Dr Colin Fenwick explains the scientific evidence that the climate is changing. Then goes on to explain the drivers behind global warming. Understand the scientific evidence and facts for yourself without any political spin. See it on Youtube: https://youtu.be/y-NSlR_UHDE
Melting Ice: Context, Causes, and Consequences of Polar AmplificationZachary Labe
Profound changes are ongoing at the ends of our planet. Thawing permafrost buried in ancient soils, melting lake and river ice-cover, thinning sea ice, and dwindling mountain glaciers are just a few indicators of climate change within the Arctic. Further, billions of tons of ice are now lost per year from the Greenland Ice Sheet, leaving our coastlines increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise. ‘Polar amplification’ refers to enhanced climate changes in the high latitudes compared to the rest of the globe in response to an external forcing. In the Arctic, air temperatures are rising at more than twice the rate of the global average. While changes in the Antarctic have been slower than the Arctic, the Antarctic ice sheets store enough freshwater to increase global sea levels by 58 m. Thus, Antarctica is often considered our sleeping giant.
Despite robust evidence of polar amplification in the past and present-day, the largest spread in future climate model projections is found in the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, quantifying the positive feedbacks contributing to polar amplification remains quite challenging. These large uncertainties are critical for understanding the impacts of future changes to ocean biogeochemistry and circulation, global sea level rise, and mid-latitude climate extremes and variability. This talk will provide an overview of polar amplification using present-day observational evidence and climate models simulations through the late 21st century. In particular, how do we separate the signal and noise in polar climate change and make evidence-based predictions in a warming world?
Melting Ice: Context, Causes, and Consequences of Polar AmplificationZachary Labe
Profound changes are ongoing at the ends of our planet. Thawing permafrost buried in ancient soils, melting lake and river ice-cover, thinning sea ice, and dwindling mountain glaciers are just a few indicators of climate change within the Arctic. Further, billions of tons of ice are now lost per year from the Greenland Ice Sheet, leaving our coastlines increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise. ‘Polar amplification’ refers to enhanced climate changes in the high latitudes compared to the rest of the globe in response to an external forcing. In the Arctic, air temperatures are rising at more than twice the rate of the global average. While changes in the Antarctic have been slower than the Arctic, the Antarctic ice sheets store enough freshwater to increase global sea levels by 58 m. Thus, Antarctica is often considered our sleeping giant.
Despite robust evidence of polar amplification in the past and present-day, the largest spread in future climate model projections is found in the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, quantifying the positive feedbacks contributing to polar amplification remains quite challenging. These large uncertainties are critical for understanding the impacts of future changes to ocean biogeochemistry and circulation, global sea level rise, and mid-latitude climate extremes and variability. This talk will provide an overview of polar amplification using present-day observational evidence and climate models simulations through the late 21st century. In particular, how do we separate the signal and noise in polar climate change and make evidence-based predictions in a warming world?
This is just a simple effort of laying a background of slides for new presenters. You can download, edit and present the topic. I hope you find it a bit helpful.
What difference between weather and climate?Aadil Shaikh
What difference between weather and climate? The climate at a given location on the globe is called the regional climate. It is defined by the statistical characteristics of local weather conditions, obtained over a long period of time. The regional climate informs us about the seasonal variations typical of a region.
Hello I am presenting before you a presentation on global warming which includes the mechanism of it and even the detailed information about how they occur due to different GHG. Hope it will be helpful to the students in understanding the global warming.
Thank You,
Tirthankar Majumder
MTech
Dept. of earth and environmental science
NIT- Durgapur
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
using EdGCM (educational global climate modelling) to do climate modelling from the period of 1958 to 2100.
also talk about the impact of climate change with respect to south east asia.
This is just a simple effort of laying a background of slides for new presenters. You can download, edit and present the topic. I hope you find it a bit helpful.
What difference between weather and climate?Aadil Shaikh
What difference between weather and climate? The climate at a given location on the globe is called the regional climate. It is defined by the statistical characteristics of local weather conditions, obtained over a long period of time. The regional climate informs us about the seasonal variations typical of a region.
Hello I am presenting before you a presentation on global warming which includes the mechanism of it and even the detailed information about how they occur due to different GHG. Hope it will be helpful to the students in understanding the global warming.
Thank You,
Tirthankar Majumder
MTech
Dept. of earth and environmental science
NIT- Durgapur
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
using EdGCM (educational global climate modelling) to do climate modelling from the period of 1958 to 2100.
also talk about the impact of climate change with respect to south east asia.
Climate change and Global Warming by Kiersten LippmannKiersten Lippmann
Beautiful, graphic rich slides to engage students based on Essential Environment by Withgott and Laposota. Slides cover Chapter 14 Global Climate Change
a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
We are the students of Ahsanullah University of Science And Technology from civil Engineering department .We have prepared a presentation for our Environmental Engineering lll course to explain global warming and climate change.Global Warming and Climate Change is hot topic nowadays .So this presentation was made to discover main causes behind this situation . Is Anthropogenic or natural?? In this presentation we have tried to explain this .
