This document discusses co-stimulation blockade using the drug Belatacept as an immunosuppressive treatment for renal allograft rejection. It summarizes results from two key clinical trials comparing Belatacept to cyclosporine. The Phase II trial found similar acute rejection rates at 6 months between Belatacept and cyclosporine, but Belatacept was associated with better renal function and lipid/blood pressure levels. The Phase III trial also found similar patient and graft survival between Belatacept and cyclosporine, but Belatacept was associated with better renal function despite a higher rate of acute rejection episodes. Both trials demonstrated Belatacept's potential to preserve renal function compared to calcineurin inhibitors like
This presentation contains all the updated information regarding ongoing treatment protocol, HSCT, Antibiotic prophylaxis, upcoming targeted therapies related to AML
This document discusses thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) that occurs after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), known as transplant-associated TMA (TA-TMA). TA-TMA has a high mortality rate and current treatments are suboptimal. The diagnosis of TA-TMA is challenging as it does not clearly fall under typical TMA categories and has normal ADAMTS13 levels. While plasma exchange is often used, its efficacy is unclear. Complement blocking with eculizumab may be a more effective treatment, with one study finding it improved 1-year survival from 9% to 62% compared to other therapies.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for aplastic anemia. It addresses preparative regimens using cyclophosphamide with or without anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), the effect of donor type on outcomes, and alternatives to matched sibling donors. Survival rates after HSCT from matched sibling donors are shown to be over 80% with cyclophosphamide conditioning. Outcomes with matched unrelated donors remain good at around 60% overall survival. Cord blood and haploidentical transplantation have been used as alternatives but require further study in aplastic anemia.
PRCA post renal transplant-a case and reviewVishal Golay
Partha Choudhary, a 48-year-old male, developed progressive anemia after a liver transplant in 2011. His hemoglobin levels gradually decreased from 9.2 to 5.4 over a year despite EPO treatment. Testing found he was positive for Parvovirus B19 and negative for other potential causes. A bone marrow biopsy showed an absence of erythroblasts, consistent with a diagnosis of pure red cell aplasia caused by Parvovirus B19 infection. Treatment for this type of virus-induced PRCA typically involves intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is a subtype of AML characterized by the t(15;17) translocation resulting in the PML-RARA fusion gene. APL has a high cure rate with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy due to its differentiation of promyelocytes. Complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation, ATRA syndrome, and pseudotumor cerebri. Modern treatment protocols using risk stratification and ATRA with chemotherapy have increased survival to over 80% for APL.
This document discusses treatment considerations for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients presenting with comorbidities. It presents 6 scenarios of AML patients with various comorbidities: 1) cardiomyopathy, 2) acute coronary syndrome, 3) chronic renal failure, 4) chronic dialysis, 5) hepatitis B infection, and 6) cirrhosis. For each scenario, it discusses challenges posed by the comorbidity, whether standard AML treatment can be given and any necessary dose adjustments or monitoring, and recommendations for induction, consolidation, and post-transplant therapy tailored to the individual comorbidity.
This presentation contains all the updated information regarding ongoing treatment protocol, HSCT, Antibiotic prophylaxis, upcoming targeted therapies related to AML
This document discusses thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) that occurs after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), known as transplant-associated TMA (TA-TMA). TA-TMA has a high mortality rate and current treatments are suboptimal. The diagnosis of TA-TMA is challenging as it does not clearly fall under typical TMA categories and has normal ADAMTS13 levels. While plasma exchange is often used, its efficacy is unclear. Complement blocking with eculizumab may be a more effective treatment, with one study finding it improved 1-year survival from 9% to 62% compared to other therapies.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for aplastic anemia. It addresses preparative regimens using cyclophosphamide with or without anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), the effect of donor type on outcomes, and alternatives to matched sibling donors. Survival rates after HSCT from matched sibling donors are shown to be over 80% with cyclophosphamide conditioning. Outcomes with matched unrelated donors remain good at around 60% overall survival. Cord blood and haploidentical transplantation have been used as alternatives but require further study in aplastic anemia.
PRCA post renal transplant-a case and reviewVishal Golay
Partha Choudhary, a 48-year-old male, developed progressive anemia after a liver transplant in 2011. His hemoglobin levels gradually decreased from 9.2 to 5.4 over a year despite EPO treatment. Testing found he was positive for Parvovirus B19 and negative for other potential causes. A bone marrow biopsy showed an absence of erythroblasts, consistent with a diagnosis of pure red cell aplasia caused by Parvovirus B19 infection. Treatment for this type of virus-induced PRCA typically involves intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is a subtype of AML characterized by the t(15;17) translocation resulting in the PML-RARA fusion gene. APL has a high cure rate with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy due to its differentiation of promyelocytes. Complications include disseminated intravascular coagulation, ATRA syndrome, and pseudotumor cerebri. Modern treatment protocols using risk stratification and ATRA with chemotherapy have increased survival to over 80% for APL.
This document discusses treatment considerations for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients presenting with comorbidities. It presents 6 scenarios of AML patients with various comorbidities: 1) cardiomyopathy, 2) acute coronary syndrome, 3) chronic renal failure, 4) chronic dialysis, 5) hepatitis B infection, and 6) cirrhosis. For each scenario, it discusses challenges posed by the comorbidity, whether standard AML treatment can be given and any necessary dose adjustments or monitoring, and recommendations for induction, consolidation, and post-transplant therapy tailored to the individual comorbidity.
Present and Future Impact of Cytogenetics on Acute Myeloid Leukemialarriva
Cytogenetics is an advancement in which clinicians can look for specific genetic mutations of chromosomal DNA and use that information to determine patient prognosis and individualize therapy. In this presentation I cover what cytogenetics are, how they impact patient risk, what therapies to use based on risk, and how genetically targeted agents may be used in the future.
Carlos E. Bueso-Ramos, MD, PhD, and Naval Daver, MD, prepared useful practice aids pertaining to AML for this CME/MOC/CC activity titled Pathology Insights on Innovation in AML: The Rapid Emergence of Precision Diagnostics & Novel Therapy Across the Spectrum of Care. For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME/MOC/CC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2mhXbz6. CME/MOC/CC credit will be available until October 27, 2020.
