Clinical pharmacy
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Clinical pharmacists play an important role in improving patient care and outcomes. They receive expanded education beyond traditional pharmacy to focus on direct patient care activities like medication therapy management, identifying and resolving medication-related issues, and improving a patient's quality of life. Clinical pharmacists apply specialized clinical knowledge and skills to optimize medication use and help patients better manage their health conditions.
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14ab1t0020 pharmacy and therapeutic committee
The Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (PTC) is a policy-making body that advises the hospital administration on matters related to drug therapy. The PTC assists in developing policies around drug procurement, distribution, use, and safety. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The PTC's functions include establishing drug policies and procedures, preventing unnecessary drug use, promoting rational prescribing guidelines, and monitoring for medication errors and adverse drug reactions. It also plays roles in ensuring drug safety, reviewing drug utilization, developing emergency drug lists, and conducting training programs.
Drug Information Services
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Drug information services
The document discusses drug information services and poison information centers. It provides information on:
- The roles and responsibilities of drug information centers (DICs) and poison information centers (PICs), including providing unbiased drug information to healthcare professionals and managing poisoning cases.
- The organization and services provided by DICs and PICs, which include responding to drug-related inquiries, educating patients, and investigating adverse drug reactions.
- Resources that DICs and PICs rely on to provide drug and poison information, such as textbooks, journals, and computerized databases.
Education and Training Program in the Hospital
Role of pharmacist, Internal and external training program, code of ethics, role of pharmacist in interdepartmental communication and health education
Clinical Pharmacy (CP)
Clinical pharmacy involves utilizing a pharmacist's knowledge and skills to improve the safety, cost, and effectiveness of drug therapy for patients. The objectives of clinical pharmacy are to assist physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy and to help nurses properly administer and document medications. Clinical pharmacists take medication histories, inform doctors about drug interactions and adverse reactions, educate patients about their treatment plans and proper storage of medications, and monitor drug therapy. In hospitals, clinical pharmacists obtain medication histories from admitted patients, prepare drug histories, participate in managing medical emergencies and chronic diseases, and monitor drug utilization.
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETIN
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
Education and training program in the hospital.
Includes information about Education and training programs planned in hospital by hospital pharmacy. Useful for B Pharmacy 4th year student, and for M pharmacy (clinical pharmacy) student.
Community Pharmacy
Function of community pharmacy, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, Legal requirement for establishment, Maintenance of records
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14ab1t0020 pharmacy and therapeutic committee
The Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (PTC) is a policy-making body that advises the hospital administration on matters related to drug therapy. The PTC assists in developing policies around drug procurement, distribution, use, and safety. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The PTC's functions include establishing drug policies and procedures, preventing unnecessary drug use, promoting rational prescribing guidelines, and monitoring for medication errors and adverse drug reactions. It also plays roles in ensuring drug safety, reviewing drug utilization, developing emergency drug lists, and conducting training programs.
Drug Information Services
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Drug information services
The document discusses drug information services and poison information centers. It provides information on:
- The roles and responsibilities of drug information centers (DICs) and poison information centers (PICs), including providing unbiased drug information to healthcare professionals and managing poisoning cases.
- The organization and services provided by DICs and PICs, which include responding to drug-related inquiries, educating patients, and investigating adverse drug reactions.
- Resources that DICs and PICs rely on to provide drug and poison information, such as textbooks, journals, and computerized databases.
Education and Training Program in the Hospital
Role of pharmacist, Internal and external training program, code of ethics, role of pharmacist in interdepartmental communication and health education
Clinical Pharmacy (CP)
Clinical pharmacy involves utilizing a pharmacist's knowledge and skills to improve the safety, cost, and effectiveness of drug therapy for patients. The objectives of clinical pharmacy are to assist physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy and to help nurses properly administer and document medications. Clinical pharmacists take medication histories, inform doctors about drug interactions and adverse reactions, educate patients about their treatment plans and proper storage of medications, and monitor drug therapy. In hospitals, clinical pharmacists obtain medication histories from admitted patients, prepare drug histories, participate in managing medical emergencies and chronic diseases, and monitor drug utilization.
