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Climate change adaptation in energy sector
The document discusses climate change adaptation in the energy sector, covering impacts and adaptations for thermal power, nuclear power, and renewable energy technologies including hydropower, wind power, and solar power. It addresses various climate change effects such as rising temperatures, extreme weather, and precipitation changes, along with potential adaptation strategies to enhance resilience in energy generation. The focus is on modifying operational strategies and infrastructure to withstand climate challenges and maintain efficiency in energy production.
Climate change adaptation in energy sector
- 1. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN T H E E N E R G Y S E C T O R B Y : M A H B O O B U L L A H
- 2. WHAT IS ADAPTATION? any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment. 2 Rabbits having different color according to their environment is a form of adaptation
- 3. 3 CLIMATE CHANGE AD A P TAT I O N Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming, (IPCC) defines adaptation as: 'the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects
- 4. TOPICS THAT WILLBE COVERED Thermal power Nuclear power Renewable energy technologies • Hydro power • Wind power • Solar power 4
- 5. 5 THERMAL POWER A thermalpower station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power
- 6. IMPACTS OF GCC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION Open pit mining for uranium is subject to threats of flooding, open cast mining might be particularly affected by high precipitation extremes and related floods and erosion. GCC is expected to affect the transport of nuclear material only modestly 6 RESOURCE EXTRACTION AND TRANSPORT SEA LEVEL RISE Can take the same sort of precautions against flooding that any other heavy metal mining operation takes, and the transport adaptation is to be dealt with in transport sector VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION
- 7. IMPACTS OF EWESON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Hot periods worsen the impacts on average warmer conditions, less conversion and cooling efficiency, overheated buildings can lead to self- ignition of coal stockpiles ADAPTATION OPTION 7 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER INTENSE TEMPERATURE Locate new plants at cooler sites when possible Install air conditioning in Buildings Cool coal stockpiles by water spraying
- 8. IMPACTS OF EWESON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Accumulating ice can block water intake for cooling, Frozen pipes can break and submerge parts of the power plant Site. ADAPTATION OPTION 8 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER EXTREME COLD OR FROST Use warm cooling water to heat inlet area Insulate critical piping
- 9. IMPACTS OF EWESON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Extreme rainfall in a short time can submerge plant site and can lead to coal stockpile soakage (higher coal moisture reduces boiler efficiency by 1% per 10% increase in moisture content) Excessive snow can cause weak structures to subside. ADAPTATION OPTION 9 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER PRECIPITATION EXTREMES Change drainage design, Build proper water management facilities (dams, water pumps), Spray coal to create crusting surface or put plant or grass cover on top, Reinforce buildings and Structures and Prepare emergency plans for snow and ice removal.
- 10. IMPACTS OF EWESON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Low precipitation leads to reduced water availability and more competition for water less and warmer cooling water leads to potential reductions in output or even shutdown ADAPTATION OPTION 10 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER DROUGHT EXTREMES Consider alternative cooling options: Reuse wastewater and recover evaporated water in recirculating systems Consider dry cooling.
- 11. IMPACTS OF EWESON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Floods can inundate plant sites, damage buildings and equipment and lead to shutdown, as well as drown coal stockpiles, oil and gas storage tanks ADAPTATION OPTION 11 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER SEA STORM & FLOOD EXTREMES Flood protection by dams, embankments Flood control reservoirs, ponds or channels Drainage improvements Construction restrictions in flood prone areas Adjusting building codes and flood insurance
- 12. IMPACTS OF EWESON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION 12 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER WIND EXTREMES Wind generated missiles can damage buildings and backup generators high winds can knock out grid system interconnection Install tornado missile shields
- 13. IMPACTS OF EWESON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Lightning can pierce pipelines, damage storage tanks and cause short circuit electric components or connections ADAPTATION OPTION 13 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER LIGHTNING EXTREMES Consider alternative cooling options: • Reuse wastewater and recover evaporated water in recirculating systems • Consider dry cooling.