All-trans retinoic acid related complications in a patient with acute promy...Choying Chen
1) The patient, a 6-year-old female, presented with generalized petechiae and prolonged epistaxis. Laboratory results showed high white blood cell count with 46% blasts and 44% promyelocytes containing Auer rods, consistent with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
2) She received induction therapy for APL per the TPOG-APL-2001 protocol including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy. She experienced complications including fever, pleural effusion, and later pseudotumor cerebri, thought to be related to a drug-drug interaction between ATRA and fluconazole.
3) Her course
This document describes a case of a 50-year-old male presenting with abdominal discomfort and fever for several months. Examination revealed splenomegaly. Investigations showed elevated white blood cell count with blasts. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated features of chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase. The patient was positive for the Philadelphia chromosome translocation. The document then provides details on the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia.
Jubair, a 12-year-old boy, was admitted with fever, pallor, blackish spots on the body, gum bleeding, and blood in stool. Examination found pallor, gum swelling, and enlarged liver and spleen. Tests showed low blood cell counts, elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen levels. Bone marrow biopsy found 60% promyelocytes. Immunophenotyping and genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APL is a type of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a genetic mutation and abnormal promyelocytes. It requires emergent treatment including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce differentiation and prevent potentially fatal
1) A 23-year old patient presented with thrombotic microangiopathy and was diagnosed with severe refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
2) The patient required intubation and intensive care due to neurological dysfunction, cardiac issues, and acute kidney injury.
3) Treatment included prolonged daily plasma exchange, immunosuppression, rituximab, caplacizumab, methylprednisolone, and bortezomib.
4) It took over 3 weeks but the patient's condition eventually stabilized and thrombocytopenia resolved, allowing discharge from the intensive care unit.
A case report of a patient with AML who had undergone allogeneic stem call transplantation. She relapsed within 6 months post transplant with lineage switch to ALL. this is follwed by a sfort review of Lineage switch in acute leukemia
Pathogenesis and treatment of Chronic Myeloid LeukemiaAlok Gupta
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL fusion gene. The natural history involves chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis phases if untreated. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like imatinib revolutionized CML treatment by targeting BCR-ABL. TKIs induce high rates of response but resistance and intolerance occur in some patients. For these cases, second-generation TKIs or allogeneic stem cell transplant are recommended. Advanced phase CML has a poorer prognosis but TKIs can induce responses before transplant, which offers the best chance of cure.
This document discusses directions and issues in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It addresses challenging existing treatment dogmas regarding chemotherapy drug doses and post-remission therapies. Specifically, it summarizes several studies investigating optimal dose levels of cytarabine and anthracyclines during induction and consolidation for AML. It also reviews evidence comparing the effectiveness of autologous stem cell transplantation versus chemotherapy alone as post-remission consolidation approaches. The document advocates moving beyond conventional chemotherapy regimens to more personalized precision medicine approaches for AML patients.
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - Updates in Myeloproliferative Disorders, inclu...OSUCCC - James
The document discusses updates in the diagnosis and treatment of myeloproliferative disorders and chronic myeloid leukemia. It summarizes long-term data from the COMFORT-II trial showing that ruxolitinib provided durable spleen reductions and potential survival benefit compared to best available therapy in myelofibrosis patients. It also reviews investigational agents being studied for myeloproliferative disorders including pacritinib, which showed consistent efficacy across patient subgroups in the PERSIST-1 trial, and PRM-151, a recombinant human pentraxin-2 that aims to reduce bone marrow fibrosis.
Ruxolitinib is an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor that has shown efficacy in reducing splenomegaly and improving symptoms in patients with myelofibrosis based on two phase 3 clinical trials. In COMFORT-I, ruxolitinib resulted in >35% spleen reduction in 42% of patients at week 24 versus 1% on placebo and improved survival. In COMFORT-II, 32% had >35% spleen reduction at week 24 with ruxolitinib versus 0% with best available treatment. While ruxolitinib improved spleen size and symptoms, it did not provide a clear survival benefit in COMFORT-II likely due to
This document discusses aplastic anemia and infections in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT) or immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for aplastic anemia in India. It notes that true incidence of aplastic anemia in India is unknown but it is more common in Asia than the West. For patients under 40, SCT from a HLA-matched sibling donor is the treatment of choice. However, late referrals and financial constraints can increase morbidity and mortality during SCT and IST in India due to less effective first-line treatments, recurrent transfusions, and infections. The document provides data on outcomes of various transplantation approaches and immunosuppressive therapies for aplastic anemia at Christian Medical College, Vello
This document provides an overview of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and its treatment. It discusses prognostic factors in CML, the phases of the disease, and historical treatments including interferon and chemotherapy. It then focuses on current first-line treatments for chronic phase CML, including the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. It reviews clinical trials that have demonstrated the superiority of these targeted therapies compared to historical options. The document concludes with recommendations for monitoring patient response to CML treatments.
Donor Selection: Unrealted donor transplant. Prof. Richard Champlinspa718
Richard Champlin is a professor and chair of the Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy at MD Anderson Cancer Center. He has over 30 years of experience in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation research. In this presentation, he discusses the pros and cons of different stem cell donor sources for transplantation including matched sibling, matched unrelated donor, cord blood, and haploidentical related donors. While matched siblings remain the preferred donor source, innovative strategies are improving outcomes with alternative donor sources like cord blood and haploidentical transplants. Prospective studies are still needed to directly compare outcomes between donor modalities.
This document discusses a case of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) occurring in a 24-year-old pregnant female who presented with fever, fatigue, and abdominal pain. She was found to have sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and was treated with antibiotics, fluids and pressors. Her condition deteriorated and she developed renal failure. Testing found low levels of ADAMTS13 and a diagnosis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) was made. She was treated with plasma exchange, hemodialysis and the complement inhibitor eculizumab, which led to improvement in her hematologic and renal parameters and eventual discharge.
1. Nilotinib is a potent and selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL that is more effective than imatinib at inhibiting BCR-ABL driven leukemia cell growth.
2. A phase I study found high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CP-CML and advanced phases of CML resistant or intolerant to imatinib.
