This document is a comprehensive guide on secure programming, covering code review methodologies, the secure software development lifecycle, and static and dynamic code analysis to prevent vulnerabilities. It emphasizes the importance of code security, identifying flaws through manual, automated, and hybrid reviews, while highlighting the OWASP Top 10 security vulnerabilities and best practices for coding. Additionally, it presents case studies of significant breaches to illustrate lessons learned in secure coding and emphasizes continuous monitoring, training, and the integration of security in development processes.

1. Secure Programming Course:
Code Review & Cybersecurity
Comprehensive Guide to Secure
Code Evaluation & Best Practices

2. Course Agenda
• 1. Introduction to Secure Programming
• 2. Code Review Methodologies (Manual,
Automated, Hybrid)
• 3. Secure Software Development Lifecycle
(SDLC)
• 4. Static & Dynamic Code Analysis (SAST,
DAST)
• 5. OWASP Top 10 Security Vulnerabilities

3. What is Secure Programming?
• Secure programming aims to write software
that resists cyberattacks.
• Focuses on preventing vulnerabilities before
they reach production.
• Involves security practices like secure coding,
testing, and audits.

4. Why Code Security Matters?
• Cyber attacks cost businesses billions annually.
• Poor coding practices lead to security
breaches.
• Following secure coding standards ensures
compliance (ISO, NIST, OWASP).

5. What is Code Review?
• Code review is the systematic examination of
software code to find security flaws.
• It can be manual, automated, or hybrid.
• Ensures adherence to security guidelines
before deployment.

6. Manual Code Review
• Conducted by developers/security experts.
• Reviews code for security flaws, logic errors,
and adherence to best practices.
• Involves peer reviews and security checklists.
Example of a security flaw found manually
f login(username, password):
if username == 'admin' and password == '1234': # Hardcoded credentials (bad practic
return "Access Granted"

7. Automated Code Review
• Uses tools like SonarQube, Checkmarx, Fortify.
• Finds vulnerabilities like SQL injection, XSS,
hardcoded secrets.
• Faster than manual review but may generate
false positives.
# Example: SonarQube detecting a security issue
password = "mypassword" # Hardcoded password detected by SonarQube

8. Hybrid Code Review
• Combines manual and automated review for
better coverage.
• Automation detects common issues, while
humans check for logic flaws.
• Recommended for critical applications.

9. SDLC: 1. Requirements Analysis
• Definition: Identify security risks early in
development.
• Common security challenges in this phase
• Best practices to implement security measures

10. SDLC: 2. Design Phase
• Definition: Apply security design patterns
(least privilege, defense-in-depth).
• Common security challenges in this phase
• Best practices to implement security measures

11. SDLC: 3. Development Phase
• Definition: Use secure coding practices and
perform static analysis.
• Common security challenges in this phase
• Best practices to implement security measures

12. SDLC: 4. Testing Phase
• Definition: Conduct penetration testing and
security audits.
• Common security challenges in this phase
• Best practices to implement security measures

13. SDLC: 5. Deployment
• Definition: Harden configurations and perform
continuous monitoring.
• Common security challenges in this phase
• Best practices to implement security measures

14. SDLC: 6. Maintenance
• Definition: Regularly update dependencies
and monitor vulnerabilities.
• Common security challenges in this phase
• Best practices to implement security measures

15. What is Static Code Analysis
(SAST)?
• Analyzes source code for vulnerabilities
without executing it.
• Tools: SonarQube, Checkmarx, Fortify.
• Finds common issues like SQL Injection,
hardcoded credentials.

16. SAST Example: SQL Injection
• SQL Injection is one of the most critical
vulnerabilities.
• Static analyzers detect unsafe string
concatenation in queries.
# Insecure SQL Query (Detected by SAST)
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '" + user_input + "';")
# Secure Approach (Using Parameterized Queries)
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?", (user_input,))

17. What is Dynamic Code Analysis
(DAST)?
• Tests applications during runtime to find
vulnerabilities.
• Tools: OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite.
• Finds issues like authentication flaws, API
security breaches.