- 14. IMPACTS OF GCCON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Warmer ambient temperatures reduce the efficiency of thermal conversion everywhere the rate is 0.1–0.2% in the united states of America and 0.1–0.5% in Europe, where capacity loss can reach 1– 2% and it will reduce the availability of water for cooling. (3) ADAPTATION OPTION 14 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER HIGHER AVERAGE TEMPERATURE Select sites in cooler areas Use non-traditional water sources (1) Apply coal drying Use ice to cool air before entering the gas turbine (2)
- 15. IMPACTS OF GCCON AND ADAPTATION Airborne salty material from sea can cause corrosion and short circuit electrical equipment Dust and sand blown by wind may cause equipment malfunction 15 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER INCREASED WINDINESS NEAR COASTS AND DRY AREAS Enclose or cover sensitive equipment VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION
- 16. IMPACTS OF GCCON AND ADAPTATION Rising sea levels can result in sinking of coastal power plants and related infrastructure 16 OPTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER SEA LEVEL RISE Build new or raise existing dykes and sea walls relocate existing plants to, and build new plants at, safe sites VULNERABILITIES ADAPTATION OPTION
- 17. 17 NUCLEAR POWER A typeof power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity.
- 18. IMPACTS OF CCON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER Many impacts of gradual climate change and extreme weather events on nuclear power plants are similar to those on fossil fuel fired thermal power plants.These impacts were presented in detail in thermal power section. This section focuses mainly on impacts and vulnerabilities of special importance for nuclear plants. 18
- 19. VULNERABILITIES Decreasing thermal efficiency Decreasingcooling efficiency ADAPTATION OPTION HIGH MEAN TEMPERATURE Select sites in cooler local climates when possible Design different cooling systems 19 IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
- 20. VULNERABILITIES Less and warmercooling water, leading to potential reductions in output or even short term shutdown ADAPTATION OPTION LOWER MEAN PRECIPITATION Reuse wastewater, recover evaporated water in recirculating systems improve wet cooling; install dry cooling IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER 20
- 21. VULNERABILITIES Salt sprays fromsea leading to long term corrosion and short circuit of exposed electrical equipment; dust and sand carried by wind, leading to equipment malfunction ADAPTATION OPTION Weather seal critical equipment IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER 21 INCREASED WINDINESS NEAR COASTS AND DRY AREAS
- 22. VULNERABILITIES Flooding of lowlying coastal sites ADAPTATION OPTION Raise dykes and other protective embankments IMPACTS OF GCC ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER 22 SEA LEVEL RISE
- 23. VULNERABILITIES Heat can fosterthe rapid growth of biological material that can clog cooling water intake, leading to reduced generation or shutdown ADAPTATION OPTION 23 Increase maintenance of screens to ensure that biological matter does not clog water intake system IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER EXTREME HEAT
- 24. VULNERABILITIES Ice can clogwater cooling systems, leading to reduced generation or automatic shutdown ice can inhibit plant access freezing pipes can lead to internal flooding. ADAPTATION OPTION 24 Route heated water from cooling system to inlet area Insulate critical piping IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER EXTREME COLD
- 25. VULNERABILITIES Excessive rain orsnow can collapse unreinforced structures excessive rain or snow can inhibit plant access to critical personnel and supply deliveries ADAPTATION OPTION 25 Ensure that all buildings housing critical systems are reinforced develop emergency weather plans establish special procedures for removal of snow and ice IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER EXTREME PRECIPITATION
- 26. VULNERABILITIES Low water levelscan force plants to reduce generation output or shut down ADAPTATION OPTION 26 Implement alternative cooling options: reuse waste water recover evaporated water in recirculating systems switch to dry cooling systems IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER DROUGHT
- 27. VULNERABILITIES Wind generated missilescan damage buildings and backup generators high winds can knock out grid system interconnection ADAPTATION OPTION 27 Install tornado missile shields IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER HIGH WINDS
- 28. VULNERABILITIES Some coastal plantsare increasingly vulnerable to storm surges as sea level rises and storms become more intense, whereas other plants may be vulnerable to river floods, both of which can force an automatic shutdown but can also damage critical safety systems and grid system interconnections and threaten spent fuel storage ADAPTATION OPTION 28 Consider flood risks in site selection for new plants build earthworks to minimize risk of flooding upgrade flood resistant doors raise elevation of backup diesel generators IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER SEA LEVEL RISE & FLOODS
- 29. VULNERABILITIES Lightning can shortcircuit or create false signals in instrumentation lightning can short circuit onsite power connection and backup diesel connections and controls ADAPTATION OPTION 29 Ensure that circuits are insulated and grounded bury key circuits underground shield diesel generator controls IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER LIGHTNING
- 30. VULNERABILITIES Forest fires andwildfires can disrupt plant access to critical personnel, supply deliveries and emergency responders ADAPTATION OPTION 30 Develop emergency access and response plans in case of nearby forest fires and wildfires IMPACTS OF EWES ON AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER WILD FIRE