3. Nilotinib has a side effect profile similar to imatinib but was associated with higher rates of elevated liver enzymes at doses of 400mg or more twice daily.
This document discusses post liver transplantation complications and immunosuppression. It begins with a brief history of liver transplantation and then discusses various complications that can occur including technical complications, medical complications, graft dysfunction, rejection, and infections. It also covers long term complications and special scenarios related to immunosuppression in liver transplant patients.
This document summarizes information about small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). It discusses:
- SCLC accounts for 15-20% of lung cancers and is strongly associated with tobacco exposure.
- Pathologically, SCLC arises from neuroendocrine precursor cells and displays characteristics like scanty cytoplasm and high mitotic count. Genetic abnormalities include frequent p53 and RB1 mutations.
- SCLC is clinically aggressive, often presenting with widespread metastases. Standard treatment involves platinum-based chemotherapy such as etoposide with cisplatin or carboplatin. The timing and sequencing of chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy is important.
Present and Future Impact of Cytogenetics on Acute Myeloid Leukemialarriva
Cytogenetics is an advancement in which clinicians can look for specific genetic mutations of chromosomal DNA and use that information to determine patient prognosis and individualize therapy. In this presentation I cover what cytogenetics are, how they impact patient risk, what therapies to use based on risk, and how genetically targeted agents may be used in the future.
Carlos E. Bueso-Ramos, MD, PhD, and Naval Daver, MD, prepared useful practice aids pertaining to AML for this CME/MOC/CC activity titled Pathology Insights on Innovation in AML: The Rapid Emergence of Precision Diagnostics & Novel Therapy Across the Spectrum of Care. For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME/MOC/CC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2mhXbz6. CME/MOC/CC credit will be available until October 27, 2020.
All-trans retinoic acid related complications in a patient with acute promy...Choying Chen
1) The patient, a 6-year-old female, presented with generalized petechiae and prolonged epistaxis. Laboratory results showed high white blood cell count with 46% blasts and 44% promyelocytes containing Auer rods, consistent with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
2) She received induction therapy for APL per the TPOG-APL-2001 protocol including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy. She experienced complications including fever, pleural effusion, and later pseudotumor cerebri, thought to be related to a drug-drug interaction between ATRA and fluconazole.
3) Her course
This document describes a case of a 50-year-old male presenting with abdominal discomfort and fever for several months. Examination revealed splenomegaly. Investigations showed elevated white blood cell count with blasts. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated features of chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase. The patient was positive for the Philadelphia chromosome translocation. The document then provides details on the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia.
Jubair, a 12-year-old boy, was admitted with fever, pallor, blackish spots on the body, gum bleeding, and blood in stool. Examination found pallor, gum swelling, and enlarged liver and spleen. Tests showed low blood cell counts, elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen levels. Bone marrow biopsy found 60% promyelocytes. Immunophenotyping and genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APL is a type of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a genetic mutation and abnormal promyelocytes. It requires emergent treatment including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce differentiation and prevent potentially fatal
1) A 23-year old patient presented with thrombotic microangiopathy and was diagnosed with severe refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
2) The patient required intubation and intensive care due to neurological dysfunction, cardiac issues, and acute kidney injury.
3) Treatment included prolonged daily plasma exchange, immunosuppression, rituximab, caplacizumab, methylprednisolone, and bortezomib.
4) It took over 3 weeks but the patient's condition eventually stabilized and thrombocytopenia resolved, allowing discharge from the intensive care unit.
A case report of a patient with AML who had undergone allogeneic stem call transplantation. She relapsed within 6 months post transplant with lineage switch to ALL. this is follwed by a sfort review of Lineage switch in acute leukemia
Pathogenesis and treatment of Chronic Myeloid LeukemiaAlok Gupta
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL fusion gene. The natural history involves chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis phases if untreated. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like imatinib revolutionized CML treatment by targeting BCR-ABL. TKIs induce high rates of response but resistance and intolerance occur in some patients. For these cases, second-generation TKIs or allogeneic stem cell transplant are recommended. Advanced phase CML has a poorer prognosis but TKIs can induce responses before transplant, which offers the best chance of cure.
This document discusses directions and issues in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It addresses challenging existing treatment dogmas regarding chemotherapy drug doses and post-remission therapies. Specifically, it summarizes several studies investigating optimal dose levels of cytarabine and anthracyclines during induction and consolidation for AML. It also reviews evidence comparing the effectiveness of autologous stem cell transplantation versus chemotherapy alone as post-remission consolidation approaches. The document advocates moving beyond conventional chemotherapy regimens to more personalized precision medicine approaches for AML patients.
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - Updates in Myeloproliferative Disorders, inclu...OSUCCC - James
The document discusses updates in the diagnosis and treatment of myeloproliferative disorders and chronic myeloid leukemia. It summarizes long-term data from the COMFORT-II trial showing that ruxolitinib provided durable spleen reductions and potential survival benefit compared to best available therapy in myelofibrosis patients. It also reviews investigational agents being studied for myeloproliferative disorders including pacritinib, which showed consistent efficacy across patient subgroups in the PERSIST-1 trial, and PRM-151, a recombinant human pentraxin-2 that aims to reduce bone marrow fibrosis.
Ruxolitinib is an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor that has shown efficacy in reducing splenomegaly and improving symptoms in patients with myelofibrosis based on two phase 3 clinical trials. In COMFORT-I, ruxolitinib resulted in >35% spleen reduction in 42% of patients at week 24 versus 1% on placebo and improved survival. In COMFORT-II, 32% had >35% spleen reduction at week 24 with ruxolitinib versus 0% with best available treatment. While ruxolitinib improved spleen size and symptoms, it did not provide a clear survival benefit in COMFORT-II likely due to
This document discusses aplastic anemia and infections in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT) or immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for aplastic anemia in India. It notes that true incidence of aplastic anemia in India is unknown but it is more common in Asia than the West. For patients under 40, SCT from a HLA-matched sibling donor is the treatment of choice. However, late referrals and financial constraints can increase morbidity and mortality during SCT and IST in India due to less effective first-line treatments, recurrent transfusions, and infections. The document provides data on outcomes of various transplantation approaches and immunosuppressive therapies for aplastic anemia at Christian Medical College, Vello
This document provides an overview of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and its treatment. It discusses prognostic factors in CML, the phases of the disease, and historical treatments including interferon and chemotherapy. It then focuses on current first-line treatments for chronic phase CML, including the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. It reviews clinical trials that have demonstrated the superiority of these targeted therapies compared to historical options. The document concludes with recommendations for monitoring patient response to CML treatments.
