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Climate change and carbon footprint special conference.pptx
- 1. EASTERN VISAYAS MEDICAL CENTER Tacloban City, Philippines 6500
- 2. “Impact of Climate Change on Lung Health” JEMIMAH C. BURERES, MD, RN IM LEVEL 1 RESIDENT Presenter PAULA TERESA STA. MARIA, MD, FPCP, FPCCP INTERNIST-PULMONOLOGIST Resource speaker
- 3. OBJECTIVES 3 ○ Discuss the dramatic impact of climate change on lung health ○ How does climate related changes cause new diseases and exacerbate existing diseases ○ Discuss technological innovations to reduce exposures to climate related changes ○ Outline strategies to improve our air quality
- 4. CASE SCENARIO ○ MB, 60-year-old, female ○ cc: shortness of breath ○ Symptoms began approximately 2 weeks before and had progressively worsened with no associated, aggravating, or relieving factors noted. No other associated symptoms. ○ similar symptoms approximately 1 year ago with an managed as COPD with exacerbation requiring hospitalization 4
- 5. CASE SCENARIO ○ difficulty breathing at rest ○ mild fatigue ○ increased urinary frequency, incontinence ○ swelling in her bilateral lower extremities ○ unable to ambulate from bed for several days except to use the restroom due to feeling weak, fatigued, and short of breath 5
- 6. CASE SCENARIO ○ PMH: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity ○ FH: heart disease and lung malignancy (paternal) ○ PSH: second-hand smoker, lives in poorly ventilated house made from light-weight materials located along the highway with her husband and grandchildren 6
- 7. CASE SCENARIO ○ PE: ○ BP 100/60, HR 74 bpm, RR 24 cpm, T 36.7C ○ O2 sat 90% ○ HT 160 cm, WT 100 kg, BMI 39.1 ○ In mild distress ○ (+) wheezing noted, bilateral crackles ○ Talks in phrases ○ 2+ pitting edema bilateral lower extremities 7
- 8. What Is Climate Change? ○ multi-decadal alterations in temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, and other components of weather ○ Global warming 8
- 9. •Carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation What is Greenhouse Gas? •Methane anthropogenic emission i.e. landfills, oil and natural gas systems 9 ○ group of gases in Earth’s atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation and thus retain heat inside the atmosphere
- 10. 10
- 11. Who suffers the most? 11 The most vulnerable and disadvantaged ○ People in developing countries ○ Women ○ Children ○ Ethnic minorities ○ Poor communities ○ Migrants or displaced persons ○ Older populations ○ People with underlying health conditions
- 12. Air quality Impacts 12 •damage lung tissue, reduce lung function, and inflame airways- increase in ground-level ozone •changes in particulate matter – Lung cancer – COPD •changes in allergens and Asthma triggers
- 15. What can we do? 15 5 technological innovations to reduce exposures to climate related changes ○ Power generation commercially viable nuclear-fusion- energy power plant 5 tech innovations that could save us from climate change | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
- 16. What can we do? 16 Transport alternative ways of powering vehicles, such as with electricity and other battery-charging technology 5 tech innovations that could save us from climate change | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
- 17. What can we do? 17 ○ Food lab-grown meat, and to produce meat substitutes 5 tech innovations that could save us from climate change | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
- 18. What can we do? 18 ○ Manufacturing taking carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere and then using it to produce fuel 5 tech innovations that could save us from climate change | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
- 19. What can we do? 19 ○ Buildings build smarter cities 5 tech innovations that could save us from climate change | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
- 20. What can I do?
