Ant-colony and nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA systems: a reviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The increasing computational complexity in scheduling the large number of users for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system and future cellular networks lead to the need for scheduling models with relatively lower computational complexity such as heuristic models. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a concise study on ant-colony optimization (ACO) methods and potential nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA implementation in future high-speed networks. The issues, challenges and future work of ACO and other related heuristic models in NOMA are concisely reviewed. The throughput result of the proposed ACO method is observed to be close to the maximum theoretical value and stands 44% higher than that of the existing method. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of ACO implementation for NOMA user scheduling and grouping.
Last mile mobile hybrid optical wireless access network routing enhancementjournalBEEI
This study focuses on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that support Internet routing protocol imposing stringent resource consumption constraints of Quality of service (QoS). The mobile Internet causes the ongoing issue of inefficient use of the MANET resources due to its random nature of wireless environments. In this paper, the new improved architecture of the last mile mobile hybrid optical-wireless access network (adLMMHOWAN) is proposed and designed to tackle the arised issues. The proposed design is based on a unified wireless-wired network solution required the deployment of MANET-based wireless fidelity (WiFi) technology at the wireless front-end and wavelengths division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM PON) at the optical backhaul. The critical performance metrics such as network capacity and energy consumption based on modified AODVUU routing protocol using OMNeT++ software is analyzed with 2 scenarios, namely the number of nodes and mobility speed. This mode of communication results in better QoS network capacity of 47.07% improvement, with 26.85% reduction of lower energy resource consumption for mobile wireless front-end over passive optical network backhaul architecture when compared with the existing work of oRiq scheme that focus on improvement in MANETs.
Recent many works have concentrated on
dynamically turning on/off some base stations (BSs) in order to
improve energy efficiency in radio access networks (RANs). In
this survey, we broaden the research over BS switching
operations, which should competition up with traffic load
variations. The proposed method formulate the traffic variations
as a Markov decision process which should differ from dynamic
traffic loads which are still quite challenging to precisely forecast.
A reinforcement learning framework based BS switching
operation scheme was designed in order to minimize the energy
consumption of RANs. Furthermore a transfer actor-critic
algorithm (TACT) is used to speed up the ongoing learning
process, which utilizes the transferred learning expertise in
historical periods or neighboring regions. The proposed TACT
algorithm performs jumpstart and validates the feasibility of
significant energy efficiency increment.
Ant-colony and nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA systems: a reviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The increasing computational complexity in scheduling the large number of users for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system and future cellular networks lead to the need for scheduling models with relatively lower computational complexity such as heuristic models. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a concise study on ant-colony optimization (ACO) methods and potential nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA implementation in future high-speed networks. The issues, challenges and future work of ACO and other related heuristic models in NOMA are concisely reviewed. The throughput result of the proposed ACO method is observed to be close to the maximum theoretical value and stands 44% higher than that of the existing method. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of ACO implementation for NOMA user scheduling and grouping.
Last mile mobile hybrid optical wireless access network routing enhancementjournalBEEI
This study focuses on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that support Internet routing protocol imposing stringent resource consumption constraints of Quality of service (QoS). The mobile Internet causes the ongoing issue of inefficient use of the MANET resources due to its random nature of wireless environments. In this paper, the new improved architecture of the last mile mobile hybrid optical-wireless access network (adLMMHOWAN) is proposed and designed to tackle the arised issues. The proposed design is based on a unified wireless-wired network solution required the deployment of MANET-based wireless fidelity (WiFi) technology at the wireless front-end and wavelengths division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM PON) at the optical backhaul. The critical performance metrics such as network capacity and energy consumption based on modified AODVUU routing protocol using OMNeT++ software is analyzed with 2 scenarios, namely the number of nodes and mobility speed. This mode of communication results in better QoS network capacity of 47.07% improvement, with 26.85% reduction of lower energy resource consumption for mobile wireless front-end over passive optical network backhaul architecture when compared with the existing work of oRiq scheme that focus on improvement in MANETs.
Recent many works have concentrated on
dynamically turning on/off some base stations (BSs) in order to
improve energy efficiency in radio access networks (RANs). In
this survey, we broaden the research over BS switching
operations, which should competition up with traffic load
variations. The proposed method formulate the traffic variations
as a Markov decision process which should differ from dynamic
traffic loads which are still quite challenging to precisely forecast.
A reinforcement learning framework based BS switching
operation scheme was designed in order to minimize the energy
consumption of RANs. Furthermore a transfer actor-critic
algorithm (TACT) is used to speed up the ongoing learning
process, which utilizes the transferred learning expertise in
historical periods or neighboring regions. The proposed TACT
algorithm performs jumpstart and validates the feasibility of
significant energy efficiency increment.