AAUW St. George UT Branch Member Candice Hansen-Koharcheck, PhD, gave a presentation on "Climate Change: Scientific Fact vs. Political Fiction" at the March 2015 luncheon. Candice is a senior research scientist at the Planetary Science Institute who works on NASA un-manned (robotic) spacecraft missions. She has a Ph.D. in Planetary Science. Currently she is a member of the flight teams for the Cassini spacecraft, in orbit around Saturn, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, at Mars, and the Juno mission, headed to Jupiter, from her office in St. George.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
3. This Evening’s Lecture:-
• The evidence for warming (thermometers, not computer models)
• How remarkable are recent trends?
• Hasn’t climate always changed?
• Why should you care?
4. What is the Evidence for Warming?
• Land temperatures are recorded daily by a global network of fixed
weather stations.
5. What is the Evidence for Warming?
• Ocean temperatures historically collected by ships and buoys but
since 2000 have increasingly been collected by ARGO floats.
• ARGO is a global array of free-drifting floats that measure the
temperature and salinity of the upper 2km of the ocean.
6. What Happens to All the Raw Data?
• Compiled into global temperature records by a number of different
independent scientific bodies.
• The best known are :-
• NASA GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies)
• NOAA NCEI (National Centre for Environmental Information)
• HadCRUT (UK Met Office Hadley Centre & The Climate Research Unit at UEA)
7. What Happens to All the Raw Data?
• Corrections made for instance…
• Land stations not evenly spread across the globe. Interpolation required for
areas with poor coverage.
• Station has moved, changed its equipment or environment changed over time
(heat island effect).
• Arctic has poor coverage but is warming rapidly. Each body treats the Arctic
differently leading to subtle differences.
10. Has Any Other Check Been Made?
• In 2012 physicist Richard Muller set up the Berkeley Earth Surface
Temperature to provide an additional temperature series.
• Muller was regarded as something of a sceptic, he was on record
casting doubt on the existing surface temperature reconstructions.
• BEST used the same thermometer dataset but developed their own
processing.
• When the BEST temperature series was published it was essentially
identical to those already in existence.
13. Is There Any Other Useful Thermometer?
• Ocean volume increases due to thermal expansion in a warming
world – raising sea level
• Greenland ice melts in a warming world – raising sea level
• Antarctic ice melts in a warming world – raising sea level
• Glaciers worldwide melt in a warming world – raising sea level
• The reverse of this happens in a cooling world – lowering sea level
• Hence changes in sea level are an excellent indicator of climate
change, just like mercury in a thermometer.
14. Sea Level 1993 – Present (Satellites)
Satellite measurements remove the need to take land movements into account but only go back to 1993.
Flooding in Pakistan
and Australia in 2011
17. • Thermometer records show it
• Accelerating sea level rise shows it
• Rapidly reducing Arctic sea ice
• 90% of mountain glaciers are melting
• Accelerating Greenland melt
• Accelerating melt in Western Antarctic
• Loss of ice shelves which have been stable since the last ice age
• Spring flowers bloom earlier, Species habitat moving poleward…
There is no doubt the planet is warming.
The question is whether this is our doing or is
it just part of the natural background
variation?
The Planet is Warming!
18. How Remarkable are Recent Trends?
• Reliable thermometer records only extend back to ~ 1880.
• But temperature proxies such as :-
• Ice cores
• Tree rings
• Corals
• Speleothems (stalactites & stalagmites)
• Allow temperature reconstructions going back many thousands of
years.
• In 1999 Mann et al published a temperature reconstruction going
back 1000 years.
19. How Remarkable are Recent Trends?
Diagram from the Third IPCC Assessment Report 2001
22. OK but Hasn’t the Climate Always Changed?
Of course, but always in response to something.
So what is driving the recent warming?
23. So What are the Natural Drivers?
• The brightness of the sun
24. Brightness of the Sun
Surface temperature (red) keeps rising.
The Sun’s output (blue) follows a recognised
11 year cycle.
25. So What are the Natural Drivers?
• The brightness of the sun – can’t explain recent warming
• Periodic changes in the Earth's orbit (global wobbling)
29. Periodic Changes in the Earth's Orbit
• Far too slow to explain recent warming, changes occur gradually over
thousand year timescales.
• The planet should currently be cooling.
30. So What are the Natural Drivers?
• The brightness of the sun – can’t explain recent warming
• Periodic changes in the Earth's orbit - can't explain recent warming
• Albedo
31. So What are the Natural Drivers?
• The brightness of the sun – can’t explain recent warming
• Periodic changes in the Earth's orbit - can't explain recent warming
• Albedo (secondary effect)
• Volcanoes
32. So What are the Natural Drivers?
• The brightness of the sun – can’t explain recent warming
• Periodic changes in the Earth's orbit - can't explain recent warming
• Albedo (secondary effect)
• Volcanoes (lowers temperature for a few years after a big eruption)
• Arrangement of the continents
33. So What are the Natural Drivers?
• The brightness of the sun – can’t explain recent warming
• Periodic changes in the Earth's orbit - can't explain recent warming
• Albedo (secondary effect)
• Volcanoes (lowers temperature for a few years after a big eruption)
• Arrangement of the continents (important over very long periods)
• Greenhouse effect
34. The Greenhouse Effect
• The heat trapping effects of water vapour, CO2 and methane in the
atmosphere were demonstrated in the mid-19th century.
