Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation

1. Chapter 1: Introduction to
Climate Change Mitigation
San Vibol
Master Program on Climate Change

2. 22
Course Content
CHAPTER 1:
Current status and trendS
Reponses Undertaken to Date
Global Policy Setting
Cambodia Policy Setting
Mitigation Actions to Date
Climate
Change
Mitigation

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The causal chain from emissions to resulting
warming of the climate system
•Global net anthropogenic GHG emissions consist of CO2
from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes, net CO2
from land use, land-use change, and forestry, CH4, N2O, and
fluorinated gases.
•Atmospheric CO2, CH4, and N2O concentrations
•have risen due to these emissions.
•The vertical extent of each subpanel representing CO2, CH4,
and N2O is scaled to match their individual direct effect on
temperature change from 1850–1900 to 2010–2019.
•Global surface temperature has increased by approximately
1.1°C since 1850–1900.
•The warmest multicentury period in the past 100,000 years
occurred around 6500 years ago during the Holocene
interglacial period.
•The observed temperature range of the most recent decade
overlaps with the assessed multicentury temperature range of
a warm period about 125,000 years ago.
•Both of these warm periods were influenced by slow orbital
variations.
•Formal detection and attribution studies indicate that all the
observed warming from 1850–1900 to 2010–2019 is caused
by human activities.
•The panel shows temperature change attributed to total
human influence, decomposed into changes in GHG
concentrations and other human drivers, solar and volcanic
drivers, and internal climate variability.

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Regional GHG emissions, and the regional
proportion of total cumulative production-based
CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2019
• Panel (a): Shows the share of historical
cumulative net anthropogenic CO2 emissions
per region from 1850 to 2019 in GtCO2. It
includes CO2-FFI and CO2-LULUCF but
excludes other GHG emissions. CO2-LULUCF
emissions have high uncertainties (±70% global
uncertainty estimate).
• Panel (b): Illustrates the distribution of regional
GHG emissions per capita in 2019 in tonnes
CO2-eq. It categorizes emissions into CO2-FFI,
net CO2-LULUCF, and other GHG emissions
(CH4, N2O, fluorinated gases) expressed in
CO2-eq. The height of each rectangle
represents per capita emissions, while the width
represents the population of the region,
indicating the total emissions.
• Panel (c): Depicts global net anthropogenic
GHG emissions by region in GtCO2-eq yr–1 for
the period 1990–2019. Percentage values
indicate each region's contribution to total GHG
emissions during the respective time period.
The emission peak in 1997 was due to higher
CO2-LULUCF emissions resulting from a forest
and peat fire event in South East Asia. Regions
are grouped as in Annex II of WGIII.
• Panel (d): Displays population, GDP per person,
emission indicators by region in 2019 for total
GHG emissions per person and total GHG
emissions intensity. It also includes production-
based and consumption-based CO2-FFI data
assessed up to 2018. Consumption-based
emissions refer to emissions released for the
production of goods and services consumed by
a specific entity or region. Emissions from
international aviation and shipping are excluded.

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Responses Undertaked to Date:
Global Policy Setting
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Each country that is a party to the
Paris Agreement is required to submit Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDCs) outlining their climate action priorities, targets, and measures.
Paris Agreement (2016) encourages policy development, target-setting,
transparency, and support for climate action.
Kyoto Protocol (1997, entered in to force in 2005) led to emissions reductions
in some countries and built capacity for GHG reporting and emissions markets
(high confidence).
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto
Protocol, and Paris Agreement support rising levels of national ambition and
climate policy development.

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Responses Undertaked to Date:
Global Policy Setting
 Loss and Damage:
Loss and Damage
formally recognized
through the Warsaw
International
Mechanism on Loss
and Damage (WIM)
• The WIM was established in 2013 by the
Conference of the Parties (COP).
• It addresses loss and damage associated with
impacts of climate change, including extreme
events and slow onset events, in developing
countries that are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change.
• The WIM provides a platform to explore and
identify effective responses to climate change
induced loss and damage.
• It expands the understanding of climate
consequences and finds an appropriate mix of
tools to address loss and damage.
• The WIM works towards acquiring a deeper
understanding of risk management approaches to
deal with adverse effects, damage, and loss.

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Other Global Agreements:
• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction,
Addis Ababa Action Agenda, New Urban Agenda,
and Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol
influence climate change responses.
• The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
aligns global efforts to prioritize poverty eradication,
environmental protection, and inclusive societies.

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Mitigation Actions to Date
Expansion of policies and laws addressing
mitigation
 Climate governance provides a framework for policy
development and implementation, supporting mitigation by
enabling diverse actors to interact.
 Many regulatory and economic instruments have been
successfully deployed to support climate governance.
 By 2020, laws primarily focused on reducing GHG emissions
existed in 56 countries, covering 53% of global emissions.
 The application of diverse policy instruments for mitigation at
the national and sub-national levels has grown consistently
across a range of sectors.
 Policy coverage is uneven across sectors and remains limited for
emissions from agriculture, and from industrial materials and
feedstocks.

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Mitigation Actions to Date
Low Cost of Low-Emission Technologies
 From 2010-2019, the unit costs of solar energy, wind energy, and
lithium-ion batteries have decreased by 85%, 55%, and 85%,
respectively.
 The deployment of these technologies has increased significantly, with
solar and electric vehicles increasing by over 10x and over 100x,
respectively.
 Electricity from PV and wind is now cheaper than electricity from
fossil sources in many regions.
 Large-scale battery storage on electricity grids is increasingly viable.
 Multiple large-scale mitigation technologies have seen minimal cost
reductions and their adoption has grown slowly compared to modular
small-unit size technologies.
 Maintaining emission-intensive systems may be more expensive than
transitioning to low emission systems in some regions and sectors.

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11. Thank for your attention