Cns tumors.ppt
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Primary CNS tumors account for 2% of cancers in adults in the US, with over 18,000 new cases diagnosed each year resulting in more than 12,000 deaths. The most common type is glioblastoma, which has a poor prognosis. Risk factors include high dose radiation exposure and certain genetic syndromes. Symptoms vary based on location but often include headaches, cognitive changes, and seizures. Diagnosis involves imaging, typically MRI with contrast, followed by histopathology. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the standard of care for high grade gliomas being radiation plus temozolomide.
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Dementia is a syndrome involving the deterioration of memory, thinking, behavior, and the ability to perform everyday tasks. It has various etiologies including hypoglycemia, arteriosclerosis, hydrocephalus, hypoxic or anoxic states, toxins, brain tumors, trauma, infections, genetic causes, and vitamin deficiencies. Diagnostic investigations include clinical history, neuroimaging, blood and CSF tests, and neurophysiology studies. Treatment involves managing symptoms, ensuring safety, providing structure, and addressing needs like nutrition, hygiene, toileting, and preventing accidents and wandering. Nursing care focuses on maintaining routines, orientation, proper nutrition, personal hygiene, toileting, fluid intake, and preventing injuries.
high grade glioma
1) It provides an overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, WHO grading system and molecular markers of adult high grade gliomas. 2) The standard of care for treatment involves maximal surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide. 3) Prognostic factors like age, performance status, tumor location and extent of resection influence survival outcomes.
Congenital epilepsi
This document summarizes several chromosomal abnormalities that are associated with epilepsy syndromes, including specific clinical and EEG patterns. It describes 1p36 monosomy, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Miller-Dieker syndrome, 18q- syndrome, and ring chromosome 20 syndrome as having characteristic epileptic presentations. It notes that Down syndrome has a lower incidence of epilepsy than other intellectual disability syndromes, with onset typically in early childhood or third decade of life. The document concludes that further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying epilepsy in chromosomal abnormalities.
Birth defects
The document discusses various birth defects including:
1. Atavism, polydactyly, syndactyly, gigantism, and cleft lip which are abnormalities in development.
2. Terms used to describe diseases such as signs, symptoms, and etiology.
3. Types of anomalies including malformations, disruptions, deformations, and syndromes.
4. Various congenital defects and birth defects are discussed such as clubfoot, torticollis, Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, and cerebral palsy. Environmental factors that can influence birth defects are also summarized.
Alzheimer'S Diseases
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. The main risk factor is increasing age, and it results from changes in the brain that affect memory, thinking, and behavior. Symptoms include memory loss and difficulties with problem-solving, planning, and language. It is caused by beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles that interfere with communication between brain cells. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms.
Autoimmune encephalitis current concepts
1) Autoimmune encephalitis is a debilitating neurological disorder caused by inflammation of the brain. It develops subacutely over weeks and can affect individuals of all ages.
2) It has diverse clinical manifestations and immunological associations. Identification of neural autoantibodies has led to classification of different subtypes.
3) Prominent among these are anti-NMDAR encephalitis commonly seen in young women and children, autoimmune limbic encephalitis, and other syndromes associated with antibodies targeting neuronal cell-surface and intracellular antigens.
Approach to coma
This document discusses non-traumatic coma in children. It begins by providing incidence rates for non-traumatic coma (30 per 100,000 children per year) and traumatic brain injury (670 per 100,000). The rest of the document discusses the definition, causes, evaluation, management, and outcomes of non-traumatic coma in children. Infection is the most common cause. Mortality depends on the underlying etiology and can range from 3-84%. Overall mortality in studies is around 46%.
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Neurocognetive disorder due to hiv, vascular and other medical conditions
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Hypothermia in tbi for neuroprotection
This document discusses hypothermia as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). It provides an overview of the mechanisms by which hypothermia may be neuroprotective after TBI. It then reviews the results of several clinical trials on therapeutic hypothermia for TBI, finding no clear evidence of benefit for mortality or outcomes. The document concludes by discussing the need for larger, higher quality randomized controlled trials to further evaluate hypothermia for TBI.
SIMVASTATIN IN ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEAMORRHAGE (SASH) TRIAL
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Guidelines in hospital care
This document outlines guidelines for in-hospital care of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in India. It notes that trauma care systems are nascent and there is a lack of organized protocols. Guidelines are needed to standardize prehospital and hospital critical care as available personnel and skills often do not match patient needs. The document then proposes a 5-level categorization of facilities based on available services and recommends minimum standards. It provides guidance on airway management, clinical monitoring, indications for admission and CT scanning, and in-hospital management considerations like nutrition, DVT prophylaxis, and discharge/follow-up. The conclusion states that while formulation of guidelines may not be difficult, enforcement will be a challenge that requires collective effort
Hthfinal1 180625071910
1) Hypothermia has been proposed as a treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) to help reduce secondary brain damage.
2) Previous studies on hypothermia for TBI have shown mixed results, with some trials finding benefits and others finding no effect.
3) The author conducted a randomized controlled trial of 107 patients with severe TBI to study the effects of progesterone, hypothermia, or their combination on outcomes.