- 21. ○ Cut down on pollutants by learning about common sources of pollution and avoiding adding pollutants when you can ○ Test your air quality ○ Take steps to control allergens ○ Use an air purifier ○ Improve ventilation 21
- 22. 22
- 23. ○ Take home message - Crucial to focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementing effective air pollution control measures - Adapt to climate change through early warning systems, improved healthcare facilities, and better management of extreme weather events can help protect vulnerable populations - Promote sustainable practices and prioritizing environmental conservation 23
- 24. EASTERN VISAYAS MEDICAL CENTER Tacloban City, Philippines 6500
Editor's Notes
- Climate change has far-reaching consequences for human health, including its detrimental impact on lung health. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and subsequent rise in global temperatures have led to significant alterations in weather patterns, air quality, and the prevalence of environmental hazards, all of which contribute to the worsening of lung-related diseases and conditions.
- A case of MB, a 60-year-old, female who came in due to sudden onset shortness of breath. Symptoms began approximately 2 weeks before and had progressively worsened with no associated, aggravating, or relieving factors noted. No other associated symptoms. She had similar symptoms approximately 1 year ago with an acute, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation requiring hospitalization.
- She reports difficulty breathing at rest, mild fatigue, increased urinary frequency, incontinence, and swelling in her bilateral lower extremities that are new-onset and worsening. Subsequently, she has not ambulated from bed for several days except to use the restroom due to feeling weak, fatigued, and short of breath.
- Past medical history is hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. No past surgical history There are no known ill contacts at home. Her family history includes significant heart disease and lung malignancy in her father. Social history is positive for second hand smoking, exposed to her husband who is a 30 pack year smoker. She denies all alcohol and illegal drug use. She lives in poorly ventilated house made from light-weight materials located along the highway with her husband and grandchildren. There are no known foods, drugs, or environmental allergies.
- Physical Exam Initial physical exam reveals temperature 36.7C, heart rate 74 bpm, respiratory rate 24, BP 104/54, HT 160 cm, WT 100 kg, BMI 39.1, and O2 saturation 90% on room air. Extremely obese, acutely ill-appearing female. HEENT: Head: Normocephalic and atraumatic Mouth: Moist mucous membranes Eyes: Conjunctiva and EOM are normal. Pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light. No scleral icterus. Bilateral periorbital edema present. Neck: Neck supple. No JVD present. No masses or surgical scarring. Throat: Patent and moist Cardiovascular: Normal rate, regular rhythm, and normal heart sound with no murmur. 2+ pitting edema bilateral lower extremities and strong pulses in all four extremities. Pulmonary/Chest: No respiratory status distress at this time, tachypnea present, (+) wheezing noted, bilateral crackles. The patient was barely able to finish a full sentence due to shortness of breath. Abdominal: Soft. Obese. Bowel sounds are normal. No distension and no tenderness Skin: Skin is very dry Neurologic: Alert, awake, able to protect her airway. Moving all extremities. No sensation losses
- The term climate change refers to multi-decadal alterations in temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, and other components of weather. Over the past 2.5 million years, the earth has warmed and cooled, cycling between glacial and interglacial periods during which average global temperatures moved up and down by 4–7°C. During the last glacial period, which ended roughly 12,000 years ago, global temperatures were, on average, 5°C cooler than in the mid-twentieth century. Since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. Global warming Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures. According to Harrisons, climate change has become nearly synonymous with global warming, as a clear signal from rising greenhouse gas concentrations has been an increase in the mean global surface temperature of ~0.85°C since 1880. However, this mean warming belies warming that is occurring much faster in certain regions.
- According to Harrisons, Greenhouse gases are a group of gases in Earth’s atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation and thus retain heat inside the atmosphere. In the absence of these gases, the earth’s average temperature would be about 33°C colder. Carbon dioxide, released into the atmosphere primarily from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, has had the greatest effect on climate since the Industrial Revolution. Methane is emitted from a variety of anthropogenic (human-influenced) and natural sources. Anthropogenic emission sources include landfills, oil and natural gas systems, agricultural activities, coal mining, stationary and mobile combustion, wastewater treatment, and certain industrial processes.