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETIN
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
Education and training program in the hospital.
Includes information about Education and training programs planned in hospital by hospital pharmacy. Useful for B Pharmacy 4th year student, and for M pharmacy (clinical pharmacy) student.
Community Pharmacy
Function of community pharmacy, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, Legal requirement for establishment, Maintenance of records
Adverse Drug Reaction
This document provides information about adverse drug reactions. It begins with defining an adverse drug reaction as an unintended effect of a drug occurring at normal doses. Adverse drug reactions are common, with 3% of medical admissions due to them. It then classifies adverse drug reactions and discusses various types like predictable reactions, allergic reactions, and interactions. It describes methods for detecting adverse drug reactions like spontaneous reporting, record linkage studies, cohort studies, and case control studies.
Hospital Formulary
The document discusses hospital formularies, which are lists of approved pharmaceutical agents used in hospitals. A hospital formulary is developed and maintained by a pharmacy and therapeutics committee to select the most useful and safe medicines for patient care. It provides prescribers with information on drug toxicity, side effects, and benefits. The formulary development process involves evaluating drugs and inclusion criteria. It aims to standardize high quality prescribing and inventory management while removing irrational drug combinations.
Hospital formulary
Formulary is an official or authorised publication of an approved list of medicines for use in a hospital, a group of hospitals a society a state or a region a country or a number of countries.
Hospital Formulary is a continually revised compilation of pharmaceuticals dosage agents and their forms that reflects the current clinical view of the medical staff.
14ab1t0030 hospital formulary
This document discusses hospital formularies, including their origin and objectives. It describes the types of formularies as open, closed, or incentive-based. It outlines the members involved in preparing the formulary such as clinicians, pharmacists, and administrators. The document discusses guidelines for formulary preparation, including identifying common diseases and treatments, drafting a list for review, and creating drug monographs. It notes steps to improve adherence and reviews advantages like standardized treatment and disadvantages like limiting physician choice. The role of pharmacists in the formulary process is also summarized.
Community pharmacy training
The document describes the author's experience completing a pharmacy practice training at Nayati Medical Pvt. Ltd, located in Mathura. It discusses the layout and organization of the pharmacy, including separate areas for tablets, liquids, refrigerated items, and restricted medications. It also outlines the roles of the 4 staff members and workflow process. Additionally, it covers important skills for community pharmacy practice like patient counseling, communication skills, medication adherence, drug interactions, and functions of a pharmacy.
Pharmacy Orientation----------(Pharmaceutics)
This document provides an overview of an orientation lecture for pharmacy students. It discusses key topics including the definition of pharmacy and drugs, the scope of pharmacy practice, naming conventions for drugs, pharmacy career paths, pharmacy education, ethics, and good dispensing practices. The lecture defines pharmacy as the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and providing drug information to the public. It outlines the roles of pharmacists in areas like interpreting prescriptions, compounding, labeling, dispensing, and educating patients. Community pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and other career paths are also summarized.
PHARMACIST ROLE IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY , OTC GUIDELINES , PRESCRIPTION PRECAU...
PHARMACIST ROLE IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY , OTC GUIDELINES , PRESCRIPTION PRECAU...VENKATA RAMA RAO NALLANI
This document discusses various topics related to safe medication use including:
- Common barriers to effective patient counseling by pharmacists such as multitasking and not actively listening.
- Important information patients should know about their medications including names, purposes, and how to take them correctly.
- Key differences and similarities between prescription and over-the-counter medications.
- Basic rules for safe medication use including taking the right dose and not sharing prescription medications.
- How to read and understand over-the-counter drug fact labels to determine the right medication for a condition.Medication history Interview
This document discusses medication history, which involves identifying and documenting a patient's current and past medications, allergies, and other medication-related information. It is an important part of pharmaceutical care that provides a starting point for medication reconciliation and review. The goals of a medication history include gaining information on prescription/nonprescription medications, perceived benefits/side effects, medication allergies/intolerances, and identifying potential medication problems. The document outlines the components, sources, aspects, and steps involved in conducting a thorough medication history interview.
