Adaptations to climate change in the energy sector especially at the renewable energy sector. Adaptation to climate change in Solar energy Adaptation to climate change in Wind energy Adaptation to climate change in Hydro power Adaptation to climate change in Nuclear energy

1. ADAPTATION TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
I N T H E E N E R G Y S E C T O R
B Y : M A H B O O B U L L A H

2. WHAT IS ADAPTATION ?
any alteration in the structure or
function of an organism or any of its
parts that results from natural
selection and by which the organism
becomes better fitted to survive and
multiply in its environment.
2
Rabbits having different color according to
their environment is a form of adaptation

3. 3
CLIMATE CHANGE A D A P TAT I O N
Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a
response to global warming, (IPCC)
defines adaptation as: 'the process of
adjustment to actual or expected
climate and its effects

4. TOPICS THAT WILL BE COVERED
Thermal power
Nuclear power
Renewable energy technologies
• Hydro power
• Wind power
• Solar power
4

5. 5
THERMAL POWER
A thermal power station is a power
station in which heat energy is
converted to electric power

6. IMPACTS OF GCC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
Open pit mining for uranium is
subject to threats of flooding, open
cast mining might be particularly
affected by high precipitation
extremes and related floods and
erosion. GCC is expected to affect
the transport of nuclear material
only modestly
6
RESOURCE EXTRACTION AND TRANSPORT
SEA LEVEL RISE
Can take the same sort of
precautions against flooding that
any other heavy metal mining
operation takes, and the transport
adaptation is to be dealt with in
transport sector
VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION

7. IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Hot periods worsen the impacts on
average warmer conditions, less
conversion and cooling efficiency,
overheated buildings can lead to self-
ignition of coal stockpiles
ADAPTATION OPTION
7
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
INTENSE
TEMPERATURE
 Locate new plants at cooler sites
when possible
 Install air conditioning in Buildings
Cool coal stockpiles by water
spraying

8. IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Accumulating ice can block water intake
for cooling, Frozen pipes can break and
submerge parts of the power plant Site.
ADAPTATION OPTION
8
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
EXTREME COLD OR
FROST
Use warm cooling water to heat inlet
area
Insulate critical piping

9. IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Extreme rainfall in a short time can
submerge plant site and can lead to coal
stockpile soakage (higher coal moisture
reduces boiler efficiency by 1% per 10%
increase in moisture content) Excessive
snow can cause weak structures to
subside.
ADAPTATION OPTION
9
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
PRECIPITATION
EXTREMES
Change drainage design, Build proper
water management facilities (dams,
water pumps), Spray coal to create
crusting surface or put plant or grass
cover on top, Reinforce buildings and
Structures and Prepare emergency
plans for snow and ice removal.

10. IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Low precipitation leads to reduced
water availability and more
competition for water less and warmer
cooling water leads to potential
reductions in output or even shutdown
ADAPTATION OPTION
10
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
DROUGHT EXTREMES
 Consider alternative cooling options:
 Reuse wastewater and recover
evaporated water in recirculating
systems
 Consider dry cooling.

11. IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Floods can inundate plant sites,
damage buildings and equipment and
lead to shutdown, as well as drown coal
stockpiles, oil and gas storage tanks
ADAPTATION OPTION
11
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
SEA STORM & FLOOD
EXTREMES
 Flood protection by dams,
embankments
 Flood control reservoirs, ponds or
channels
 Drainage improvements
 Construction restrictions in flood prone
areas
 Adjusting building codes and flood
insurance

12. IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION
12
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
WIND EXTREMES
Wind generated missiles can damage
buildings and backup generators high
winds can knock out grid system
interconnection
Install tornado missile shields

13. IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Lightning can pierce pipelines, damage
storage tanks and cause short circuit
electric components or connections
ADAPTATION OPTION
13
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
LIGHTNING EXTREMES
 Consider alternative cooling options:
• Reuse wastewater and recover
evaporated water in recirculating
systems
• Consider dry cooling.

14. IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Warmer ambient temperatures reduce
the efficiency of thermal conversion
everywhere the rate is 0.1–0.2% in the
united states of America and 0.1–0.5% in
Europe, where capacity loss can reach 1–
2% and it will reduce the availability of
water for cooling. (3)
ADAPTATION OPTION
14
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
HIGHER AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE
 Select sites in cooler areas
 Use non-traditional water sources (1)
 Apply coal drying
 Use ice to cool air before entering
the gas turbine (2)

15. IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION
Airborne salty material from sea can
cause corrosion and short circuit
electrical equipment Dust and sand
blown by wind may cause equipment
malfunction
15
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
INCREASED WINDINESS
NEAR COASTS AND DRY
AREAS
Enclose or cover sensitive
equipment
VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION

16. IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION
Rising sea levels can result in sinking
of coastal power plants and related
infrastructure
16
OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER
SEA LEVEL RISE
Build new or raise existing dykes
and sea walls relocate existing
plants to, and build new plants at,
safe sites
VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION

17. 17
NUCLEAR POWER
A type of power plant that use the
process of nuclear fission in order to
generate electricity.

18. IMPACTS OF CC ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
Many impacts of gradual climate change and extreme weather
events on nuclear power plants are similar to those on fossil fuel
fired thermal power plants.These impacts were presented in detail
in thermal power section. This section focuses mainly on impacts
and vulnerabilities of special importance for nuclear plants.
18

19. VULNERABILITIES
Decreasing thermal efficiency
Decreasing cooling efficiency
ADAPTATION OPTION
HIGH MEAN
TEMPERATURE
Select sites in cooler local
climates when possible
Design different cooling systems
19
IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER

20. VULNERABILITIES
Less and warmer cooling water, leading
to potential reductions in output or
even short term shutdown
ADAPTATION OPTION
LOWER MEAN
PRECIPITATION
Reuse wastewater, recover evaporated
water in recirculating systems improve
wet cooling; install dry cooling
IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
20

21. VULNERABILITIES
Salt sprays from sea leading to long term
corrosion and short circuit of exposed
electrical equipment; dust and sand
carried by wind, leading to equipment
malfunction
ADAPTATION OPTION
Weather seal critical equipment
IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
21
INCREASED WINDINESS
NEAR COASTS AND DRY
AREAS

22. VULNERABILITIES
Flooding of low lying coastal sites
ADAPTATION OPTION
Raise dykes and other protective
embankments
IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
22
SEA LEVEL RISE

23. VULNERABILITIES
Heat can foster the rapid growth of
biological material that can clog cooling
water intake, leading to reduced
generation or shutdown
ADAPTATION OPTION
23
Increase maintenance of screens to
ensure that biological matter does not
clog water intake system
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
EXTREME HEAT

24. VULNERABILITIES
Ice can clog water cooling systems,
leading to reduced generation or
automatic shutdown ice can inhibit
plant access freezing pipes can lead to
internal flooding.
ADAPTATION OPTION
24
Route heated water from cooling system
to inlet area
Insulate critical piping
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
EXTREME COLD

25. VULNERABILITIES
Excessive rain or snow can collapse
unreinforced structures excessive rain or
snow can inhibit plant access to critical
personnel and supply deliveries
ADAPTATION OPTION
25
Ensure that all buildings housing critical
systems are reinforced develop
emergency weather plans establish
special procedures for removal of snow
and ice
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
EXTREME
PRECIPITATION

26. VULNERABILITIES
Low water levels can force plants to
reduce generation output or shut down
ADAPTATION OPTION
26
Implement alternative cooling options:
reuse waste water recover evaporated
water in recirculating systems switch to
dry cooling systems
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
DROUGHT

27. VULNERABILITIES
Wind generated missiles can damage
buildings and backup generators high
winds can knock out grid system
interconnection
ADAPTATION OPTION
27
Install tornado missile shields
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
HIGH WINDS

28. VULNERABILITIES
Some coastal plants are increasingly
vulnerable to storm surges as sea level
rises and storms become more intense,
whereas other plants may be vulnerable
to river floods, both of which can force
an automatic shutdown but can also
damage critical safety systems and grid
system interconnections and threaten
spent fuel storage
ADAPTATION OPTION
28
Consider flood risks in site selection for
new plants build earthworks to minimize
risk of flooding upgrade flood resistant
doors raise elevation of backup diesel
generators
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
SEA LEVEL RISE & FLOODS

