This document summarizes key uncertainties and context around Pacific lamprey biology. It identifies several areas of critical uncertainty, including lamprey biology, population structure, habitat use and requirements, ecology, monitoring methods, and conservation and management approaches. The document also notes that while there are many uncertainties, lampreys provide an opportunity to explore scientific questions at multiple scales, from basic biology to population trends to integrating mechanisms with patterns. Overall, the document outlines open questions and a need for further lamprey research and monitoring to address uncertainties.