Definition, scope , role and responsibilities of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy provides pharmaceutical care in a primary healthcare setting to meet the public's medicine and healthcare needs. The scope of community pharmacy includes drug information and education, distribution, selection, and utilization. The roles and responsibilities of a community pharmacist are to properly dispense and compound medications, provide drug information to patients and physicians, ensure policies and procedures are followed, and offer consultation, counseling, and care regarding medications, side effects, allergic reactions, and more.
Define clinical pharmacy
Clinical pharmacy involves applying scientific principles of pharmacology to optimize patient care and outcomes. It focuses on rational medication use and promoting health. Clinical pharmacists work directly with patients, assessing their medication-related needs and developing individualized care plans in collaboration with other healthcare providers. They are highly trained and educated professionals responsible for ensuring safe, effective, and cost-efficient use of medications across various healthcare settings.
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on pharmacy and therapeutic committees. It defines a pharmacy and therapeutic committee as a policy-making body that advises the medical staff and hospital administration on drug therapy issues. The objectives of such committees are to provide advisory, educational, and safe/rational drug use guidance. The composition of a PTC includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. Key functions of a PTC are developing and revising formularies, managing adverse drug reactions, promoting patient health, and regulating the hospital pharmacy inventory.
Community Pharmacy Management
The document discusses various aspects of managing a community pharmacy, including financial management, material management, staff management, and infrastructure requirements. It outlines the purposes of finance for a pharmacy and different sources of funding. Material management involves procurement, stock maintenance, and coding/classification of medicines. Staff management includes the hiring and development of personnel. Infrastructure requirements that are discussed include selecting an appropriate location, premises layout, necessary furniture/fixtures, equipment, and regulatory requirements.
Drug Distribution system & Hospital formulary
This document discusses drug distribution systems in hospitals. It describes three main types of systems - ward-controlled, pharmacy-controlled imprest based, and pharmacy-controlled patient issue (unit dose). It provides details on four specific distribution methods: individual prescription order, complete floor stock, non-floor stock, and unit dose. The unit dose system is emphasized as it packages and administers drugs in single doses to minimize errors. Various procedures, advantages and disadvantages are outlined for each distribution method.
Causes of non linearity in pharmacokinetics pdf
It includes the basic concept of linear and non-linear pharmacokinetics and the causes of non linearity in pharmacokinetics.
RULES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY
The document outlines the responsibilities of community pharmacists in four areas: central, direct patient care, general, and patient care area responsibilities. It discusses ensuring policies and procedures are followed, checking accuracy of doses, providing proper drug control and storage, clarifying patient understanding of medications, advising on precautions, evaluating responses, monitoring total drug therapy, counseling patients, and participating in emergencies. General responsibilities include processing prescriptions, dispensing, health promotions, drug information services, and patient counseling. The pharmacist verifies prescription safety and accuracy, checks records, counsels patients, and is aware of drug histories.
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This document provides an overview of a pharmacy internship conducted by Vishal Panday. The internship took place at Nayati Medical Pvt. Ltd over 3 weeks. During the internship, Vishal gained practical experience in drug procurement, storage, dispensing, management, and patient counseling. He learned about purchase documentation, expiration date checking, prescription reading, and thermolabile drug management. The pharmacy had many drugs from various brands as well as generics, and offered a wide range of products organized alphabetically for easy access. Vishal assisted with prescription processing, dispensing with counseling, and using pharmacy management software. He concluded that the internship provided valuable insights into the crucial role of pharmacists in
DRUG INFORMATION RESOURCES.pptx
Drug information resources can be categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Primary sources are original research studies and reports. Secondary sources index and abstract primary sources to allow systematic searching. Tertiary sources summarize primary and secondary sources in textbooks and reviews. It is important to evaluate the quality, timeliness, and bias of information from these different source types to ensure rational drug use.