18. OWASP: Injection Attacks
• Definition: SQL Injection, Command Injection
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
# Insecure SQL Query
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '" + user_input + "'")
# Secure Approach (Using Parameterized Queries)
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?", (user_input,))

19. OWASP: Broken Authentication
• Definition: Weak password policies, session
hijacking
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
# Insecure Password Storage
password_hash = hashlib.md5(password.encode()).hexdigest()
# Secure Password Storage (Using bcrypt)
hashed = bcrypt.hashpw(password.encode(), bcrypt.gensalt())

20. OWASP: Sensitive Data Exposure
• Definition: Insecure storage of credentials,
lack of encryption
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
Code example not available.

21. OWASP: XML External Entities
(XXE)
• Definition: Improper parsing of XML data
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
Code example not available.

22. OWASP: Broken Access Control
• Definition: Unauthorized access to sensitive
resources
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
Code example not available.

23. OWASP: Security Misconfigurations
• Definition: Default credentials, unnecessary
features enabled
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
Code example not available.

24. OWASP: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
• Definition: Injection of malicious scripts
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
# Insecure HTML Output
print("<h1>" + user_input + "</h1>")
# Secure Approach (Escape User Input)
print("<h1>" + escape(user_input) + "</h1>")

25. OWASP: Insecure Deserialization
• Definition: Manipulating serialized objects for
attacks
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
Code example not available.

26. OWASP: Using Components with
Known Vulnerabilities
• Definition: Outdated dependencies
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
Code example not available.

27. OWASP: Insufficient Logging &
Monitoring
• Definition: Lack of audit trails and real-time
monitoring
• Common attack methods used by hackers
• Best practices to mitigate this risk
Code example not available.

28. Secure Coding Principles
• Least Privilege: Restrict user permissions.
• Input Validation: Sanitize all inputs.
• Defense in Depth: Layer security controls.
• Fail Securely: Avoid exposing error messages.
• Logging & Monitoring: Detect attacks in real-
time.

29. Case Study: Equifax Data Breach
(2017)
• Incident Summary: Failure to patch Apache
Struts vulnerability
• How the vulnerability was exploited
• Security lessons learned from this case
• Preventive measures to avoid similar breaches

30. Case Study: Facebook API Exposure
• Incident Summary: User data leaks due to
broken access controls
• How the vulnerability was exploited
• Security lessons learned from this case
• Preventive measures to avoid similar breaches

31. Case Study: Capital One Breach
(2019)
• Incident Summary: Misconfigured AWS S3
buckets leading to data exposure
• How the vulnerability was exploited
• Security lessons learned from this case
• Preventive measures to avoid similar breaches

32. Case Study: SolarWinds Hack
(2020)
• Incident Summary: Supply chain attack due to
insecure software updates
• How the vulnerability was exploited
• Security lessons learned from this case
• Preventive measures to avoid similar breaches

33. Case Study: Log4Shell (2021)
• Incident Summary: Remote code execution
vulnerability in Log4j
• How the vulnerability was exploited
• Security lessons learned from this case
• Preventive measures to avoid similar breaches

34. Final Review & Best Practices
• Regularly conduct secure code audits.
• Use a combination of manual and automated
code reviews.
• Implement DevSecOps to integrate security in
the development pipeline.
• Train developers on secure coding practices.
• Monitor and patch vulnerabilities
continuously.

