1. Global Warming
and
Climate Change

2. CLIMATE
CHANGE

3. Difference between climate and
weather
Climate:
 Average weather over a
long period
 Influenced by slow
changes in the ocean,
the land, the orbit of the
Earth about the sun, and
the energy output of the
sun
 Fundamentally
controlled by the
balance of energy of the
Earth and its
atmosphere
Weather:
 Daily conditions,
including temperature
and rainfall
 Can change very
rapidly from day to day,
and from year to year.
 Changes involve shifts
in temperatures,
precipitation, winds, and
clouds.

4. Difference between global
warming and climate change
"Global warming" - "Climate change" - longgradual increase of
term changes in climate,
including average
the Earth's average
temperature and
surface
precipitation, as well as
temperature, due to
changes in the seasonal
a build-up of
or geographic variability
greenhouse gases
of temperature and
in the atmosphere.
precipitation.

5. How Climate Change Came About
INDUSTRIALIZATION
- burning of ever
greater quantities of
oil, gasoline, coal,
cutting of forests and
the practice of certain
farming methods
old habits +
+ new technology
______________
DRAMATICALLY ALTERED
CONSEQUENCES
expected increase of
another 1.4 - 5.8 degrees
Celsius by the year 2100

6. After Effects of Industrialization
Greater amounts of
greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere
Records show:
1990 - warmest
decade of the
millennium
1998 - warmest year
2005 - 2nd warmest
year
Is
that
bad?
Greenhouse gases
make life on earth
possible - but in
moderation
Augmented and increasing
quantities push the global
temperature to artificially
high levels alerting the
climate

7. TROPOPAUSE

8. Human Sources of Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – Most prevalent GHG
Methane (CH4) – Second most common, 21x CO2 GWP
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) – 310x CO2 GWP
HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 = range 600 – 23900x CO2 GWP
energy
agriculture
forestry
industry
waste

9. Sectors Affected by Climate Change
Coastal Areas:
Erosion and flooding
Inundation
Change in wetlands
Agriculture:
Changes in crop yields
Irrigation demands,
Productivity
Water Resources:
Changes in water
supply
and water quality
Competition/Transborder Issues
Forests:
Change in Ecologies,
Geographic range of
species, and
Health and productivity
Human Health:
Weather related mortality
Infectious disease
Air quality - respiratory
illness
Industry and Energy:
Changes in Energy
demand
Product demand &
Supply

10. 3D modeling and visualization tools are used for
vulnerability assessment, exact location and
quantification of areas which are susceptible to floods
due to rise in sea level.
Study area: Northern part of Navotas, Metro Manila

11. Philippine Rice Production
Arrows indicate El Niño events
(source: Food and Agricultural Organization)

12. Dry seasons
becoming
drier
Wet seasons
becoming
wetter

13. ENSO and associated extreme weather
events
El Niños have been more frequent, persistent and intense
since the mid-1970’s;
Some land areas have been experiencing severe droughts/
severe wetness due to inter-decadal / multi-decadal climate
variability.
Some increases in total rainfall and number of rainy days
(Visayas)
Some increases in frequency
and intensity of extreme 24hour rain events.
Source: PAGASA

14. Tropical cyclones
An increase in tropical cyclone occurrences
inside the Philippine Area of Responsibility
(PAR)
There are seasonal preferred tracks of tropical
cyclones crossing the country both during El
Nino and La Nina events.
Source: PAGASA

15. Changes in temperature ranges
Land temperatures
• 0.2 ºC /decade increase in daily
nighttime temperatures
• 0.1 ºC/decade increase in daily
daytime temperatures

16. Scientists Sound the Alarm
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
conducted First Assessment in 1990 reflecting views of 400
scientists saying that global warming is real and happening
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Stabilize greenhouse gas emissions “at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic (human-induced) interference with the
climate system”
Kyoto Protocol
Defines Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction targets for Developed
countries
Introduced three flexibility mechanisms to comply

17. Division of Parties by Annex
Annex II
Annex I
Australia /Austria / Belgium /
Canada / Denmark / EC /
Finland / France / Germany /
Greece / Iceland / Ireland /
Italy / Japan / Luxembourg /
Netherlands / New Zealand /
Norway / Portugal / Spain /
Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey
/ United Kingdom / USA
Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia /
Czech Republic / Estonia /
Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein
/ Lithuania / Monaco / Poland /
Romania / Russian Federation /
Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine
Non-Annex I Countries = All the Rest of Ratifying
Countries

18. Measures to Address the Problem
MITIGATION MEASURES
- delay, if not totally avoid,
the problem
ADAPTATION MEASURES
- adjust to the ongoing
situation
Reduce emissions
- alternative energy
sources (renewables)
Changing lifestyle
and rules
- energy efficiency and
energy conservation
Expanding forests
- forests as sinks
- change agricultural
methods
Coping
- through policies, mass
transit, and preference
for environment-friendly
technology

19. Reduce emissions
buy energy efficient appliances and
light bulbs
CFLs illuminate more at half the energy
consumed by incandescent bulbs
adjust thermostat to reduce energy for
cooling

20. Conserve energy
Turn off aircon, fans and lights when
not in use
Walk ...
Ride a bike ...
Take the MRT

21. Support environment-friendly
legislations
Participate in your local
government’s efforts to minimize, if
not totally avoid, waste
Reduce ...
Re-use ...
Recycle

22. Plant trees
Trees absorb carbon ...
Hold on to the soil ...
Break up strong winds and
typhoons ...
Help maintain biodiversity and
ecosystems

24. “The era of procrastination, of half-measures,
of soothing and baffling expedients, of delays,
is coming to its close ...
In its place, we are entering a period of
consequences.
- Sir Winston Churchill
November 12, 1936