Donor Selection: Unrealted donor transplant. Prof. Richard Champlinspa718
Richard Champlin is a professor and chair of the Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy at MD Anderson Cancer Center. He has over 30 years of experience in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation research. In this presentation, he discusses the pros and cons of different stem cell donor sources for transplantation including matched sibling, matched unrelated donor, cord blood, and haploidentical related donors. While matched siblings remain the preferred donor source, innovative strategies are improving outcomes with alternative donor sources like cord blood and haploidentical transplants. Prospective studies are still needed to directly compare outcomes between donor modalities.
This document discusses a case of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) occurring in a 24-year-old pregnant female who presented with fever, fatigue, and abdominal pain. She was found to have sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and was treated with antibiotics, fluids and pressors. Her condition deteriorated and she developed renal failure. Testing found low levels of ADAMTS13 and a diagnosis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) was made. She was treated with plasma exchange, hemodialysis and the complement inhibitor eculizumab, which led to improvement in her hematologic and renal parameters and eventual discharge.
1. Nilotinib is a potent and selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL that is more effective than imatinib at inhibiting BCR-ABL driven leukemia cell growth.
2. A phase I study found high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CP-CML and advanced phases of CML resistant or intolerant to imatinib.
3. Nilotinib has a side effect profile similar to imatinib but was associated with higher rates of elevated liver enzymes at doses of 400mg or more twice daily.
This document discusses post liver transplantation complications and immunosuppression. It begins with a brief history of liver transplantation and then discusses various complications that can occur including technical complications, medical complications, graft dysfunction, rejection, and infections. It also covers long term complications and special scenarios related to immunosuppression in liver transplant patients.
This document summarizes information about small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). It discusses:
- SCLC accounts for 15-20% of lung cancers and is strongly associated with tobacco exposure.
- Pathologically, SCLC arises from neuroendocrine precursor cells and displays characteristics like scanty cytoplasm and high mitotic count. Genetic abnormalities include frequent p53 and RB1 mutations.
- SCLC is clinically aggressive, often presenting with widespread metastases. Standard treatment involves platinum-based chemotherapy such as etoposide with cisplatin or carboplatin. The timing and sequencing of chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy is important.
Role of Radiotherapy in Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors Anil Gupta
Radiotherapy, specifically stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), is an emerging treatment for both primary and metastatic liver tumors. SBRT can deliver very high ablative doses of radiation to tumors in a short duration while sparing surrounding healthy liver tissue due to its high conformal dosimetry and steep dose gradients. For hepatocellular carcinoma, SBRT has shown local control rates of 70-80% with acceptable toxicity. SBRT is also being investigated as an alternative to transarterial chemoembolization or radiofrequency ablation for early stage tumors. For liver metastases, SBRT has demonstrated high local control rates comparable to resection or radiofrequency ablation with minimal toxicity to the liver. Further refinement of
Federico Villamil - Argentina - Tuesday 29 - Graft and Patient Outcomesincucai_isodp
The document discusses several challenges and priorities in liver transplantation. It focuses on hepatitis B and C, liver cancer, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis as common indications for transplantation. Immunosuppression strategies aim to minimize side effects while preventing rejection. Outcomes have improved with new antiviral therapies, though recurrent disease remains a challenge.
1) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cure thalassemia patients by replacing defective bone marrow with healthy donor marrow.
2) A study of 98 thalassemia patients who received HSCT found that 94% survived with a novel reduced toxicity conditioning regimen having similar outcomes as standard regimens.
3) HSCT can cure thalassemia patients of all ages, including those over 10 years old, with survival rates over 90% found in the study. Gene therapy may also provide a cure in the future without requiring donors.
RR-17%
mPFS-4.5 mon
mOS-9.2 mon
Phase III trial
Rec/met HNSCC
N=326
Mtx vs Mtx+BV
No benefit
[1] The document discusses targeted therapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
[2] It summarizes genetic alterations commonly seen in HNSCC and targeted agents used to treat HNSCC including EGFR inhibitors like cetuximab, IGF inhibitors, VEGF receptor inhibitors, and other non-receptor targets.
[3] The document analyzes clinical trials of cetuximab, panitumumab
Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It has variable natural history, with about 1/3 of patients achieving spontaneous remission, 1/3 having persistent proteinuria but stable renal function, and 1/3 progressing to end-stage renal disease over 5-10 years. Several factors predict poorer prognosis, including older age, nephrotic syndrome, lower serum albumin and higher proteinuria levels. Studies show immunosuppressive therapy may alter the natural history for patients at high risk of progression, but risks of treatment must be weighed against the likelihood of spontaneous remission.
This document summarizes key points about the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. It finds that surgical resection provides the best chance for long-term survival, with 5-year survival rates of 20-30% for resectable disease. For unresectable tumors, options include liver transplantation in select patients and local therapies like radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and yttrium-90 microsphere treatment, which have shown some promise for improving survival. Systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is the standard first-line treatment based on improved survival seen in a phase III trial, while various targeted agents in combination with chemotherapy are under investigation in clinical trials
This document summarizes the management of aplastic anemia. It discusses the classification, pathogenesis, clinical evaluation, investigations and definitive management including immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine. It also covers supportive management with transfusions, antibiotics and growth factors. Treatment failure options and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are described. Inherited causes like Fanconi anemia are also summarized.
1. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a clonal, malignant disease characterized by accumulation of abnormal blast cells in the bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells.
2. AML results from a series of somatic mutations in a primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell. Additional mutations are required for progression to AML.
3. Standard induction treatment involves "7+3" chemotherapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline, achieving remission in 55-90% of patients. Post-remission therapy aims to prolong remission.
1. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a clonal, malignant disease characterized by accumulation of abnormal blast cells in the bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells.