35. Manual Code Review: What is
Manual Code Review?
• Definition: A human-led approach to finding
vulnerabilities in source code.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

36. Manual Code Review: Why is
Manual Code Review Important?
• Definition: Detects logic flaws and security
issues missed by automated tools.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

37. Manual Code Review: Manual
Code Review Process
• Definition: Step-by-step breakdown of how
manual reviews are conducted.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

38. Manual Code Review: Common
Security Issues Found
• Definition: SQL Injection, XSS, Broken
Authentication, Insecure API usage.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

39. Manual Code Review: Code Review
Checklist
• Definition: Guidelines for reviewing code
securely.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

40. Manual Code Review: Example:
Detecting SQL Injection
• Definition: Real-world example of finding an
SQL Injection flaw manually.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

41. Manual Code Review: Example:
Hardcoded Credentials
• Definition: Identifying and fixing hardcoded
secrets.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

42. Manual Code Review: Tools to
Assist Manual Review
• Definition: Tools like GitHub Code Scanning,
FindBugs, CodeQL.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

43. Manual Code Review: Challenges
of Manual Code Review
• Definition: Time-consuming, requires
expertise, potential for human error.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

44. Manual Code Review: Best
Practices for Manual Code Review
• Definition: Pair programming, training
developers, structured review checklists.
• Detailed explanation
• Common use cases
• Tools and techniques

45. Automated Code Review: What is
Automated Code Review?
• Definition: Using tools to automatically scan
code for vulnerabilities.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

46. Automated Code Review: Why Use
Automated Code Review?
• Definition: Faster, scalable, detects common
vulnerabilities automatically.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

47. Automated Code Review:
Automated Code Review Workflow
• Definition: How tools integrate into the CI/CD
pipeline.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

48. Automated Code Review: Common
Security Issues Detected
• Definition: Injection flaws, insecure
dependencies, misconfigurations.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

49. Automated Code Review: Example:
Detecting SQL Injection
• Definition: Using SonarQube to detect and fix
SQL Injection.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

50. Automated Code Review: Example:
Hardcoded Credentials
• Definition: Detecting secrets in code with
GitHub Secret Scanning.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

51. Automated Code Review: Top Tools
for Automated Code Review
• Definition: SonarQube, Checkmarx, Veracode,
Fortify.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

52. Automated Code Review:
Challenges of Automated Code
Review
• Definition: False positives, missing logic errors,
configuration complexity.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

53. Automated Code Review: How to
Integrate Automation in
DevSecOps
• Definition: Best practices for integrating
automated security checks.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

54. Automated Code Review: Best
Practices for Automated Code
Review
• Definition: Fine-tuning rules, combining with
manual review, continuous scanning.
• Workflow explanation
• Examples of tools in action
• Best practices for implementation

55. Hybrid Code Review: What is
Hybrid Code Review?
• Definition: Combining manual and automated
approaches for better security.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

56. Hybrid Code Review: Why Use
Hybrid Code Review?
• Definition: Combines speed and accuracy for
maximum security.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

57. Hybrid Code Review: Hybrid Code
Review Process
• Definition: How manual and automated
reviews work together.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

58. Hybrid Code Review: Advantages
of Hybrid Review
• Definition: Better coverage, improved
accuracy, efficient review cycles.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

59. Hybrid Code Review: Example:
Detecting SQL Injection
• Definition: Using both automation (SAST) and
manual analysis to verify risks.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

60. Hybrid Code Review: Example:
Code Logic Errors
• Definition: How human reviewers catch logic
flaws missed by automated tools.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

61. Hybrid Code Review: How Hybrid
Review Works in DevSecOps
• Definition: Integrating hybrid approaches in
secure CI/CD pipelines.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

62. Hybrid Code Review: Challenges of
Hybrid Code Review
• Definition: Resource allocation, tool selection,
balancing effort between automation and
manual efforts.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

63. Hybrid Code Review: Top Tools &
Techniques for Hybrid Review
• Definition: Using SonarQube, Checkmarx, and
peer reviews together.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation

64. Hybrid Code Review: Best Practices
for Hybrid Code Review
• Definition: Ensuring efficiency, reducing false
positives, improving security posture.
• Comparison with manual and automated
reviews
• Real-world case studies
• Best practices for implementation