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...LogicMindtech Nologies
NS2 Projects for M. Tech, NS2 Projects in Vijayanagar, NS2 Projects in Bangalore, M. Tech Projects in Vijayanagar, M. Tech Projects in Bangalore, NS2 IEEE projects in Bangalore, IEEE 2015 NS2 Projects, WSN and MANET Projects, WSN and MANET Projects in Bangalore, WSN and MANET Projects in Vijayangar
Topology Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ScenarioIJERA Editor
Cooperative communication is the main accessing point in present days. These results can be accessed through proactive protocol like route request packet sending and route request packet receiving. The main issue is how communication will be done in MANETS. Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configurable networks; each node behaves like server and client in MANET. COCO (Capacity Optimized Cooperative Communication) model was developed for accessing these types of resources in MANETs. This model can’t provide sufficient communication or overall network performance. This model provides sufficient capability improvement in mobile ad-hoc networks, but this model will be taking more power resources for doing this work. exploitation simulation examples, we have a tendency to show that physical layer cooperative communications have important impacts on the performance of topology control and network capability, and also the proposed topology management scheme will considerably improve the network capability in MANETs with cooperative communications
P LACEMENT O F E NERGY A WARE W IRELESS M ESH N ODES F OR E-L EARNING...IJCI JOURNAL
Energy efficiency solutions are more vital for Gree
n Mesh Network (GMN) campuses. Today students are
benefited using these e-learning methodologies. Ren
ewable energies such as solar, wind, hydro has
tremendous applications on energy efficient wireles
s networks for sustaining the ever growing traffic
demands. One of the major issues in designing a GMN
is minimizing the number of deployed mesh routers
and gateways and satisfying the sustainable QOS bas
ed energy constraints. During low traffic periods t
he
mesh routers are switched to power save or sleep mo
de. In this paper we have mathematically formulated
a
single objective function with multi constraints to
optimize the energy. The objective is to place min
imum
number of Mesh routers and gateways in a set of can
didate location. The mesh nodes are powered using
the solar energy to meet the traffic demands. Two g
lobal optimisation algorithms are compared in this
paper to optimize the energy sustainability, to gua
rantee seamless connectivity
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...IISTech2015
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
Contact: IIS TECHNOLOGIES
ph:9952077540,landline:044 42637391
mail:info@iistechnologies.in
Thus the article offers the model represented by algebraic equations and inequalities for routing and
policing traffic in infocommunication network. The novelty of the model is as follows: multiflow nature of
modern ICN is taken into account (1), i.е. a set of flows circling between different pairs of network routers are
considered simultaneously; coherent formalization of processes of traffic routing and policing within the model
that has lower dimensionality in comparison to known earlier is provided; the choice of optimality criterion, use
of which allows to implement multipath routing with consequent inclusion of paths as well as to organize
limitation of flow intensity on all the used routs simultaneously depending on their characteristics and flow
priority. According to the results of the analysis conducted we offer recommendations for choosing relation in
numerical values of routing metrics and service denial regarding the provision of the given values for the main
QoS characteristics, e.g. average packet delay. The model can be used as a basis for perspective protocol
decisions aimed at coherence of solutions for the tasks of traffic routing and policing. Further development of
the given model is possible under full account of stochastic characteristics of packet flows circling in the
network.
In this paper, an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks is proposed.It is possible to expand the network capacity and coverage in a dynamic fashion by applying heterogeneous wireless network architecture. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation of this type of network architecture is very challenging due to the presence of different communication technologies. Different communication technologies have different characteristics and the applications that utilize them have unique QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance measurement parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration based on the performance of applications running on them. Using such applicationbased QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. Through simulation studies, we show that the application performance based assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Bit Error Rate Analysis in Multicast Multiple Input Multiple Output Systemsrahulmonikasharma
At the present time whole information and communication technology industry contributes to the global carbon emission. With the aim of reducing the carbon footprint and the operating cost of wireless networks, overall energy reduction is required in the region of two to three orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, significant increase of the network spectrum efficiency is needed to cope with the exponentially increasing traffic loads. Due to this factors spatial modulation (SM) has recently established itself as promising transmission concept which belongs to single-radio frequency large scale multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless system. Spatial modulation MIMO takes advantage of whole antenna array at the transmitter, while using limited number of radio frequency chains. The multiple input multiple output multiplies capacity by transmitting different signals over multiple antennas and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which divides a radio channel into many closely spaced sub channels to provide more reliable communication at high speeds. The system calculate the bit error rate (BER) for multicast multiple input multiple output system with the spatial modulation (SM) and study the effect of signal to noise ratio on bit error rate. MATLAB software is use to simulate system. The simulation results show that bit error rate decreases as signal to noise ratio increases. System reaches zero bit error rate for the value of signal to noise ratio greater than 18dB. System has provided less bit error rate for large signal to noise ratio which improves system performance.
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), ad hoc networks are WSNs without any
prepositioning for the sensor nodes. In modern networks, a WSN is widely distributed to
monitor physical or environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, sound).
