve their overall quality of life and well-being.
No sleep at night: The Consequences and SolutionsNature Relaxing
Summary of the causes, consequences, and solutions for no sleep at night:
No sleep at night can be caused by physical health issues, mental health issues, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The consequences of not getting enough sleep include impaired cognitive function, mood changes, increased risk of accidents and injuries, and negative impacts on relationships. Solutions for getting better sleep include establishing a consistent sleep routine, creating a sleep-conducive environment, practicing relaxation techniques, and seeking medical or professional help if necessary.
Significance of focusing on rest for in general wellbeing and prosperity:
Sleep is crucial for physical and mental health. It allows our body to repair and recharge, helps with memory consolidation and learning, and affects our mood and overall well-being. Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to a variety of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Prioritizing sleep is essential for maintaining good health and improving overall quality of life.
People know a lot about mental health these days. But still very rare people know the real meaningful reason of what mental health is. Well, it's not very comforting to know that we don't know a better version of ourselves. Mental health is essentially a biological factor, such as brain chemistry or genes. Which affects the way we feel, act and think. In addition, these biological genes help regulate how people can communicate with others and make certain decisions, as well as how our brains handle stress. Meanwhile, adequate mental health can prevent physical and psychological damage. Although it varies from person to person, still my aim is to let you all know how to improve mental health through this article.
Everything You Should Know About Physiotherapy, Massage Therapy And AcupunctureBody Restoration
1. The Fight Against Dementia – How Physiotherapy Can Help
2. How Physiotherapy Can Help You as You Get Older
3. How Massage Therapy Will Change Your Life
4. Massage Therapy: See how it can benefit your Mental Health
5. The Benefits of Acupuncture and How It Can Change Your Life
Find out more at http://stalbertphysiotherapy.com/service/acupuncture/
Understanding and Overcoming Insomnia: A Guide to Better SleepNature Relaxing
Summary of Main Points: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including medical conditions, medications, lifestyle factors, and psychological factors
The way people think, feel, and act is everything to mental health. Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and addiction are just a few of the mental health conditions that mental health professionals or psychologist can assist with.
Daily living, relationships, and physical health can all be impacted by mental health.
DUSHYANT VERMA - BRAIN TECHNIQUES FOR MIND MAPPING.pptxdushyantverma25
In this blog, we will explore various brain imaging techniques and shed light on their applications in neuroscience, all with the guidance of renowned neurologist, Dushyant Verma. From peering inside the intricate networks of the brain to deciphering neurological disorders, these imaging techniques have revolutionized our understanding of the mind.
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Dushyant Verma Shillong - Ataxia is a neurological disorder that affects the body’s ability to coordinate movement. It can cause difficulty in walking, standing, and speaking. It can also affect the eyes and other parts of the body. The severity of ataxia varies from person to person and is usually caused by damage to the cerebellum or spinal cord. While there is no cure for ataxia, there are treatments that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. In this blog dushyant verma southern avenue will explain what ataxia is, its causes, symptoms, types, and treatment options available.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2. Dushyant Verma Maharani Bagh - Traumatic brain injury
(TBI) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition
that can result from a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating
head injury.
TBI can affect people of all ages and can cause a wide range
of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. In this blog,
Dushyant Verma Shillong, will explain the effects, symptoms,
and treatment of traumatic brain injury.
3. Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Dushyant Verma Southern Avenue says, The effects of traumatic brain injury can be both
immediate and long-term. Immediately after the injury, a person may experience a loss of
consciousness, confusion, headache, nausea, and vomiting. They may also have difficulty
speaking, walking, or performing other everyday activities. In more severe cases, they may have
seizures, become comatose, or even die.
In the long-term, traumatic brain injury can cause a wide range of physical, cognitive, and
emotional symptoms. Physical symptoms can include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and
problems with vision, hearing, and balance. Cognitive symptoms can include difficulties with
memory, attention, and concentration, as well as problems with reasoning and problem-solving.
Emotional symptoms can include depression, anxiety, irritability, and changes in personality.
4. Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury
Dushyant Verma Maharani Bagh says, The symptoms of traumatic brain injury can vary
depending on the severity of the injury. Mild traumatic brain injury, also known as a concussion,
may cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, and confusion. These symptoms
usually resolve within a few days or weeks.
Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury can cause more serious symptoms that can last for
months or even years. These symptoms can include:
• Loss of consciousness – The person may be knocked unconscious for a few seconds or
several minutes.
• Memory loss – The person may have difficulty remembering events that occurred before or
after the injury.
• Confusion – The person may feel disoriented or have difficulty understanding what is
happening around them.
5. • Headache – The person may experience a severe headache that does not go away.
• Nausea and vomiting – The person may feel sick to their stomach and may vomit.
• Seizures – The person may experience seizures or convulsions.
• Vision and hearing problems – The person may have difficulty seeing or hearing.
• Balance problems – The person may have difficulty standing or walking.
• Sensory problems – The person may have difficulty feeling or responding to touch or other
sensations.
• Emotional problems – The person may experience depression, anxiety, or other emotional
problems.
6. Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
The treatment of traumatic brain injury depends on the severity of the injury. Mild traumatic brain
injury may not require any treatment other than rest and pain relief medication. However, if the
person experiences persistent or severe symptoms, they may require further evaluation and
treatment by a healthcare professional.
Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury requires immediate medical attention. The first priority is
to stabilize the person's condition and prevent further damage to the brain. This may involve
procedures such as intubation, which involves placing a tube in the person's airway to help them
breathe, or surgery to remove any blood clots or other sources of pressure on the brain.
According to Dushyant Verma Southern Avenue, Once the person's condition has stabilized,
they will likely undergo a period of rehabilitation to help them recover from the injury. This may
involve physical therapy to help them regain strength and mobility, occupational therapy to help
them learn new skills or adapt to any changes in their abilities, and cognitive therapy to help them
improve their memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.
7. In addition to medical treatment and rehabilitation, there are several things that people with
traumatic brain injury can do to help manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of
life. These include:
• Getting plenty of rest – Rest is essential for allowing the brain to heal.
• Avoiding alcohol and drugs – Alcohol and drugs can interfere with the healing process
and increase the risk of further injury.
• Taking medication as prescribed – Medication can help manage symptoms such as pain,
headaches, and depression.
• Eating a healthy diet – A healthy diet can provide the nutrients and energy needed for the
body to heal.
8. • Engaging in physical activity – Physical activity can help improve strength, balance, and
coordination.
• Participating in support groups – Support groups can provide emotional support and
practical advice for coping with the challenges of traumatic brain injury.
According to Dushyant Verma Shillong, Traumatic brain injury is a serious and potentially life-
threatening condition that can have a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional effects.
While not all traumatic brain injuries can be prevented, there are several steps that people can
take to reduce their risk of injury. If you or someone you know has experienced a traumatic brain
injury, it is important to seek medical attention and follow a course of rehabilitation to help
manage symptoms and improve overall quality of life. With proper treatment and care, many
people are able to recover from traumatic brain injury and resume their normal activities.