- Climate change influences human health and disease in numerous ways. Because of climate change, some existing health threats will intensify, and other new health threats will emerge. Public health officials must look beyond just rising global temperatures to see the far-reaching effects of climate change on a community and its overall health. Effects of Climate Change on Health Temperature Extremes: Heat waves are associated with increased hospital admissions and deaths due to cardiovascular, kidney, and respiratory disorders. Urban heat islands, combined with an aging population and increased urbanization, are projected to increase the vulnerability of urban populations to heat-related health impacts in the future. Floods: After extreme precipitation events, hazards like waterborne disease outbreaks and mold growth increase. Populations living in damp indoor environments experience higher rates of respiratory symptoms, asthma, and respiratory tract infections. Wildfires: poor air quality increases respiratory and cardiovascular issues like asthma and COPD Air Pollution: Ground-level ozone is associated with many health problems, such as diminished lung function, increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits for asthma, and increases in premature deaths. Allergens and Pollen: longer growing seasons mean more pollen and increased allergy rates Food Security: Many crop yields are predicted to decline because of the combined effects of changes in rainfall, severe weather events, and increasing competition from weeds and pests on crop plants. Livestock and fish production are also projected to decline. Prices are expected to rise in response to declining food production and trends such as increasingly expensive petroleum. Food insecurity increases with rising food prices, resulting in hunger, malnutrition, or obesity as people turn to nutrient-poor processed foods. Disease Carried by Vectors: Climate is one of the factors that influences the distribution of diseases borne by vectors (such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes, which spread pathogens that cause illness). Infectious disease transmission is sensitive to local, small-scale differences in weather, human modification of the landscape, the diversity of animal hosts, and human behavior that affects vector-human contact, among other factors. Mental Heath and Stress-Related Disorders: Following disasters, mental health problems increase, both among people with no history of mental illness, and those at risk. Food and Waterborne Diarrheal Diseases: Exposure to a variety of pathogens in water and food causes diarrheal disease. Air and water temperatures, precipitation patterns, extreme rainfall events, and seasonal variations are all known to affect disease transmission.
- Health equity is an important factor when designing interventions for the effects of climate change. Vulnerable groups include those with low income, some communities of color, immigrant groups, indigenous peoples, children, pregnant women, older adults, and persons with disabilities. Any interventions should consider the needs of these communities, as they are more likely to face harm because of the changing climate.
- •Increases in Ground-level ozone can damage lung tissue, reduce lung function, and inflame airways. •Changes in Particulate Matter- Inhaling fine particles can lead – Lung cancer – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Rising carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures may also lead to- Earlier flowering, More flowers, Increased pollen levels, Earlier and longer pollen season
- Viral respiratory infections (VRIs) are the most common category of infectious diseases and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 They can give rise to both repetitive seasonal epidemic outbreaks and catastrophic pandemics. The 21st century has wit nessed several large-scale outbreaks and pandemics of VRIs, such as SARS in 2003, influenza H1N1 in 2009, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and COVID-19 in 2019, each of which has resulted in severe excess human mortality or morbidity, as well as signif icant economic disruption. The public health risks of both occurrence and wide-scale transmission caused by VRIs are greater now than ever before. Growing populations and urbanization, the rapid expansion of global travel, civil conflict and migration, climate change, and other human-induced environmental degradations have all contributed to the risk of pandemics.2 Climate change is considered the biggest health threat facing humanity in the 21st century.3 The un precedented rises in global temperatures and increases in the frequency and amplitude of extreme weather events have occurred as a consequence of human activities, mainly relating to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG).
- CDC is using its expertise to help state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments prepare for and respond to the health effects that a changing climate may bring to their communities. Likely impacts include increased extreme weather events, wildfires, decreased air quality, and illnesses transmitted by food, water, and disease carriers such as mosquitoes and ticks. Building Resistance Against Climate Effects (BRACE) Identify the severity of climate impacts and vulnerable populations. Determine the effects of climate change. Design interventions for the health impacts of greatest concern. Distribute a written plan for implementation. Evaluate the effectiveness and edit plan.