Exceedingly large amounts of nodes as well as comparatively high node density, lead to
scalability of the protocols used in WSNs. However, within a large-scale WSN, the routing
process becomes challenging since nodes in this type of network have extremely limited
resources for packet storage and routing table updates.
This paper contributes towards evaluating the performance of the Optimized Cross-Layers
Protocol (OXLP) developed by the authors, focusing on its scalability. The OXLP protocol
improves energy consumption over well-known protocols in the same field. Also, both the
packet delivery ratio and packet delay reached a good level compared to other cross-layer based
protocols.
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...ieeeprojectschennai
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks
+91-9994232214,8144199666, ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com,
www.projectsieee.com, www.ieee-projects-chennai.com
IEEE PROJECTS 2015-2016
-----------------------------------
Contact:+91-9994232214,+91-8144199666
Email:ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com
Support:
-------------
Projects Code
Documentation
PPT
Projects Video File
Projects Explanation
Teamviewer Support
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
A Novel Routing Strategy Towards Achieving Ultra-Low End-to-End Latency in 6G...IJCNCJournal
Compared to 5G, 6G networks will demand even more ambitious reduction in endto-end latency for packet communication. Recent attempts at breaking the barrier of end-to-end millisecond latencies have focused on re-engineering networks using a hybrid approach consisting of an optical-fiber based backbone network architecture coupled with high-speed wireless networks to connect end-devices to the backbone network. In our approach, a wide area network (WAN) is considered with a high-speed optical fiber grid network as its backbone. After messages from a source node enter the backbone network through a local wireless network, these are delivered very fast to an access point in the backbone network closest to the destination node, followed by its transfer to the local wireless network for delivery to the destination node. We propose a novel routing strategy which is based on distributing the messages in the network in such a way that the average queuing delay of the messages through the backbone network is minimized, and also the route discovery time at each router in the backbone network is drastically reduced. Also, multiple messages destined towards a particular destination router in the backbone network are packed together to form a mailbag, allowing further reductions in processing overheads at intermediate routers and pipelining of mailbag formation and route discovery operations in each router. The performance of the proposed approach green based on these ideas has been theoretically analyzed and then simulated using the ns-3 simulator. Our results show that the average end-to-end latency is less than 380 µs (with only 46-79 µs within the backbone network under varying traffic conditions) for a 1 KB packet size, when using a 500 Gbps optical fiber based backbone network laid over a 15 Km × 15 Km area, a 50 Mbps uplink channel from the source to the backbone network, and a 1 Gbps downlink channel from the backbone network to the destination. The significant reduction in end-to-end latency as compared to existing routing solutions clearly demonstrates the potential of our proposed routing strategy for meeting the ultra-low latency requirements of current 5G and future 6G networks, particularly for mobile edge computing (MEC) application scenarios.
PERFORMANCE OF OLSR MANET ADOPTING CROSS-LAYER APPROACH UNDER CBR AND VBR TRA...IJCNCJournal
The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET.
The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS
guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated
by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is
obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.
SERENE 2014 Workshop: Paper "Advanced Modelling, Simulation and Verification ...SERENEWorkshop
SERENE 2014 - 6th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Resilient Systems
http://serene.disim.univaq.it/
Session 3: Verification and Validation
Paper 3: Advanced Modelling, Simulation and Verification for Future Traffic Regulation Optimisation
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...LogicMindtech Nologies
NS2 Projects for M. Tech, NS2 Projects in Vijayanagar, NS2 Projects in Bangalore, M. Tech Projects in Vijayanagar, M. Tech Projects in Bangalore, NS2 IEEE projects in Bangalore, IEEE 2015 NS2 Projects, WSN and MANET Projects, WSN and MANET Projects in Bangalore, WSN and MANET Projects in Vijayangar
Topology Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ScenarioIJERA Editor
Cooperative communication is the main accessing point in present days. These results can be accessed through proactive protocol like route request packet sending and route request packet receiving. The main issue is how communication will be done in MANETS. Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configurable networks; each node behaves like server and client in MANET. COCO (Capacity Optimized Cooperative Communication) model was developed for accessing these types of resources in MANETs. This model can’t provide sufficient communication or overall network performance. This model provides sufficient capability improvement in mobile ad-hoc networks, but this model will be taking more power resources for doing this work. exploitation simulation examples, we have a tendency to show that physical layer cooperative communications have important impacts on the performance of topology control and network capability, and also the proposed topology management scheme will considerably improve the network capability in MANETs with cooperative communications
P LACEMENT O F E NERGY A WARE W IRELESS M ESH N ODES F OR E-L EARNING...IJCI JOURNAL
Energy efficiency solutions are more vital for Gree