4) The trial found the best outcomes based on Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months in the hypothermia group, followed by the progesterone group, though the combination did not provide additional benefit over hypothermia alone.
Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries
This document discusses subaxial cervical spine injuries, including:
- Assessment and emergency treatment of cervical spine injuries following trauma.
- Classification systems for cervical spine injuries including AO Spine, SLIC, and others which classify injuries based on morphology, neurological status, and stability.
- Types of cervical injuries such as flexion-compression, burst fractures, distraction injuries, and recommendations for treatment and surgery based on classification.
- Illustrative case examples of different cervical injury types classified using AO Spine and SLIC systems along with their treatments.
- Key points about immobilizing the cervical spine, rational use of imaging, importance of stability especially the posterior column, and indications for early surgery.
Hypothermia in TbI
1) Hypothermia has been proposed as a treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) to help reduce secondary brain damage.
2) Previous studies on hypothermia for TBI have shown mixed results, with some trials finding benefits and others finding no effect.
3) The author conducted a randomized controlled trial of 107 patients with severe TBI to study the effects of progesterone, hypothermia, or their combination on outcomes.
4) The trial found the best outcomes based on Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months in the hypothermia group, followed by the progesterone group, though the combination did not provide additional benefit over hypothermia alone.
Head trauma traumacon_2011
1) A 58-year-old man fell from a roof and was brought to the ER with an initial GCS of 12, declining to 6 on admission. The priorities are to prevent secondary brain injury through aggressive management of hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycemia and raised ICP.
2) An initial CT scan is recommended for patients with a GCS less than 13 to identify intracranial injuries. Surgical management may be required for mass lesions while medical management focuses on cerebral resuscitation and ICP control.
3) Spine injury must be ruled out through imaging due to the high incidence in head trauma patients. Immobilization and avoidance of unnecessary manipulation is important in management.
Head injury management lecture.ppt (1)
Management of Head Injuries is a document discussing the management of head injuries. It covers:
1) Head injuries are a major health hazard in India, killing over 1 million people per year from non-availability of timely treatment.
2) The document classifies head injuries and discusses examining patients including vital signs, neurological examination, Glasgow Coma Scale, and specific injuries like extradural hematomas.
3) Initial management focuses on the ABCs - airway, breathing, and circulation. Other priorities include diagnosis using CT scan, avoiding secondary insults like hypoxia and hypotension, and indications for surgery.
Head injury by Dr. sumit sinha
- Head injuries are a major health issue worldwide, with over 200 cases per 100,000 people and 25 cases of severe head injury.
- The brain is susceptible to both primary injury from the initial impact and secondary injury from processes that occur afterwards like swelling, bleeding and increased intracranial pressure.
- Assessment of head injury focuses on the Glasgow Coma Scale to monitor mental status changes, as this is the earliest indicator of worsening intracranial pressure. Prehospital management emphasizes spinal immobilization, oxygenation, ventilation and maintaining circulation and blood pressure.
Head and Spine trauma traumacon 2011.ppt
- The document discusses the initial management of head and spine trauma patients in the emergency room. It covers airway management, assessment of neurological status, identification of injuries using CT scans, and treatment to prevent secondary brain damage. Primary goals are to secure the airway, treat shock, and prevent hypoxia and hypotension which can worsen primary injuries.
- Spine trauma management focuses on immobilization, identification of spinal cord injuries, and treatment of neurogenic shock. Radiographic evaluation is important to identify fractures and clear the c-spine. Patients are immobilized on long spine boards and log rolled carefully. Early intubation and IV fluids are used to support blood pressure and respiration.
- Initial surveys assess air
Glasgow coma scale.ppt
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Giant pituitary adenomas.ppt
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Guidelines in hospital care
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Free hand screw
Free hand pedicle screw placement is a reliable technique for the lumbar and lower thoracic spine. The entry point is identified based on bony landmarks and screws are directed along the pedicle axis with a slight medial trajectory. Accuracy rates of 90-95% have been reported. In the upper and mid thoracic spine, free hand placement is more challenging due to smaller pedicle sizes and riskier medial violations. Intraoperative imaging or navigation may be most useful in the T4-T6 region, where breach rates are highest.
Fortis lecture High Grade Spondylolisthesis
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Multidimentional imaging in spinal fractures
The document discusses the use of the O-Arm imaging system for multi-dimensional imaging in the treatment of spinal fractures. It provides details on how the O-Arm allows for 2D and 3D imaging in the operating room without image distortion. A 3D image can be acquired in 13 seconds, automatically transferred to the navigation system, and used for image-guided spinal procedures without manual registration. The author provides an example of how they used the O-Arm and navigation to perform pedicle screw placement in over 190 spinal surgeries.
Advances tbi.ppt (2)
This document discusses recent trends in the management of traumatic brain injury. It provides an overview of the causes and statistics of TBIs in India. It then summarizes guidelines for managing factors like blood pressure, oxygenation, ICP thresholds, and various treatment strategies. These include hyperventilation, hyperosmolar therapy, blood transfusions, glycemic control, and neuromonitoring techniques. The document examines evidence for and against invasive ICP monitoring. While no RCTs definitively prove its benefits, ICP monitoring still forms the standard of care for managing severe TBIs.