- Power generation We already know that nuclear power is a way of producing electricity free of carbon emissions, but we have yet to harness it in a way that is truly safe and cost-effective. We may be closer to an answer, however. Canadian company General Fusion aims to be the first in the world to create a commercially viable nuclear-fusion-energy power plant. “Fusion produces zero greenhouse gas emissions, emitting only helium as exhaust. It also requires less land than other renewable technologies,” says the company. “Fusion energy is inherently safe, with zero possibility of a meltdown scenario and no long-lived waste, and there is enough fusion fuel to power the planet for hundreds of millions of years.”
- Transport Transport represents 23% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. But the demand for transport is only going to increase. We have already found alternative ways of powering vehicles, such as with electricity, but in order to do it on a wide scale, we need much more efficient batteries and much more efficient battery-charging technology. Researchers at the University of Surrey say they have made a scientific breakthrough in this regard. They say they have discovered new materials offering an alternative to battery power and proven to be between 1,000-10,000 times more powerful than the existing battery alternative, a supercapacitor. “The new technology is believed to have the potential for electric cars to travel to similar distances as petrol cars without the need to stop for lengthy recharging breaks of between 6 and 8 hours, and instead recharge fully in the time it takes to fill a regular car with petrol,” says the university.
- Food About a quarter of all global emissions come from feeding the world’s 7 billion people, and part of that comes from the consumption of meat. One of the alternatives is to start producing lab-grown meat, and to produce meat substitutes that look, taste and feel like the real thing. It might seem like the stuff of science fiction, but companies and investors alike are taking it very seriously. The company Beyond Meat, already supported by Bill Gates, has created the world’s first meat burger that is entirely plant based. It’s made mostly from vegetable protein found in peas.
- Manufacturing Making the things we use every day puts an enormous strain on the climate – about 30% of emissions come from industry. But what if we could take those CO2 emissions out of the air? Carbon Engineering is a Canadian start-up which is working on exactly that – taking carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere and then using it to produce fuel. According to the company, “direct air capture can remove far more CO2 per acre of land footprint than trees and plants”. The company is already running a demonstration plant in Squamish, British Columbia, that is removing one ton of CO2 from the air every day.
- Buildings The greenhouse gas emissions of buildings is also significant. We need lighting, power, heating and cooling whether at home or in the office, at school or in a hospital. The combined emissions from these sources contributes almost 20% of global emissions. Part of the answer is to build smarter cities. That's what a company called Sidewalk Labs (which is part of Alphabet Inc, the parent of Google) is doing, harnessing digital technologies to solve today’s pressing urban problems. One of their current projects involves looking at how traffic flows through a city and how hotspots of congestion might be solved. This could dramatically reduce air pollution in our cities.
- Air pollution levels are measured daily and ranked on a scale of 0 for perfect air all the way up to 500 for air pollution levels that pose an immediate danger to the public. The AQI breaks air pollution levels into six categories, each of which has a name, an associated color, and advice to go along with it. AQI values at or below 100 are considered satisfactory for almost everyone. When AQI values are above 100, air quality is unhealthy. The higher the number, the more people are at risk of health harm.
- To mitigate the impact of climate change on lung health, it is crucial to focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementing effective air pollution control measures. Additionally, adapting to climate change through early warning systems, improved healthcare facilities, and better management of extreme weather events can help protect vulnerable populations. By promoting sustainable practices and prioritizing environmental conservation, we can strive to minimize the long-term health consequences of climate change on lung health and ensure a healthier future for all.
- Climate change has far-reaching consequences for human health, including its detrimental impact on lung health. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and subsequent rise in global temperatures have led to significant alterations in weather patterns, air quality, and the prevalence of environmental hazards, all of which contribute to the worsening of lung-related diseases and conditions.