Hospital formulary
The document defines a hospital formulary as a compilation of pharmaceuticals and important information that reflects the current clinical judgement of medical staff. It discusses the origins of hospital formularies in India in 1968 and 1997. The need for formularies is explained as being due to the increasing number of new drugs, complex drug effects, and interest in lower healthcare costs. Advantages include improved quality, cost reduction, and education. Disadvantages can include restricting physician choice and allowing inferior drugs. The document outlines the process for preparing a formulary including necessary information, guidelines, and components. It emphasizes the role of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee in developing policies to select and use medications optimally.
Therapeutic drug monitoring ppt
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), which refers to measuring drug concentrations in biological fluids to optimize drug therapy. TDM aims to maintain drug levels within the therapeutic window to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. It is useful for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, large inter-individual variability, or in patients with organ dysfunction. Common drugs monitored include digoxin, aminoglycosides, phenytoin, and lithium. Factors like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, drug interactions, and compliance can impact drug levels and require consideration during TDM interpretation. The document outlines the need, suitable/unsuitable drugs, therapeutic ranges, testing methods, and factors affecting TDM.
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Medicinal chemistry involves the design and discovery of biologically active compounds to treat diseases. A drug's effects depend on its physicochemical properties like ionization, polarity, and lipid-water partition coefficient, which determine absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drug names include chemical, trade, and generic names. Understanding a drug's physicochemical parameters helps explain its mechanism of action and effects.
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Clinical research and pharmacovigilance biopharmaceutics
Clinical research involves systematically studying new drugs in human subjects to determine their safety and efficacy. It generates data on a drug's clinical, pharmacological, and adverse effects. Clinical trials are one type of clinical research that follows a predefined plan or protocol. Pharmacovigilance aims to protect public health by identifying, evaluating, managing and minimizing drug safety issues to ensure the benefits outweigh the risks. It involves monitoring adverse drug reactions through programs like India's Pharmacovigilance Programme, which collects ADR data from hospitals nationwide to enhance drug safety methodologies.
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This document provides information about adverse drug reactions. It begins with defining an adverse drug reaction as an unintended effect of a drug occurring at normal doses. Adverse drug reactions are common, with 3% of medical admissions due to them. It then classifies adverse drug reactions and discusses various types like predictable reactions, allergic reactions, and interactions. It describes methods for detecting adverse drug reactions like spontaneous reporting, record linkage studies, cohort studies, and case control studies.
Hospital Formulary
The document discusses hospital formularies, which are lists of approved pharmaceutical agents used in hospitals. A hospital formulary is developed and maintained by a pharmacy and therapeutics committee to select the most useful and safe medicines for patient care. It provides prescribers with information on drug toxicity, side effects, and benefits. The formulary development process involves evaluating drugs and inclusion criteria. It aims to standardize high quality prescribing and inventory management while removing irrational drug combinations.
Hospital formulary
Formulary is an official or authorised publication of an approved list of medicines for use in a hospital, a group of hospitals a society a state or a region a country or a number of countries.
Hospital Formulary is a continually revised compilation of pharmaceuticals dosage agents and their forms that reflects the current clinical view of the medical staff.
14ab1t0030 hospital formulary
This document discusses hospital formularies, including their origin and objectives. It describes the types of formularies as open, closed, or incentive-based. It outlines the members involved in preparing the formulary such as clinicians, pharmacists, and administrators. The document discusses guidelines for formulary preparation, including identifying common diseases and treatments, drafting a list for review, and creating drug monographs. It notes steps to improve adherence and reviews advantages like standardized treatment and disadvantages like limiting physician choice. The role of pharmacists in the formulary process is also summarized.
Community pharmacy training
The document describes the author's experience completing a pharmacy practice training at Nayati Medical Pvt. Ltd, located in Mathura. It discusses the layout and organization of the pharmacy, including separate areas for tablets, liquids, refrigerated items, and restricted medications. It also outlines the roles of the 4 staff members and workflow process. Additionally, it covers important skills for community pharmacy practice like patient counseling, communication skills, medication adherence, drug interactions, and functions of a pharmacy.