n Mesh Network (GMN) campuses. Today students are
benefited using these e-learning methodologies. Ren
ewable energies such as solar, wind, hydro has
tremendous applications on energy efficient wireles
s networks for sustaining the ever growing traffic
demands. One of the major issues in designing a GMN
is minimizing the number of deployed mesh routers
and gateways and satisfying the sustainable QOS bas
ed energy constraints. During low traffic periods t
he
mesh routers are switched to power save or sleep mo
de. In this paper we have mathematically formulated
a
single objective function with multi constraints to
optimize the energy. The objective is to place min
imum
number of Mesh routers and gateways in a set of can
didate location. The mesh nodes are powered using
the solar energy to meet the traffic demands. Two g
lobal optimisation algorithms are compared in this
paper to optimize the energy sustainability, to gua
rantee seamless connectivity
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...IISTech2015
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
Contact: IIS TECHNOLOGIES
ph:9952077540,landline:044 42637391
mail:info@iistechnologies.in
Thus the article offers the model represented by algebraic equations and inequalities for routing and
policing traffic in infocommunication network. The novelty of the model is as follows: multiflow nature of
modern ICN is taken into account (1), i.е. a set of flows circling between different pairs of network routers are
considered simultaneously; coherent formalization of processes of traffic routing and policing within the model
that has lower dimensionality in comparison to known earlier is provided; the choice of optimality criterion, use
of which allows to implement multipath routing with consequent inclusion of paths as well as to organize
limitation of flow intensity on all the used routs simultaneously depending on their characteristics and flow
priority. According to the results of the analysis conducted we offer recommendations for choosing relation in
numerical values of routing metrics and service denial regarding the provision of the given values for the main
QoS characteristics, e.g. average packet delay. The model can be used as a basis for perspective protocol
decisions aimed at coherence of solutions for the tasks of traffic routing and policing. Further development of
the given model is possible under full account of stochastic characteristics of packet flows circling in the
network.
In this paper, an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks is proposed.It is possible to expand the network capacity and coverage in a dynamic fashion by applying heterogeneous wireless network architecture. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation of this type of network architecture is very challenging due to the presence of different communication technologies. Different communication technologies have different characteristics and the applications that utilize them have unique QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance measurement parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration based on the performance of applications running on them. Using such applicationbased QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. Through simulation studies, we show that the application performance based assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Bit Error Rate Analysis in Multicast Multiple Input Multiple Output Systemsrahulmonikasharma
At the present time whole information and communication technology industry contributes to the global carbon emission. With the aim of reducing the carbon footprint and the operating cost of wireless networks, overall energy reduction is required in the region of two to three orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, significant increase of the network spectrum efficiency is needed to cope with the exponentially increasing traffic loads. Due to this factors spatial modulation (SM) has recently established itself as promising transmission concept which belongs to single-radio frequency large scale multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless system. Spatial modulation MIMO takes advantage of whole antenna array at the transmitter, while using limited number of radio frequency chains. The multiple input multiple output multiplies capacity by transmitting different signals over multiple antennas and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which divides a radio channel into many closely spaced sub channels to provide more reliable communication at high speeds. The system calculate the bit error rate (BER) for multicast multiple input multiple output system with the spatial modulation (SM) and study the effect of signal to noise ratio on bit error rate. MATLAB software is use to simulate system. The simulation results show that bit error rate decreases as signal to noise ratio increases. System reaches zero bit error rate for the value of signal to noise ratio greater than 18dB. System has provided less bit error rate for large signal to noise ratio which improves system performance.
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), ad hoc networks are WSNs without any
prepositioning for the sensor nodes. In modern networks, a WSN is widely distributed to
monitor physical or environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, sound).
Exceedingly large amounts of nodes as well as comparatively high node density, lead to
scalability of the protocols used in WSNs. However, within a large-scale WSN, the routing
process becomes challenging since nodes in this type of network have extremely limited
resources for packet storage and routing table updates.
This paper contributes towards evaluating the performance of the Optimized Cross-Layers
Protocol (OXLP) developed by the authors, focusing on its scalability. The OXLP protocol
improves energy consumption over well-known protocols in the same field. Also, both the
packet delivery ratio and packet delay reached a good level compared to other cross-layer based
protocols.