- 31. 0 5 10 15 20 25 1980-84 1985-89 1990-941995-99 2000-2004 2005-2009 0 0 0 0 6 14 21 0 0 8 0 00 0 0 0 4 0 20 16 9 8 0 7 16 8 6 6 0 0 12 0 3 3 3 3 Heat Flooding Corrosion Freezing Winds Lightning 31 OPERATING EXPERIENCE REPORTS BY CLIMATE FOR WEATHER EVENT BETWEEN 1980 AND 2009
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- 33. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Amplified by runoff conditions, the resulting change in water availability determines whether power output is reduced or increased. ADAPTATION OPTION 33 O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R CHANGE IN PRECIPITATION Increase storage capacity Adjust water release schedule to maximize generation
- 34. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Higher precipitation variability leads to greater fluctuations in inflows (water availability), which may modify seasonal and annual power output; higher peak flows can cause floods and output losses ADAPTATION OPTION 34 O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R Improve short term water flow ForecastsAdjust water management Strategies Build additional storage capacity Enhance turbine runner capacity VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION
- 35. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES The resulting floods can damage dam walls and turbines directly and indirectly by mobilizing debris in flooded areas upstream floods lead to output losses due to releasing water through bypass channels ADAPTATION OPTION 35 O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R Increase storage capacity and enhance defense structures for dams and turbines adjust water management to retain surplus storage for excess water organize debris removal EXTREME HIGH PRECIPITATION EVENTS
- 36. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Both events reduce the amount of water stored ADAPTATION OPTION 36 O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R Increase storage capacity, if possible, to retain more water from high flow yields LOW PRECIPITATION/ HIGH TEMPERATURE
- 37. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Ice can damage dam walls and block turbine inlets ADAPTATION OPTION 37 O P T I O N S F O R H Y D R O P O W E R Adopt operational strategies to reduce flow and manage ice cover formation EXTREME COLD CONDITIONS
- 38.
- 39. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Windiness determines wind power potential, so any change may modify wind resources ADAPTATION OPTION 39 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R CHANGE IN WINDINESS (WIND POWER DENSITY) Enhance resource assessment and site selection according to changing conditions
- 40. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Variability determines the timing of power availability ADAPTATION OPTION 40 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R SEASONAL VARIABILITY Consider irregularity in energy system planning build and maintain reserve capacities.
- 41. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES These changes affect the frequency of icing, which causes operation problems and can reduce power output ADAPTATION OPTION 41 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION, THERMAL REGIME AND NEAR SURFACE HUMIDITY Account for icing in blade design install blade heating
- 42. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Lower air density reduces power generation ADAPTATION OPTION 42 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R LOWER AIR DENSITY DUE TO HIGHER AIR TEMPERATURE No adaptation option.
- 43. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Dry air and wind cause dust deposition on blades, which reduces power output ADAPTATION OPTION 43 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R DRYER AIR, CAUSING MORE WIND BLOWN DUST Modify turbine design and blade coatings increase the frequency of blade cleaning and maintenance
- 44. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Loads from wind, sea currents, waves and sea ice can cause structural damage to offshore foundations and towers, leading to failures ADAPTATION OPTION 44 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R CHANGES IN WAVE ACTIVITY AND WIND–WAVE COUPLING Adjust design specifications and construction schemes according to projected wave and wind conditions
- 45. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Formation of sea ice increases the load on offshore turbine foundations ADAPTATION OPTION 45 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R CHANGES IN SEA ICE Reinforce support structure Use robust construction material
- 46. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Wind extremes increase structural load and threaten the structural integrity of wind turbines, and can cause fatigue and damage to turbine components, leading to reduced output ADAPTATION OPTION 46 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R WIND SPEED EXTREMES Improve turbine design and apply reinforced structures to withstand extreme wind conditions install light detection and ranging based technologies to increase protection
- 47. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Temperature extremes can modify the physical properties (expansion and contraction) of materials and fluid ADAPTATION OPTION 47 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R EXTREME LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURES Consider extreme temperature ranges in turbine material and lubricant (Grease) selection
- 48. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Lightning can damage blades and mechanical and electrical components ADAPTATION OPTION 48 O P T I O N S F O R W I N D P O W E R CHANGING LIGHTNING FREQUENCY Apply enhanced lightning protection and grounding
- 49.