29. VULNERABILITIES
Lightning can short circuit or create
false signals in instrumentation
lightning can short circuit onsite power
connection and backup diesel
connections and controls
ADAPTATION OPTION
29
Ensure that circuits are insulated and
grounded bury key circuits underground
shield diesel generator controls
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
LIGHTNING

30. VULNERABILITIES
Forest fires and wildfires can disrupt
plant access to critical personnel, supply
deliveries and emergency responders
ADAPTATION OPTION
30
Develop emergency access and response
plans in case of nearby forest fires and
wildfires
IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
WILD FIRE

31. 0
5
10
15
20
25
1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-2004 2005-2009
0 0 0 0
6
14
21
0 0
8
0 00 0 0 0
4
0
20
16
9
8
0
7
16
8
6 6
0 0
12
0
3 3 3 3
Heat Flooding Corrosion Freezing Winds Lightning
31
OPERATING EXPERIENCE REPORTS BY CLIMATE FOR
WEATHER EVENT BETWEEN 1980 AND 2009

32. 32
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
HYDROPOWER

33. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Amplified by runoff conditions, the
resulting change in water availability
determines whether power output is
reduced or increased.
ADAPTATION OPTION
33
O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R
CHANGE IN PRECIPITATION
 Increase storage capacity
 Adjust water release schedule to
maximize generation

34. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Higher precipitation variability leads to
greater fluctuations in inflows (water
availability), which may modify
seasonal and annual power output;
higher peak flows can cause floods and
output losses
ADAPTATION OPTION
34
O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R
Improve short term water flow
ForecastsAdjust water management
Strategies Build additional storage
capacity Enhance turbine runner
capacity
VARIABILITY OF
PRECIPITATION

35. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
The resulting floods can damage dam
walls and turbines directly and
indirectly by mobilizing debris in
flooded areas upstream floods lead to
output losses due to releasing water
through bypass channels
ADAPTATION OPTION
35
O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R
Increase storage capacity and enhance
defense structures for dams and
turbines adjust water management to
retain surplus storage for excess water
organize debris removal
EXTREME HIGH PRECIPITATION
EVENTS

36. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Both events reduce the amount of
water stored
ADAPTATION OPTION
36
O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R
Increase storage capacity, if possible, to
retain more water from high flow yields
LOW PRECIPITATION/ HIGH
TEMPERATURE

37. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Ice can damage dam walls and block
turbine inlets
ADAPTATION OPTION
37
O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R
Adopt operational strategies to reduce
flow and manage ice cover formation
EXTREME COLD
CONDITIONS

38. 38
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
WIND POWER

39. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Windiness determines wind power
potential, so any change may modify
wind resources
ADAPTATION OPTION
39
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
CHANGE IN WINDINESS (WIND
POWER DENSITY)
Enhance resource assessment and site
selection according to changing
conditions

40. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Variability determines the timing
of power availability
ADAPTATION OPTION
40
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
SEASONAL VARIABILITY
Consider irregularity in energy
system planning build and
maintain reserve capacities.

41. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
These changes affect the frequency of
icing, which causes operation problems
and can reduce power output
ADAPTATION OPTION
41
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION, THERMAL
REGIME AND NEAR SURFACE HUMIDITY
Account for icing in blade design install
blade heating

42. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Lower air density reduces power
generation
ADAPTATION OPTION
42
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
LOWER AIR DENSITY DUE TO
HIGHER AIR TEMPERATURE
No adaptation option.

43. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Dry air and wind cause dust
deposition on blades, which
reduces power output
ADAPTATION OPTION
43
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
DRYER AIR, CAUSING MORE
WIND BLOWN DUST
Modify turbine design and blade
coatings increase the frequency
of blade cleaning and
maintenance

44. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Loads from wind, sea currents, waves
and sea ice can cause structural
damage to offshore foundations and
towers, leading to failures
ADAPTATION OPTION
44
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
CHANGES IN WAVE ACTIVITY
AND WIND–WAVE COUPLING
Adjust design specifications and
construction schemes according to
projected wave and wind conditions

45. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Formation of sea ice increases the
load on offshore turbine
foundations
ADAPTATION OPTION
45
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
CHANGES IN SEA ICE
Reinforce support structure
Use robust construction material

46. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Wind extremes increase structural load
and threaten the structural integrity of
wind turbines, and can cause fatigue
and damage to turbine components,
leading to reduced output
ADAPTATION OPTION
46
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
WIND SPEED
EXTREMES
Improve turbine design and apply
reinforced structures to withstand
extreme wind conditions install light
detection and ranging based
technologies to increase protection

47. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Temperature extremes can modify the
physical properties (expansion and
contraction) of materials and fluid
ADAPTATION OPTION
47
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
EXTREME LOW AND HIGH
TEMPERATURES
Consider extreme temperature ranges
in turbine material and lubricant
(Grease) selection

48. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Lightning can damage blades and
mechanical and electrical
components
ADAPTATION OPTION
48
O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R
CHANGING LIGHTNING
FREQUENCY
Apply enhanced lightning
protection and grounding

49. 49
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
SOLAR POWER

50. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Average warmer temperatures improve
the efficiency of solar heating (especially
in colder regions) but reduce the
conversion performance, Thermal and
cooling efficiency declines and Exposure
to heat over the long term causes faster
material ageing
ADAPTATION OPTION
50
O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R
HIGHER MEAN
TEMPERATURES
Depending on the ratio of value of lost
electricity and the costs of alternative
cooling options, install cooling facilities
to reduce efficiency losses

51. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Increasing cloud cover degrades the
performance and reduces the output of
all types of solar technology.
ADAPTATION OPTION
51
O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R
CHANGING
CLOUDINESS
Cover photovoltaic panels with a rough
surface so that they can use diffuse
light better Adjust the angle of fixed
mounting to improve the use of diffuse
light Install tracking systems to
optimize the angle for diffuse light
conditions

52. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Extreme hot temperatures cause
material damage to photovoltaic panels
and reduce power generation in
photovoltaic panels and CSP plants
ADAPTATION OPTION
52
O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R
HOT SPELLS
Install passive cooling (natural air flows)
for photovoltaic panels or apply active
cooling by forced air or liquid coolants

53. 53
CSP CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER
Concentrating solar power (CSP)
plants use mirrors to concentrate the
sun's energy to drive traditional
steam turbines or engines that create
electricity. The thermal energy
concentrated in a CSP plant can be
stored and used to produce electricity
when it is needed

54. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Extreme cold conditions reduce
output from solar heating owing to
heat loss in unglazed collectors
ADAPTATION OPTION
54
O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R
Install a heat exchanger and apply
antifreeze chemicals
EXTREME COLD
PERIODS

55. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
High winds can cause material damage
through wind load for all solar
technologies debris carried by wind can
impair collector surface areas
ADAPTATION OPTION
55
O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R
Reinforce mounting and supporting
structures fortify sensitive collector
surfaces
WINDSTORMS

56. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
High winds can cause material damage
through wind load for all solar
technologies debris carried by wind can
impair collector surface areas, Storms can
carry and deposit dust and sand on
collector surfaces and thus reduce power
output Higher humidity can make this
impact worse
ADAPTATION OPTION
56
O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R
Reinforce mounting and supporting
structures fortify sensitive collector
surfaces, install a tracking system to
rotate panels out of wind clean
collector surfaces apply elastomeric
coatings instead of glass, clean mirrors
after storm.
WIND & SAND
STORMS

57. IMPACTS OF CC & EWES ON AND ADAPTATION
VULNERABILITIES
Lightning can damage the inverter
in photovoltaic panels
ADAPTATION OPTION
57
O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R
Increase lightning protection of
the site and the panels
LIGHTNING

58. T H A N K
Y O U !• Mahboobullahdawlatzadah@
gmail.Com
• 00923090575354