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...ieeeprojectschennai
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks
+91-9994232214,8144199666, ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com,
www.projectsieee.com, www.ieee-projects-chennai.com
IEEE PROJECTS 2015-2016
-----------------------------------
Contact:+91-9994232214,+91-8144199666
Email:ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com
Support:
-------------
Projects Code
Documentation
PPT
Projects Video File
Projects Explanation
Teamviewer Support
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
A Novel Routing Strategy Towards Achieving Ultra-Low End-to-End Latency in 6G...IJCNCJournal
Compared to 5G, 6G networks will demand even more ambitious reduction in endto-end latency for packet communication. Recent attempts at breaking the barrier of end-to-end millisecond latencies have focused on re-engineering networks using a hybrid approach consisting of an optical-fiber based backbone network architecture coupled with high-speed wireless networks to connect end-devices to the backbone network. In our approach, a wide area network (WAN) is considered with a high-speed optical fiber grid network as its backbone. After messages from a source node enter the backbone network through a local wireless network, these are delivered very fast to an access point in the backbone network closest to the destination node, followed by its transfer to the local wireless network for delivery to the destination node. We propose a novel routing strategy which is based on distributing the messages in the network in such a way that the average queuing delay of the messages through the backbone network is minimized, and also the route discovery time at each router in the backbone network is drastically reduced. Also, multiple messages destined towards a particular destination router in the backbone network are packed together to form a mailbag, allowing further reductions in processing overheads at intermediate routers and pipelining of mailbag formation and route discovery operations in each router. The performance of the proposed approach green based on these ideas has been theoretically analyzed and then simulated using the ns-3 simulator. Our results show that the average end-to-end latency is less than 380 µs (with only 46-79 µs within the backbone network under varying traffic conditions) for a 1 KB packet size, when using a 500 Gbps optical fiber based backbone network laid over a 15 Km × 15 Km area, a 50 Mbps uplink channel from the source to the backbone network, and a 1 Gbps downlink channel from the backbone network to the destination. The significant reduction in end-to-end latency as compared to existing routing solutions clearly demonstrates the potential of our proposed routing strategy for meeting the ultra-low latency requirements of current 5G and future 6G networks, particularly for mobile edge computing (MEC) application scenarios.
PERFORMANCE OF OLSR MANET ADOPTING CROSS-LAYER APPROACH UNDER CBR AND VBR TRA...IJCNCJournal
The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET.
The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS
guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated
by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is
obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.
SERENE 2014 Workshop: Paper "Advanced Modelling, Simulation and Verification ...SERENEWorkshop
SERENE 2014 - 6th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Resilient Systems
http://serene.disim.univaq.it/
Session 3: Verification and Validation
Paper 3: Advanced Modelling, Simulation and Verification for Future Traffic Regulation Optimisation
Overview of the FlexPlan project. Focus on EU regulatory analysis and TSO-DSO...Leonardo ENERGY
Webinar recording at https://youtu.be/4s2GGlu-ylc
The FlexPlan project (https://flexplan-project.eu/) aims at establishing a new grid planning methodology making use of storage and flexible loads as an alternative to the build-up of new grid elements. After introducing the project, the webinar will focus on pan-European grid planning regulation and present practices of TSOs and DSOs.
Show and Tell - Data and Digitalisation, Digital Twins.pdfSIFOfgem
This is the third in a series of 'Show and Tell' webinars from the Ofgem Strategic Innovation Fund Discovery phase, covering the Digital Twin projects.
As the move towards a net zero energy system accelerates, network customers and consumers will require simplified and accessible digital products, processes and services that can improve their user experience. Data and digital initiatives are already beginning to show the potential to improve the efficiency of energy networks whilst making it easier for third parties to interact with and innovate for the energy system. Digitalisation of energy network activities will contribute to better coordination, planning and network optimisation.
You will hear from SIF projects which are investigating new digital products and services such as digital twins.
The Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF) is an Ofgem programme managed in partnership with Innovate UK, part of UKRI. The SIF aims to fund network innovation that will contribute to achieving Net Zero rapidly and at lowest cost to consumers, and help transform the UK into the ‘Silicon Valley’ of energy, making it the best place for high-potential businesses to grow and scale in the energy market.
For more information on the SIF visit: www.ofgem.gov.uk/sif
Or sign-up for our newsletter here: https://ukri.innovateuk.org/ofgem-sif-subscription-sign-up
An automated dynamic offset for network selection in heterogeneous networksmuhammed jassim k
SOFTRONIICS.The best project centre in calicut.providing project guidance and assistance to mca,msc,bca,bsc.mtech,btech..etc.and also providing course and internship in java,python,php,dotnet,embedded,android..etc
MD MANIKANDAN-9037291113,04954021113
softroniics@gmail.com
Talhunt is a leader in assisting and executing IEEE Engineering projects to Engineering students - run by young and dynamic IT entrepreneurs. Our primary motto is to help Engineering graduates in IT and Computer science department to implement their final year project with first-class technical and academic assistance.
Project assistance is provided by 15+ years experienced IT Professionals. Over 100+ IEEE 2015 and 200+ yester year IEEE project titles are available with us. Projects are based on Software Development Life-Cycle (SDLC) model.
Talhunt is a leader in assisting and executing IEEE Engineering projects to Engineering students - run by young and dynamic IT entrepreneurs. Our primary motto is to help Engineering graduates in IT and Computer science department to implement their final year project with first-class technical and academic assistance.
Project assistance is provided by 15+ years experienced IT Professionals. Over 100+ IEEE 2015 and 200+ yester year IEEE project titles are available with us. Projects are based on Software Development Life-Cycle (SDLC) model.