Without the greenhouse effect the Earth’s
surface temperature would be approximately
30° C cooler than it actually is.
A powerful greenhouse effect makes Venus the
hottest planet in the solar system despite being
farther from the Sun than Mercury.
36. Atmospheric CO2 last 1000 years…another
hockey stick!
Pre-industrial ~ 280ppm
2015 – 401 ppm and rising
2016 – 404 ppm and rising
37. Why Should We Care?
Weather extremes will occur more frequently, floods, droughts, storms.
Sea level rise will continue to accelerate, displacing millions of people.
Landscape and ocean chemistry changes will alter what we can grow,
catch and eat. Displacing populations.
Humanity has lived through climate
shifts before but not with the fixed
infrastructure and intensive food
production we have today.
38. What was Decided in Paris?
• Countries aim to limit temp rise to well below 2° C whilst pursuing
efforts to stay within 1.5° C.
• But, pledges imply a rise this century of ~3.0 - 3.5° C above pre-
industrial.
• Nothing legally binding, will rely on 5 year reviews and peer pressure
to ramp up action.
39. Reality
• 2015 saw the temperature rise reach ~1° C over pre-industrial. In late
2016 it looks more like 1.3° C.
• Staying below 1.5° C is not realistically possible.
• Even with an extremely aggressive shift to renewables it is highly
unlikely we will keep temperature rise to within 2° C over pre-
industrial.
• Can we go back 25 years?
40. What Can We Do?
• Become knowledgeable about the issue and the solutions.
• Actively push politicians to make the right choices.
• Move out of any investments that include fossil fuels.
• Save yourself money by…
• Get free smart meters fitted by your power company
• Have at least one meat free day a week (healthy)
• Get your home better insulated (warmer)
• Walk or cycle short distances (healthy)
• Try to live more sustainably (cheaper)
• Support the green economy (worth £128 billion and 270,000 jobs, DECC)
41.
42. Carbon Budgets
• Since the mid-18th-century, humanity has pumped around 2,100
billion tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.
• This has increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere from
280 PPM to 404 PPM and raise the temperature ~1.3° C.
• Mankind currently emits around 40 billion tonnes of CO2 into the
atmosphere each year.
• To have a 66% chance of keeping rise to <1.5°C we can emit no more
than a further 200 billion tonnes CO2.
• To have a 66% chance of keeping rise to <2° C we can emit no more
than 800 billion tonnes CO2.
Ian to introduce himself and explain that the lecture was put together by Colin but Is really a collaborative work given that Colin isn't in a position to present the lecture. Colin will however endeavour to answer any questions at the end.
This evenings lecture will be divided into four parts.
First of all we'll present the evidence that the planet is indeed warming, this will be real data from real thermometers. We're aware that some people discount global warming as the product of computer models but this couldn't be further from the truth.
Secondly we'll look at how remarkable the recent warming is compared to long-term records of the Earth's climate to see if anything significant is indeed happening.
Thirdly, we'll address question "hasn't the climate always changed" to see if any natural variations are causing the climate system to warm.
Finally, we'll ask the question "why should you care? "Pictures are worth 1000 words and whether you care about habitat loss here shown graphically in the last few weeks of polar bears life: or this image of a drowned Syrian child trying to escape a war-torn country. The Syrian civil war cannot be blamed wholly upon climate change but the unprecedented drought between 2006 and 2009 that displaced 1.5 million people prior to the start of the war was surely a factor. Finally sea level rise will be the one aspect of climate change that will impact all of us whether we live near the sea or not. 400 million people live within a few metres of the high watermark and within 1 to 200 years they won't be able to live where they are currently.
So much for the consequences, let's look at the evidence.
As the main provider of heat for the planet the sun obviously plays a major part in our climate system. When the sun was young, 4.6 billion years ago, it was only around 70% as bright as it is today yet liquid water existed on the Earth's surface throughout most of its history. This points strongly to the existence of other controls on the climate system.
Whilst the sun clearly can change its output significantly, such large changes are very slow taking many millions of years. More familiar is the 11 year sunspot cycle but these faster changes are quite minor and can't reasonably explain large changes in the planet's climate.
The diagram shows the sun's output over the last four sunspot cycles, together with its intrinsic brightness as measured by satellites. It's evident that the sun's output has actually diminished over the last four cycles with a widely speculated minimum fast approaching.
This diagram shows unequivocally that increasing solar output is not the reason for the recent warming trend. In fact the planet should have cooled very slightly over the period.