Pharmacy Orientation----------(Pharmaceutics)
This document provides an overview of an orientation lecture for pharmacy students. It discusses key topics including the definition of pharmacy and drugs, the scope of pharmacy practice, naming conventions for drugs, pharmacy career paths, pharmacy education, ethics, and good dispensing practices. The lecture defines pharmacy as the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and providing drug information to the public. It outlines the roles of pharmacists in areas like interpreting prescriptions, compounding, labeling, dispensing, and educating patients. Community pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and other career paths are also summarized.
PHARMACIST ROLE IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY , OTC GUIDELINES , PRESCRIPTION PRECAU...
PHARMACIST ROLE IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY , OTC GUIDELINES , PRESCRIPTION PRECAU...VENKATA RAMA RAO NALLANI
This document discusses various topics related to safe medication use including:
- Common barriers to effective patient counseling by pharmacists such as multitasking and not actively listening.
- Important information patients should know about their medications including names, purposes, and how to take them correctly.
- Key differences and similarities between prescription and over-the-counter medications.
- Basic rules for safe medication use including taking the right dose and not sharing prescription medications.
- How to read and understand over-the-counter drug fact labels to determine the right medication for a condition.Medication history Interview
This document discusses medication history, which involves identifying and documenting a patient's current and past medications, allergies, and other medication-related information. It is an important part of pharmaceutical care that provides a starting point for medication reconciliation and review. The goals of a medication history include gaining information on prescription/nonprescription medications, perceived benefits/side effects, medication allergies/intolerances, and identifying potential medication problems. The document outlines the components, sources, aspects, and steps involved in conducting a thorough medication history interview.
Definition, scope , role and responsibilities of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy provides pharmaceutical care in a primary healthcare setting to meet the public's medicine and healthcare needs. The scope of community pharmacy includes drug information and education, distribution, selection, and utilization. The roles and responsibilities of a community pharmacist are to properly dispense and compound medications, provide drug information to patients and physicians, ensure policies and procedures are followed, and offer consultation, counseling, and care regarding medications, side effects, allergic reactions, and more.
Define clinical pharmacy
Clinical pharmacy involves applying scientific principles of pharmacology to optimize patient care and outcomes. It focuses on rational medication use and promoting health. Clinical pharmacists work directly with patients, assessing their medication-related needs and developing individualized care plans in collaboration with other healthcare providers. They are highly trained and educated professionals responsible for ensuring safe, effective, and cost-efficient use of medications across various healthcare settings.
Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on pharmacy and therapeutic committees. It defines a pharmacy and therapeutic committee as a policy-making body that advises the medical staff and hospital administration on drug therapy issues. The objectives of such committees are to provide advisory, educational, and safe/rational drug use guidance. The composition of a PTC includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. Key functions of a PTC are developing and revising formularies, managing adverse drug reactions, promoting patient health, and regulating the hospital pharmacy inventory.
Community Pharmacy Management
The document discusses various aspects of managing a community pharmacy, including financial management, material management, staff management, and infrastructure requirements. It outlines the purposes of finance for a pharmacy and different sources of funding. Material management involves procurement, stock maintenance, and coding/classification of medicines. Staff management includes the hiring and development of personnel. Infrastructure requirements that are discussed include selecting an appropriate location, premises layout, necessary furniture/fixtures, equipment, and regulatory requirements.
Drug Distribution system & Hospital formulary
This document discusses drug distribution systems in hospitals. It describes three main types of systems - ward-controlled, pharmacy-controlled imprest based, and pharmacy-controlled patient issue (unit dose). It provides details on four specific distribution methods: individual prescription order, complete floor stock, non-floor stock, and unit dose. The unit dose system is emphasized as it packages and administers drugs in single doses to minimize errors. Various procedures, advantages and disadvantages are outlined for each distribution method.
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RULES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY
The document outlines the responsibilities of community pharmacists in four areas: central, direct patient care, general, and patient care area responsibilities. It discusses ensuring policies and procedures are followed, checking accuracy of doses, providing proper drug control and storage, clarifying patient understanding of medications, advising on precautions, evaluating responses, monitoring total drug therapy, counseling patients, and participating in emergencies. General responsibilities include processing prescriptions, dispensing, health promotions, drug information services, and patient counseling. The pharmacist verifies prescription safety and accuracy, checks records, counsels patients, and is aware of drug histories.