AN OPEN JACKSON NETWORK MODEL FOR HETEROGENEOUS INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE O...IJCNCJournal
Cloud computing is an environment which provides services for user demand such as software, platform, infrastructure. Applications which are deployed on cloud computing have become more varied and complex to adapt to increase end-user quantity and fluctuating workload. One popular characteristic of
cloud computing is the heterogeneity of network, hosts and virtual machines (VM). There were many studies on cloud computing modeling based on queuing theory, but most studies have focused on homogeneity characteristic. In this study, we propose a cloud computing model based on open Jackson
network for multi-tier application systems which are deployed on heterogeneous VMs of IaaS cloud computing. The important metrics are analyzed in our experiments such as mean waiting time; mean request quantity, the throughput of the system. Besides that, metrics in model is used to modify number VMs
allocated for applications. Result of experiments shows that open queue network provides high efficiency.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
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A Research Framework for the Clean-Slate Design of Next-Generation Optical Access
1. A Research Framework for
the Clean-Slate Design of
Next-Generation Optical Access
Dr Kyeong Soo (Joseph) Kim
College of Engineering
Swansea University
22 August 2011
2.
3. Outline
I. Introduction
II. New Comparative Analysis Framework
III. Virtual Test Bed for Experiments
IV. Preliminary Results: Elasticity of Hybrid PON
V. Summary
2
4. Overview of Proposed Research Programme
Virtual Test Bed for Next-Generation Optical Access (NGOA)
Comparative Analysis Framework
Generating realistic traffic through a complete protocol stack
based on user behaviour models at application & session levels.
Quality of Experience
(QoE)
• A new comparative analysis framework for the user-
perceived performances (as measures of QoE) of candidate
NGOA systems.
• It is based on equivalent circuit rate (ECR) framework &
multivariate non-inferiority testing procedure and able to
take into account the statistical variability in experimental
data and a tolerance for the measure.
• The virtual test bed is implemented as simulation models for both systems under
test (SUT) &supporting environments (i.e., application server, intermediate
routers, user nodes) and run in a large-scale with the help of cloud computing (i.e.,
Amazon elastic compute cloud (Amazon EC2)*).
• It provides a common reference framework for experiments for researchers in
both Academia and Industry in order to properly benchmark candidate NGOA
systems and exchange their results.
Energy-Efficient and Elastic Components and Architectures
New Research Framework for Clean-Slate Design of NGOA
• Based on the proposed research framework,
we will investigate from scratch the
following major issues in components &
architectures:
• System capacity
• Elasticity
• Cost & energy efficiency
• We expect that the results from our study
will be quite different from conventional
ones and, therefore, have many implications
on traffic engineering as well as
architectural designs for the following
reasons:
• Realistic traffic models
• Measures for user-perceived
performances
User Behaviour-Based Traffic Modelling/Generation
* Supported by Amazon Web Services (AWS) in Education Research Grant.
6. Changing Landscape for NGOA
in 10-Plus-Year Time Frame
• Architectural requirements
– Higher line rate (10+ Gbit/s)
and per-user capacity
– Lower power consumption
– Elasticity
– Access/metro integration
• Higher split ratios (1:128~1024)
• Longer reaches (60~100 km)
– Support of hybrid
optical/wireless
• Traffic characteristics
– Higher bandwidth
– Higher burstiness
– Peer-to-peer
• Business aspects
– Revenue model
– New services/applications
• User demands
• Usage behaviour
5
7. Characteristics of Future Traffic:
Higher bandwidth and burstiness!
Slow start
Congestion
avoidance
HTTP (TCP) Traffic
I B B P B B I B … frame
size MPEG-4 Part 2
(I/P/B=6721B/2234B/1186B)
H.264/AVC
(I/P/B=5658B/1634B/348B)
Video Traffic*
Cannot fill the pipe
for most of the time
* G. van der Auwera et al., “Traffic characteristics of H.264/AVC variable bit rate video,”
IEEE Comm. Mag., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 164-174, Nov. 2009. 6
8. Lessons from Cloud Computing* - 1
– Elasticity
• Ability to add or remove
resources at a fine grain
and with a small lead time
– Transference of risks of
• Overprovisioning
(underutilization)
• Underprovisioning
(saturation)
Max. (=peak)
Min.
Avg.
Time
Demand
* M. Armbrust et al., “Above the clouds: A Berkeley view of cloud computing,”
Dept. of EECS, UC Berkeley, Tech. Rep. UCB/EECS-2009-28, Feb. 2009. 7
9. Lessons from Cloud Computing - 2
– The illusion of infinite computing resources available on
demand
• Through the construction of large-scale, commodity-computer
datacenters at low cost locations, and virtualization technique
– The elimination of an up-front commitment by cloud users
• Companies can start small and increase gradually
– The ability to pay for use of computing resources on a
short-term basis as needed
8
10. Implications on NGOA Architectures - 1
9
Economy of scale through integration*
Network resource as utility
Maximisation of resource sharing
* M. Armbrust et al., “Above the clouds: A Berkeley view of cloud computing,”
Dept. of EECS, UC Berkeley, Tech. Rep. UCB/EECS-2009-28, Feb. 2009.