2. AML results from a series of somatic mutations in a primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell. Additional mutations are required for progression to AML.
3. Standard induction treatment involves "7+3" chemotherapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline, achieving remission in 55-90% of patients. Post-remission therapy aims to prolong remission.
Multidisciplinary approach to the management of leukemias amlmadurai
The document discusses the multidisciplinary approach to managing leukemias like AML and MDS. It presents the case of a 68-year old male patient presenting with fever and fatigue, and details the diagnostic workup showing features consistent with acute myeloid leukemia. The document then reviews classification, prognostic factors, recent treatment trials, and the role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for AML patients.
Harry P. Erba, MD, PhD, Naval Daver, MD, Courtney D. DiNardo, MD, MSCE, and Gail J. Roboz, MD prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to acute myeloid leukemia for this CME/MOC activity titled Transforming Modern Care in AML: Clinical Solutions With Novel Agents for Diverse Patient Populations. For the full presentation, complete CME/MOC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3fsa7Jh. CME/MOC credit will be available until July 9, 2021.
This document discusses treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focusing on transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). It stratifies HCC using the Barcelona criteria and examines prognostic factors. For intermediate stage HCC, TACE is the standard treatment and can provide 1, 2, and 3 year survival rates of 57%, 31%, and 26% respectively. Newer techniques like drug-eluting bead TACE may have fewer side effects than conventional TACE. RFA provides the best results for tumors under 3cm, with a 5 year survival of 40-70% for eligible patients. The document compares various locoregional therapies and their roles based on
CyberKnife is an option in inoperable or medically not suitable for surgery
& in patient with progression / not tolerating systemic therapy
- Initial results are impressive with low toxicity, good response rate
Pts with small tumour, no prior treatment with good performance
treated with high dose have significantly better survival
Dose >45 Gy; 15Gy/# and small vol tumour (<50cc) have better prognosis
There is minimal toxicity with CyberKnife in liver tumours
Addition of chemotherapy along with CyberKnife will be the future
Update on treatment for lymphoma, Lymphoma Support Ireland meeting - feb 2011...Lymphoma Support Ireland
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on the treatment of lymphoma. It discusses:
1) The classification, incidence, and etiology of both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
2) Updates on treatment approaches for different lymphoma subtypes including chemotherapy regimens, monoclonal antibodies, and stem cell transplantation.
3) Results from clinical trials evaluating new agents and regimens for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas, and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma.
This document discusses acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including its causes, presentation, diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and treatment approaches. It notes that AML results from uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cells and bone marrow failure. Treatment typically involves induction chemotherapy with anthracyclines and cytosine arabinoside, though outcomes remain poor, especially in older patients and in developing countries due to lack of resources and supportive care. New targeted therapies have not significantly changed AML prognosis.
Similar to Co Stimulation Blockade and The Allograft (20)
The AMACING trial studied 328 patients with an eGFR of 30-59 who received prophylactic hydration with 0.9% saline prior to intravascular iodinated contrast material to protect against contrast-induced nephropathy, compared to 332 controls who received no prophylactic hydration. The trial found comparable rates of contrast-induced nephropathy (2.7% vs 2.6%) but higher costs (€1455 vs €792 per patient) and complication rates (5.5% vs 0%) for the hydration group compared to controls. The trial concluded that prophylactic hydration was not superior to no hydration in protecting renal function in high-risk patients.
The AMACING trial studied 328 patients with an eGFR of 30-59 who received prophylactic hydration with 0.9% saline prior to intravascular iodinated contrast material to assess whether it protects renal function compared to no hydration. The trial found contrast-induced nephropathy occurred in 2.7% of hydrated patients and 2.6% of non-hydrated patients, demonstrating hydration was not inferior. Hydrated patients experienced more complications like congestive heart failure and cost over €1500 per patient compared to no complications and under €1000 costs for non-hydrated patients.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). TMA causes symptoms like elevated blood pressure, acute kidney injury, proteinuria, hemolysis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Causes of TMA include viruses, calcineurin inhibitors, sirolimus, chemotherapy, radiation, complement disorders, graft-versus-host disease, and coagulation abnormalities. Treatment focuses on altering graft-versus-host disease treatment, though data on therapies like plasma exchange is limited. Newer complement-based therapies also show promise.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). TMA causes symptoms like elevated blood pressure, acute kidney injury, proteinuria, hemolysis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Causes of TMA include viruses, calcineurin inhibitors, sirolimus, chemotherapy, radiation, complement disorders, graft-versus-host disease, and coagulation abnormalities. Treatment focuses on altering graft-versus-host disease treatment, though data on therapies like plasma exchange is limited. Newer complement-based therapies also show promise.
The document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (HSCT-TMA). HSCT-TMA can cause elevated blood pressure, acute kidney injury, proteinuria, hemolysis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. It may be triggered by viruses, chemotherapy, radiation, graft-versus-host disease, complement disorders, cytokines, or coagulation pathways. Treatment focuses on altering graft-versus-host disease treatment and newer complement-based therapies as plasma exchange has no established benefit.
This document discusses thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. TMA can cause elevated blood pressure, kidney injury, proteinuria, hemolysis, anemia, and low platelet count. It is often caused by viruses like BK, CMV, adenovirus, HHV6/8, and parovirus B19, as well as medications like calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus. Treatment focuses on altering graft-versus-host disease treatment since TMA is often linked to GVHD, cytokines, and coagulation pathway abnormalities, though data on therapies plasma exchange is limited.
1) Dr. SP has a 1.8% risk of needing dialysis after CABG surgery given his risk factors. Fluids such as lactated ringers are preferred over hetastarch if IV fluids are needed.
2) Risk factors for developing acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery include pre-existing chronic kidney disease, diabetes, older age, procedures with longer bypass or clamp times, low hematocrit during bypass, and transfusions of blood products.
3) Prevention strategies include optimizing volume status, avoiding nephrotoxins like NSAIDs, and considering off-pump surgery for high-risk patients. Treatment is largely supportive with fluid management and early use of renal replacement therapy if needed.