Community pharmacy Internship
This document provides an overview of a pharmacy internship conducted by Vishal Panday. The internship took place at Nayati Medical Pvt. Ltd over 3 weeks. During the internship, Vishal gained practical experience in drug procurement, storage, dispensing, management, and patient counseling. He learned about purchase documentation, expiration date checking, prescription reading, and thermolabile drug management. The pharmacy had many drugs from various brands as well as generics, and offered a wide range of products organized alphabetically for easy access. Vishal assisted with prescription processing, dispensing with counseling, and using pharmacy management software. He concluded that the internship provided valuable insights into the crucial role of pharmacists in
DRUG INFORMATION RESOURCES.pptx
Drug information resources can be categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Primary sources are original research studies and reports. Secondary sources index and abstract primary sources to allow systematic searching. Tertiary sources summarize primary and secondary sources in textbooks and reviews. It is important to evaluate the quality, timeliness, and bias of information from these different source types to ensure rational drug use.
Hospital formulary
The document defines a hospital formulary as a compilation of pharmaceuticals and important information that reflects the current clinical judgement of medical staff. It discusses the origins of hospital formularies in India in 1968 and 1997. The need for formularies is explained as being due to the increasing number of new drugs, complex drug effects, and interest in lower healthcare costs. Advantages include improved quality, cost reduction, and education. Disadvantages can include restricting physician choice and allowing inferior drugs. The document outlines the process for preparing a formulary including necessary information, guidelines, and components. It emphasizes the role of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee in developing policies to select and use medications optimally.
Therapeutic drug monitoring ppt
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), which refers to measuring drug concentrations in biological fluids to optimize drug therapy. TDM aims to maintain drug levels within the therapeutic window to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. It is useful for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, large inter-individual variability, or in patients with organ dysfunction. Common drugs monitored include digoxin, aminoglycosides, phenytoin, and lithium. Factors like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, drug interactions, and compliance can impact drug levels and require consideration during TDM interpretation. The document outlines the need, suitable/unsuitable drugs, therapeutic ranges, testing methods, and factors affecting TDM.
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Medicinal chemistry involves the design and discovery of biologically active compounds to treat diseases. A drug's effects depend on its physicochemical properties like ionization, polarity, and lipid-water partition coefficient, which determine absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drug names include chemical, trade, and generic names. Understanding a drug's physicochemical parameters helps explain its mechanism of action and effects.
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The aim of the campaign is to raise awareness and encourage best practices among the public, policymakers, health and agriculture professionals to avoid the further emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Biosimilars Drugs
The document discusses biosimilars, which are biologic medical products that are similar copies of original products manufactured by different companies. A biosimilar is a version of an already registered biologic medicine that has demonstrated similarity in physicochemical, biological and immunological characteristics, efficacy and safety based on comprehensive comparability studies. The key difference between a generic drug and a biosimilar is that a generic is a chemically derived small molecule while a biosimilar is a complex biological product subject to more heterogeneity.
Clinical trials
Clinical research involves systematically studying new drugs on human subjects to discover or verify their clinical effects, pharmacology, and potential adverse reactions, with the goal of determining a drug's safety and efficacy. Clinical trials, which follow predefined plans or protocols, allow participants to play an active role in their healthcare by accessing new treatments and contributing to medical research that can help others.
Evolution of superbug
This document discusses superbugs and efforts to address the growing threat. It defines a superbug as a bacterium that has developed resistance to antibiotics used to treat it, such as MRSA. The document notes that superbugs could kill 10 million people per year and that drug companies need $25 billion to fight the crisis. It also discusses some potential treatments, including a 1,000-year-old Anglo-Saxon eye infection remedy that has shown effectiveness against MRSA, as well as efforts to design smarter antibiotic drugs that can overcome bacterial resistance mechanisms. The document is authored by Prajith.V, a first year PharmD student.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
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7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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Clinical pharmacy
- 4. Improving skills with an expanded clinical pharmacy education
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