11. Implications on NGOA Architectures - 2
Backbone/Core
MAN
Access
Access
Residential
Users
Business
Users
Current edge of the OBS/MPLS network
New edge of the OBS/MPLS network (toward ONUs)
New framing &
switching schemes
at UNIs
…
…
Flexible PON
Flexible PON with higher elasticity
See the next slides for examples.
10
12. Remotely Powered &
Reconfigurable Remote Nodes*
11
JSDU PPC-9LW
Photovoltaic Power Converter
Fiberer 2x2 MEMS
Optical Latching Switch
* J. H. Lee et al., “A remotely reconfigurable remote node for next-generation access networks,”
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 915, Jun. 2008.
14. Key Observations - 1
• Toward more energy-efficient & elastic NGOA
– Performance has long been a major issue in
traditional network design, but energy efficiency
becomes as important an issue as performance in
design of NGOA.
– The elasticity of network is a key to achieving
higher energy efficiency as well as lower operation
& maintenance cost.
13
15. Key Observations - 2
• Lack of a comprehensive research framework
– Many candidate architectures and protocols have
been proposed, but there is no comprehensive
framework to compare their performances in a
fair and objective way.
– A new research framework should be able to take
into account the energy efficiency and elasticity of
architectures and protocols as well as the
performances perceived by users (i.e., reflecting
QoE).
14
16. Key Observations - 3
• Importance of experiments in the study of
NGOA systems
– Due to the complexity of protocols and the
interaction among multiple traffic flows in the
study of network architectures, researchers now
heavily depend on experiments with simulation
models or test beds implementing proposed
architectures and protocols, rather than
traditional mathematical analyses under
simplifying assumptions.
15
17. Key Observations - 4
• Need of a powerful and flexible test bed for
experiments
– To provide the whole protocol stack up to the application
layer, measurement of user-perceived performances, and
traffic generation based on user behavior.
– To enable researchers and network operators/service
providers to test candidate NGOA systems under a realistic
and long-term operating environment.
• We are aiming to investigate the impact of (at least) daily usage
patterns of residential & business users on network performances.
16
18. What Should We Do Now?
• Because we are at an early stage of research for long-term
NGOA solutions, we need to establish a comprehensive
research framework for comparing candidate network
architectures and protocols and implement a powerful and
flexible test bed for actual experiments under a realistic
operating environment.
• Then, we should carry out the investigation of both new (e.g.,
energy efficiency, elasticity) and old (e.g., performances, cost)
issues for candidate network architectures and protocols based
on the proposed research framework and test bed.
17
19. Clean-Slate Design of NGOA
Virtual
Test Bed
NGOA
Components &
Architectures
18
Comparative
Analysis
Framework
Revenue & User
Behaviour
Modelling
18
20. Need of Clean-Slate Design
• To take into account the fundamental changes of NOGA
in 10-plus-year time frame, we need to revisit from
scratch the following issues:
– Research framework
• Comparative analysis
• Quantification of bandwidth and power consumption
• Traffic generation and performance measures
– Architectures
• WDM-PON, hybrid PON, OFDMA-PON, ODSM-PON*.
– Protocols and algorithms
• Switching/routing, scheduling, flow control, framing, link adaptation.
– Revenue models
• Based on new consumer demands and usage behaviours.
19* Opportunistic and dynamic spectrum management PON
21. Our Approaches
• We will design from scratch and investigate the
issues of energy efficiency, elasticity, and cost based
on user-perceived performances under a realistic &
long-term operating condition.
• Our approaches will give us new insights on critical
issues in NGOA architectures and protocols including
– Quantification of network capacity based on user-perceived performances.
– Evaluation of energy efficiency , elasticity, and cost of candidate systems based
on the (statistically) equivalent user-level performances.
– Investigation of merits/demerits of shared & dynamic architectures with
respect to dedicated & static architectures.
20
23. Motivation
• Due to the complexity of protocols and the interactive nature
of traffic involved in the study of network architectures,
researchers now heavily depend on experiments with
simulations or test beds.
• Due to the shift toward experiments, comparison procedures
should be able to take into account the statistical variability in
measured data from the experiments.
• Measures for the comparison should be user-oriented (i.e.,
QoE-based) and multiple measures should be compared
together in an integrated way.
22
24. Issues in Comparison - 1
• The comparison between
two delay curves shown in
the figure seems
straightforward at first
glance.
• In fact, it is not
straightforward when we
consider the statistical
variability in measured
data.
– A statistical approach is needed!
23
Load
Delay
System A
System B
x
26. Issues in Comparison - 2
• How can we compare
multiple performance
measures of two systems in
an integrated way?
– Can we say that the system A is
at least as good as the system
B?