Primary Hyperoxaluria results from a genetic defect causing overproduction of oxalate by the liver. This leads to high oxalate levels in the urine and tendency to form calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys. If untreated, it can progress to kidney failure and systemic oxalosis. The document discusses the various types of Primary Hyperoxaluria and recommendations for treatment including medications, dialysis optimization with daily or nocturnal hemodialysis, and combined kidney-liver transplantation as the definitive treatment.
The document discusses the paradoxical relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with kidney disease undergoing dialysis. Several studies are reviewed that found higher BMI in dialysis patients was associated with lower risks of death and hospitalization, unlike the general population where obesity increases health risks. The studies accounted for various factors and found even extreme obesity was protective. Weight gain over time was also associated with reduced mortality risk. The reasons for this reverse epidemiology are unclear but proposed mechanisms include increased stores of nutrients and anti-inflammatory proteins in adipose tissue.
Mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory properties and may provide benefits in kidney transplantation. A randomized controlled trial compared induction therapy with autologous mesenchymal stem cells to anti-IL-2 receptor antibody induction in living-related kidney transplant recipients. Patients receiving mesenchymal stem cells had lower rates of acute rejection and opportunistic infection within the first year, as well as better kidney function. No safety issues or compromises in graft survival were observed with mesenchymal stem cell treatment.
suPAR is a circulating protein that is elevated in patients with FSGS. suPAR binds to and activates beta-3 integrin in podocytes, leading to foot process effacement and proteinuria. Studies found that suPAR levels correlated with beta-3 integrin activity in podocytes and were higher in recurrent FSGS post-transplant. Mouse models also demonstrated that suPAR induces albuminuria through beta-3 integrin binding. Blocking suPAR reduced proteinuria, improved morphology, and may be a potential treatment for suPAR-mediated glomerulopathy. However, further research is still needed to clarify the relationship between suPAR and human FSGS.
Elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are independently associated with increased risks of mortality and end-stage renal disease in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 2 through 4. A study of over 3,800 patients found that higher FGF23 levels predicted death and renal failure even after adjusting for factors like age, kidney function, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone. The relationship between FGF23 and mortality risk was consistent across all levels of FGF23 and kidney function stages. In contrast, parathyroid hormone and the calcium-phosphate product were not independently associated with mortality when accounting for FGF23.
This randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of short-term daily prednisolone doses during infections to reduce relapse rates in patients with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. The study found that the intervention group, who received daily prednisolone for 7 days during infections, had significantly fewer relapses over one year compared to the control group. Specifically, the intervention was associated with a 59% reduction in relapse rates. The number needed to treat was 6, meaning this intervention reduced relapse frequency to less than 3 per year for every 6 patients treated. Overall, short-term daily prednisolone during infections appears effective for reducing relapses in this patient population.
1) The CHOICE study examined the association between residual urine output and mortality, quality of life, and inflammation in 734 incident hemodialysis patients over 1 year.
2) Patients who produced at least 250cc of urine per day had lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality compared to those with less urine output, both at baseline and at 1 year.
3) Higher urine output at baseline and 1 year was also associated with better quality of life and lower erythropoietin dose requirements.
There are many different types of kidney cysts that can be classified in various ways. An ideal classification system would take into account morphological features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic potential. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common cystic kidney disease and is characterized by multiple bilateral cysts of varying sizes in the kidneys and liver. It has a prevalence of 1 in 400 to 1,000 people and is caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes.
The document presents 12 cases of renal diseases caused by various viruses. It discusses the clinical presentation and pathology of each case and identifies the virus responsible. The viruses discussed are mostly DNA and RNA viruses, including HIV, HTLV-1, parvovirus B19, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, BK polyomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 8, measles, mumps, adenovirus, coxsackie B virus, and influenza A. The document also notes trends in interstitial diseases being caused by certain viruses and outlines future research using viral microarrays to identify new viral causes of renal disease.
1) Retrospective studies have found the incidence of hematuria after kidney transplant to be higher than in the general population, around 12-13%, though the causes are generally similar.
2) Persistent hematuria after transplant has been associated with worse graft outcomes like failure, though not necessarily increased mortality.
3) Malignancies found in patients with persistent hematuria post-transplant have been located in the native urinary tract, not the transplant kidney. Longer hematuria duration increases cancer risk.
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3. ACUTE RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION A process by which the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue This is the normal response of the healthy human immune system, which can distinguish foreign tissues and attempts to destroy them Mediated by activated T lymphocytes Activation occurs following recognition of graft Ag directly or after being processed & presented by APC At least one episode of acute rejection occurs in 62% of patients t/t with CsA, AZA and Steroids Less common with newer immunosuppressants
8. Classic Vascular Uncommon Severe Necrotizing arteritis Arterial mural fibrinoid necrosis Variable inflammation( Neutr/Lymp/Mono) Monocyte infiltration of GC & PTC ( detected by CD68 staining) more sensitive Severely damaged endothelial cells Luminal thrombosis common Typically cortical infarction +focal interstitial hemorrhage rather than tubulitis
9. Neutrophil infiltrates in peritubular capillaries Histology not a sensitive/specific diagnostic tool for acute humoral rejection as are methods to detect DSA/C4d
10. Non Vascular More frequent form C4d is covalently bound to peritubular capillary endothelium/BM collagen C4d can be +ve in glomerular mesangium,glomerular BM,tubular BM & arterioles in both native and transplanted kidney Diffuse peritubular capillary (PTC) C4d has only been described in renal allografts (Cause of this specificity ?) Diagnosis by immunostaining for C4d,Best seen on Frozen sections Despite association of C4d with IC deposition ,IG has not been detectable in same areas (endothelial cells might be dislodging surface Ab, C4d resists modulation d/t covalent binding to tissue) Scattered glomerular ,peritubular capillary and TI neutrophils ,ATN +/-
11.
12. C4d in peritubular capillaries C4d -footprint of humoral rejection Can be evident within one hr of transplantation Marker of complement activation generated by presence of Ab-Ag complexes Strong linear widespread peritubular capillary staining to be called a positive N Kidneys detectable in glomerular mesangium, vascular pole
13. Correlation b/w +C4d staining, DSA & h/p findings Indication allograft biopsies pts with circulating DSA & H/p findings of neutrophils in PTC/fibrinoid necrosis - diffuse PTC C4d + seen in 100% biopsies 37% with steroid resistant rejection had DSA and 95% of these had C4d in PTC C4d -95% Sensitive & 96% specific for presence of DSA Graft loss higher in Ab mediated rejection(~40%) esp if associated with arteritis than with cellular rejection(~7%) Inferior graft survival with circulating DSA and C4d +ve as compared to positive DSA alone
14.