- 50. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Average warmer temperatures improve the efficiency of solar heating (especially in colder regions) but reduce the conversion performance, Thermal and cooling efficiency declines and Exposure to heat over the long term causes faster material ageing ADAPTATION OPTION 50 O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R HIGHER MEAN TEMPERATURES Depending on the ratio of value of lost electricity and the costs of alternative cooling options, install cooling facilities to reduce efficiency losses
- 51. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Increasing cloud cover degrades the performance and reduces the output of all types of solar technology. ADAPTATION OPTION 51 O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R CHANGING CLOUDINESS Cover photovoltaic panels with a rough surface so that they can use diffuse light better Adjust the angle of fixed mounting to improve the use of diffuse light Install tracking systems to optimize the angle for diffuse light conditions
- 52. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Extreme hot temperatures cause material damage to photovoltaic panels and reduce power generation in photovoltaic panels and CSP plants ADAPTATION OPTION 52 O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R HOT SPELLS Install passive cooling (natural air flows) for photovoltaic panels or apply active cooling by forced air or liquid coolants
- 53. 53 CSP CONCENTRATING SOLARPOWER Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants use mirrors to concentrate the sun's energy to drive traditional steam turbines or engines that create electricity. The thermal energy concentrated in a CSP plant can be stored and used to produce electricity when it is needed
- 54. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Extreme cold conditions reduce output from solar heating owing to heat loss in unglazed collectors ADAPTATION OPTION 54 O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R Install a heat exchanger and apply antifreeze chemicals EXTREME COLD PERIODS
- 55. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES High winds can cause material damage through wind load for all solar technologies debris carried by wind can impair collector surface areas ADAPTATION OPTION 55 O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R Reinforce mounting and supporting structures fortify sensitive collector surfaces WINDSTORMS
- 56. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES High winds can cause material damage through wind load for all solar technologies debris carried by wind can impair collector surface areas, Storms can carry and deposit dust and sand on collector surfaces and thus reduce power output Higher humidity can make this impact worse ADAPTATION OPTION 56 O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R Reinforce mounting and supporting structures fortify sensitive collector surfaces, install a tracking system to rotate panels out of wind clean collector surfaces apply elastomeric coatings instead of glass, clean mirrors after storm. WIND & SAND STORMS
- 57. IMPACTS OF CC& EWES ON AND ADAPTATION VULNERABILITIES Lightning can damage the inverter in photovoltaic panels ADAPTATION OPTION 57 O P T I O N S F O R S O L A R P O W E R Increase lightning protection of the site and the panels LIGHTNING
- 58. T H AN K Y O U !• Mahboobullahdawlatzadah@ gmail.Com • 00923090575354
Editor's Notes
- #7 The thawing of permafrost will severely affect oil and gas facilities by destabilizing their foundations, thereby breaking pillars and pipes. Access to extraction sites will be more difficult, and maintenance and repair more expensive. Higher mean temperatures will change the conditions for transporting resources from cold regions. For example, ship transport in some northern routes might be open to operate for longer time periods Sea level rise in coastal regions and melting permafrost in cold regions might also affect pipelines. For example, pipelines running through current permafrost regions will become vulnerable as their supporting structures destabilize
- #15 1(e.g. from oil and gas fields, coal mines and treatment or treated sewage), Reuse process water from flue gases (can cover 25–37% of cooling needs) 2 (increases efficiency and output; melted ice can be used in cooling tower) 3 causing less power generation and an annual average load reduction of 0.1–5.6%, depending on the climate change scenario
- #19 Nuclear power plants are built to withstand EWEs on the basis of past experience, However, as climate changes, past events are becoming an increasingly inappropriate basis for the prediction of the severity of future events. Existing nuclear power plants may become vulnerable to EWEs Generally speaking, many acute safety threats from EWEs can be minimized by shutting down nuclear reactors until an event has passed,