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How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
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Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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一比一原版布里斯托大学毕业证(Bristol毕业证书)学历如何办理
补办文凭【微信号:176555708】【(Bristol毕业证书)】【微信号:176555708】《成绩单、外壳、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Cns tumors.ppt
- 1. Primary CNS Tumors in Adults
- 2. Statistics ■ Account fo 2% of all cancers in U.S. adults ■ 18,000 new diagnoses each year ■ Result in >12,000 deaths/year ■ Incidence higher in men than women ■ Lifetime risk: .65% in men and .5% in women ■ Incidence peaks at 65-79 y/o ■ 2 x incidence of GBM in Caucasions compared to African-Americans
- 3. Risk Factors: Environmental ■ PROVEN: ■ High Dose Ionizing Radiation ■ UNPROVEN: ■ ETOH/Tobacco use ■ Cell Phones ■ Chemical Agents: Hair dye, pesticides ■ Head trauma ■ Infections: Toxoplasma gondii ■ Nitrosamine consumption ■ Occupational exposures: petroleum, vinyl chloride
- 4. Risk Factors: Genetic ■ LiFraumeni Syndrome (p53 mutation) ■ MEN Type 1 ■ Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2 ■ Neval Basal Cell CA Syndrome ■ Tuberous Sclerosis ■ Turcot’s Syndrome ■ Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
- 5. Types of Brain Neoplasms ■ Classified based on cellular origin and histologic classification. ■ Neuroglial Tumors: 80% of all Brain Tumors ■ Divided into 4 Grades: • Low Grade:I,II High Grade: III, IV ■ Astrocytes ■ Oligodendrocytes ■ Ependymal cells ■ GBM: Grade IV Astrocytoma • Most common glioma and most common 1 brain tumor. • Poor prognosis • Found in Cerebral Hemispheres, can cross corpus callosum
- 7. Types ■ Oligodendroglioma ■ Rare, slow growing, Often found in Frontal lobes. ■ Oligodendrocytes: often calcified in oligodendroglioma, fried-egg appearance
- 9. Types ■ Schwannoma ■ 3rd most common Primary Brain Tumor ■ Often localized to 8th nerve: Acoustic Schwannoma ■ Resectable ■ B/L Schwannoma associated with Neurofibromatosis Type 2
- 10. Types ■ Meningiomas: 20% of all Primary Brain Tumors ■ Most often occurs in convexities of hemispheres and parasagittal region ■ Arises from arachnoid cells external to brain ■ Resectable ■ Lymphomas ■ Incidence increasing in U.S. ■ Occurs in patients with Immunodeficiency Syndromes
- 11. Meningioma
- 12. Clinical Presentation Sign or symptom/Percentage with the sign or sx Headache 56 Memory loss 35 Cognitive changes 34 Motor deficit 33 Language deficit 32 Seizures 32
- 13. Clinical Presentation Personality change 23 Visual problems 22 Changes in consciousness 16 Nausea or vomiting 13 Sensory deficit 13 Papilledema 5
- 14. Clinical Presentation Tumor location & Signs and symptoms ■ Frontal lobe ■ Dementia, personality change, gait disturbance, expressive aphasia, seizure ■ Parietal lobe ■ Sensory loss, hemianopia, spatial disorientation ■ Temporal lobe ■ Complex partial or generalized seizure; behavior change, including symptoms of autism, memory loss, and quadrantanopia ■ Occipital lobe ■ Contralateral hemianopia
- 15. Clinical Presentation ■ Thalamus ■ Contralateral sensory loss, behavior change, language disorder ■ Cerebellum ■ Ataxia, dysmetria, nystagmus ■ Brain stem ■ Cranial nerve dysfunction, ataxia, pupillary abnormalities, nystagmus, hemiparesis, autonomic dysfunction
- 16. Diagnosis ■ H&P, Neuro Exam ■ Fundoscopic Exam ■ Imaging: MRI with Contrast in the preferred study for initial evaluation of brain tumor ■ Follow with Histopathology to confirm the dx
- 17. Staging ■ No standard system of staging for Primary Brain Tumors.
- 18. Treatment ■ Surgery ■ Radiation Therapy ■ Chemotherapy
- 19. Surgery ■ Obtain tissue for dx or Resection ■ Often curative for Pituitary Adenomas, Meningioma, Schwannoma ■ The decision to perform a complete resection is based on the location and extent of the tumor, histopathology, and comorbid conditions
- 20. Radiation Tx ■ Postsurgical radiation is the standard treatment for high-grade gliomas ■ Its role in the treatment of low-grade gliomas is controversial
- 21. Chemotherapy ■ High Grade Gliomas: ■ Temozolomide and Radiation ■ GBM: ■ Silencing the MGMT gene: methyl guanine, methyl transferase gene results in resistance to Alkylating and Methylating agents. ■ Recurrent Malignant Gliomas: ■ Camptosar, Avastin, Gleevec, Tarceva