15. c4d Unclear duration of persistence Disappearance has been reported on repeat biopsies 2-3 weeks after DSA no longer detectable Perfect correlation b/w positive staining and DSA does not occur Non HLA Ab (AG II receptor A/Antiendothelial Ab) can l/t C4d deposition Circulating DSA can be below level of detection Positive DSA >sensitive assays with –ve C4d staining d/t DSA which is non complement activating (clinically insignificant)
16. Differential Diagnosis AMR Systemic necrotizing arteritis( recurrence of vascular lesions in transplant rare) Arterial occlusion from surgical causes- ligation of artery or embolization C4d staining in renal allograft other causes Simultaneous occurrence of Ab mediated & Cellular (Mixed) may be common
17. Therapeutic options IVIG Plasmapheresis Selective Immunoadsorption Antilymphocyte Therapy Altered Maintenance Immunosuppressants Combination of above Addition of t/t targeting simultaneous Cellular rejection (Steroids/Anti-lymphocyte) as they may down regulate B cell response via decrease in activity of helper T cells
18. IVIG Optimal Quantities and MOA poorly defined Proposed mechanisms-Suppression of IG synthesis -Altered Complement binding -Inhibition of Complement activation
19. PLasmapheresis Removes Ab present in circulation No effect on further AB production Alone may stimulate a rebound IG production Need determined based on -preexisting Ab titer -affinity of Ab to Ag -quantity of IVIG given -use of adjunct agents Initial t/t 1-1.5 volume exchange Alternate day exchange protocol preferable as allows for interval recovery PT/PTT & fibrinogen to acceptable levels w/o need for FFP thereby minimizing sensitization Usually carried until S Cr is within 20-30% of previous baseline for min 4 t/t sessions
20. Switch to MMF & Tacrolimus regimen If already on above, augment dose Methylprednisolone for 3-5 days with rapid taper to maintenance dosing Monitor DSA: 50% reduction associated with improved graft survival
21. CNI’s affect broad range of non immunologic targets Associated with worsening HTN,DM & DYSLIPIDEMIA Contributing to increased CV morbidity & mortality MC cause death among transplant recipients 1yr post transplant
22. Investigational Immunosuppression Belatacept(LEA29Y)-Fusion Protein with mutated high affinity receptor for B7-1& B7-2 and LEA29Y portion of IG molecule Eculizimab-Complement inhibitory monoclonal Ab inhibits assembly of MAC Alefacept-Humanized LFA-3-Ig targeting T memory cells Voclosporine-Isomeric Cyclosporine ( >potent) Sotrastaurin-Protein kinase C inhibitor targeting T cell activation Tasocitinib-Jak 3 inhibitor selective reduction NK and T cell subsets Bortozemib-inhibitor of 26S proteosome Photopheresis-Peripheral Lymphocytes collected exposed to UV light to down regulate T cell clones
24. BelataceptFirst in class Selective costimulation blocker Bristol-Myers Squibb Fusion protein composed of Fc fragment of human IgG1 linked to extracellular domain of CTLA-4 which is molecule crucial for T-cell costimulation Binds surface ligands CD80 & CD86 of APC & blocks costimulatory pathway for T cell activation Blockade of signal 2 inhibits T-cell activation, promoting anergy,apoptosis Derived from Abatacept (Orencia) but Differs by only 2 AA Conferring greater binding avidity to CD80 & CD86, more potent inhibition of T-cell activation, effective rejection prophylaxis Rejection prophylaxis in transplantation Designed to avoid nephrotoxicity & increased cardiovascular and metabolic risks associated w CNI
26. Phase II ,Randomized, multicenter Trial,22 centers US, Canada & Europe Compared Belatacept to Cyclosporine for prevention of Acute rejection and protection of renal function N=218(74 MI B,71 LI B,73 CsA) Acute rejection defined as Histologic evidence + at least 0.5 mg/dl rise in S. Cr above baseline All received Basiliximab,MMF, Steroids as induction agents Vincenti,Larsen NEJM 2005 353:770
27.
28. Most (N193) Low-risk patients (89%) Patients receiving 1st renal transplant Patients with a history of panel reactive Ab titer ≤20% Patients at low risk for acute rejection (investigator determined)
29. At 6mo Acute rejection rates similar(7%MI ,6% LI ,8% CsA) Biopsy proven! Investigator treated rejection 26%-LI 29%-MI Belatacept 16%-Cyclosporine At 12mo GFR significantly higher with both Belatacept groups Lipid levels/BP lower in Belatacept despite greater use of hypolipidemic therapy in CsA t/t gp CAN less common with both Belatacept groups Incidence of infection similar ( UTI, CMV) Target trough levels CsA high(150-300ng/ml)contributed to development of CAN in CsA group Vincenti,Larsen NEJM 2005 353:770
30. PTLD Incidence 6% MI 0%LI & Cyclosporine groups Cancer occurrence N=2 MI Belatacept (one breast cancer, one PTLD) N=0 LI Belatacept( ? dose related occurrence) N=2 CsA(one skin cancer,one thyroid cancer) PTLD developed in 2 additional patients t/t with MI regimen @ 2 &13 mo after belatacept had been replaced with conventional immunosuppression 2/3 patients PTLD primary EBV infection The 3rd pt received OKT3 for acute rejection, belatacept had been discontinued before this therapy with PTLD developing >12 mo later Rate of cancer with belatacept consistent with estimated incidence(3.3%) for non dermatologic cancers at 1Yr in transplant population
31. CONCLUSIONS Not inferior to CsA in preventing AR May preserve GFR May reduce rate of CAN Results of Extension of this trial for another 4 years (voluntary enrollment of ~ 50% patients) GFR remained stable with Belatacept PTLD in one pt t/t with CsA, none with Belatacept Serious GI disorders more common with Belatacept (12 Vs. 8%) Vincenti,Larsen NEJM 2005 353:770
32. Included adult(>18yrs) recipients of a living/deceased-donor kidney Cold ischemia time < 24hrs 3-yr, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, multicenter Phase III study conducted at 100 centers worldwide (N 686) Assessed MI or LI regimen of Belatacept Vs.CsA (Trough levels 100-250ng/ml) Excluded: -Recipients of ECD kidneys -Prior/concurrent non renal solid organ transplants -First-time patients with PRA>50%/Retransplants with PRA>30% Each patient treated with Basiliximab induction, MMF & CS Vincenti, Am J Transplantation 2010:535
36. incidence of acute rejectionOverall patient and graft survival with a functioning kidney were similar across the treatment groups-86% MI, 88% LI,85% CsA GFR better with Belatacept(65 vs. 63 vs. 50ml/min) Despite Belatacept gp higher incidence & grade of acute rejection episode (22% MI,17% LI,7% CsA)
37. Presence of T reg cells in acute rejection infiltrates has been proposed to impart improved outcomes Graft biopsies in Belatacept t/t patients have significantly greater number FOXP3(+) T reg cells during acute rejection compared with CNI t/t patients
38.
39.
40. First 12 mo malignancy incidence MI (5) LI(4) CsA(1) (excluding non melanoma skin cancer) First 12 mo PTLD MI(1) LI(2) CsA(1) 2 additional in MI gp after 12 mo (both involved CNS) More common with Belatacept 5 vs. 1 CsA gp 4 of total 6 PTLD cases had risk factors EBV negative serology Similar frequency of bacterial, viral ,fungal, CMV & BKV infections
41. 6% in Belatacept MI gp, N 4% in LI gp experienced corticosteroid-resistant acute rejection,N 0 in CsA Observed rates of donor-specific anti-HLA Ab production were lower in Belatacept-treated patients vs. CsA In ECD recipients renal function was better, pt/graft survival & acute rejection similar with immunosuppression regimen based on Belatacept vs. CsA No additional efficacy gained using MI regimen
42.
43.
44.
45. Graft & Patient survival similar Fewer Belatacept t/t pts reached composite renal impairment endpoint vs. CsA Mean GFR 4-7ml/min higher in Belatacept gp Incidence of DGF similar Unlike BENEFIT, the incidence of acute rejection comparable across all three arms of BENEFIT-EXT, between 14% and 18% Severity of rejection higher with Belatacept Recipients of these ECD kidneys were old patients with low immunologic risk
46.
47. Infection & malignancy rates similar CV & Metabolic outcomes superior with Belatacept More cases of PTLD in Belatacept gp (4/5 were PTLD of CNS -lethal) During first 12 mo PTLD MI(N 1) LI(N 2) and none in the CsA gp After 12 mo PTLD MI(N1) LI(1) Most cases PTLD in recipients with known risk factors
49. Extension of the Phase II trial Comparing beyond 1 Yr Belatacept with CsA for prevention of ACUTE REJECTION & PRESERVATION OF RENAL FUNCTION Assess long term safety & efficacy of Belatacept
52. Amount of free CD86 (HA5 binding) on Monocytes from whole blood
53. 7 Belatacept receiving pts switched to Tacrolimus(5 in yr 2) 1 Belatacept receiving pt switched from MMF to Sirolimus 3 Belatacept recipients switched MMF to low dose MMF& Sirolimus Switched pts were included in final analysis Data cut off date 6yrs and 7 mo after initiation original trial At end of study all were >5Yrs post transplant (76% Belatacept & 62% CsA recipients remained in study)
54. Stable renal function in belatacept-treated patients over time Calculated GFR (MDRD) assessed at 6-mo intervals in t/t patients who reached indicated time points Data as means SD GFR decreased from 74.4 to 59.3 at mo 60 No substantial differences in GFR observed between patients on 4/8 wk dosing
55. Kaplan-Meier plot for all randomly assigned & transplant recipients in ITT population w/o cancer >60 mo Patients with skin/organ cancer/PTLD were excluded
60. Neoplasms in the LTE (LATE) In original study 3 cases PTLD b/w 3-13 mo after transplantation Belatacept (all in those receiving more intensive regimen)
61. Selection Bias : Self selected cohort CsA gp small allowing only limited conclusions from direct comparisons Included patients had fared well during first phase of study Both gps higher average GFR’s as compared to gps in original study Baseline characteristics (Age, Cr, Co morbidities contributing to allograft dysfunction) at study entry not published Study underpowered to detect meaningful differences especially when pts withdrew during long term follow up Study compared CsA with Tacrolimus being most widely used CNI
Editor's Notes
Although hyperacute rejection is also Ab mediated it differs from Ab mediated vascular rejection as it does not have an inflammatory or fibrinoid component at its outset.
Staining for complement component C4d C4d was first recognized in early 90’s and subsequently linked to presence of DSA and humoral rejection DSA directly engages HLA antigens present in glomerulus as well as PTC therefore cause of specificity remains unknown
C4d even though catalytically inactive but does interact with ____________to regulate humoral responses
Seen in many places for example in lungs of patients who succumb to H1N1 influenza infection
Last line…..suggesting that C4d is a MARKER OF CLINICALLY RELEVANT HUMORAL INJURY
1.arterial inflammation in classic vascular AMR may be indistinguishable from ----2. Effects of vascular occlusion,infarction and hmgh may be a manifestation of ----
Selective IA not available in US is an attractive alternative to nonselective combination of IVIG and Plasmapheresis This may be a reason why some cases of mild AMR respond to therapies targeting cellular rejection
Need to pherese is determined based on -----
Total of 3 years to evaluate the long term safety and efficacy of Belatacept based regimen ECD-donors ≥60 years old; donors ≥50 years old who had at least two otherrisk factors (cerebrovascular accident, hypertension and serum creatinine>1.5 mg/dL); an anticipated cold ischemia time of ≥24 h; and donationafter cardiac death.
This was only one year follow up
Each dot represents an individual sample; some patientscontributed more than one sampleCD86 receptor saturation HIGHER in pts receiving Belatacept every 4 weeks