• If so, on what basis?
• How can we relate network-
level performances to user-
perceived performance (i.e.
QoE)?
25
Measure System A System B
Delay 10 ms 9.5 ms
Throughput 100 MB/s 97.6 MB/s
Packet Loss
Rate
5 % 7 %
27. Existing Works on
Comparison Framework
• Equivalence Testing1
– Frequently used in Medicine and Biology for the
establishment of the equivalence (often called
bioequivalence) between two different clinical trials or
drugs through statistical hypothesis testing.
• Equivalent Circuit Rate (ECR)2
– A measure for shared packet access network, which
specifies the rate of a dedicated connection that is
equivalent to the shared system in terms of user-perceived
performance (i.e., web page delay).
– Currently state-of-the-art in networking research.
26
1. R. L. Berger and J. C. Hsu, “Bioequivalence trails, intersection-union tests, and equivalence confidence sets,”
Statistical Science, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 283-319, 1996.
2. N. K. Shankaranarayanan et al., “User-perceived performance of web-browsing and interactive data in HFC cable
access networks,” Proc. of ICC’01, vol. 4, Jun. 2001, pp. 1264-1268.
28. App.
Server
App.
Server
RB
RB
Reference Architecture
R = min(RF, RD) ( 1.0)
ONU 1
User 1
User n
…
RF
RD
RD
Candidate Architecture
ONU 1
ONU N
…
User 1
User n
…
User 1
User n
…
RU
RU
OLT
OLT
RU
Comparative Analysis Framework
based on ECR
27
29. Original ECR Calculation Procedure
28
Simulation with
reference model
(Point-to-point)
Build a function
f(R)=Dw
given the # of sessions
Simulation with
candidate model
(TDM-PON, Hybrid PON, …)
Find Dw
given the # of sessions
Solve
f(ECR)=Dw
* R: Access line rate
* DW: Web page delay
30. Issues in Original ECR Framework
• Use of a single performance metric
– HTTP traffic alone cannot provide enough load for
the NGOA with 10+ Gbit/s capacity.
– A broad spectrum of applications/services for
future NGOA needs to be covered.
• No systematic comparison procedure
– No procedure is provided for the comparison of
simulation results.
29
31. New Comparative Analysis Framework
• Construct a new framework extending the original
ECR framework as follows:
– What to compare
• Multiple user-perceived performances covering broad spectrum of
applications/services for future NGOA
• Percentile (including average and maximum) of performance
measures
– How to compare
• Comparison of a single performance measure: Based on non-
inferiority testing (at least as good as; one-sided variant of the
equivalence testing).
• Integration of multiple single-performance comparisons: Based on
intersection-union testing (IUT).
30
32. Equivalence or Non-inferiority? - 1
• Equivalence test is based on “acceptable
difference” limits as follows:
– 𝐻0: 𝜇 𝑅 − 𝜇 𝐶 ≤ 𝜃 𝐿 or 𝜇 𝑅 − 𝜇 𝐶 ≥ 𝜃 𝑈
– 𝐻 𝐴: 𝜃 𝐿 ≤ 𝜇 𝑅 − 𝜇 𝐶 ≤ 𝜃 𝑈
31
33. Equivalence or Non-inferiority? - 2
• However, do we really need the two-sided
criterion in comparing network architectures
based on performance measures (i.e., QoE)?
– “At least as good as (i.e., non-inferiority)” would
be more appropriate criterion here.
– So the hypotheses in this case are:
• 𝐻0: 𝜇 𝑅 − 𝜇 𝐶 ≤ 𝜃 (or 𝜇 𝑅 − 𝜇 𝐶 ≥ 𝜃)
• 𝐻 𝐴: 𝜇 𝑅 − 𝜇 𝐶 > 𝜃 (or 𝜇 𝑅 − 𝜇 𝐶 < 𝜃)
– Direction of inequality depends on a measure (e.g., delay,
throughput).
32
34. Extended ECR Calculation
Procedure - 1
• First, obtain measures of the user-perceived
performances for applications/services (i.e.,
𝑀1, ⋯ , 𝑀 𝑁 𝑀
) of the reference architecture for the
line rates of 𝑅1, ⋯ , 𝑅 𝑁 𝑅
where 𝑅1 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝐹, 𝑅 𝐷 ,
𝑅 𝑁 𝑅
> 0, and 𝑅𝑖 > 𝑅𝑗 for 𝑖 < 𝑗.
– 𝑁 𝑀 and 𝑁 𝑅 denote the number of performance measures
adopted and the number of values for R (i.e., 𝑅𝑖’s) used for
comparison, respectively.
33
35. Extended ECR Calculation
Procedure - 2
• Second, using the procedures in the next slides, find
a value for the line rate of the reference architecture
for which the measures of the candidate architecture
are statistically non-inferior to those of the reference
architecture.
– The null and the alternative hypotheses of the non-
inferiority testing for measure 𝑀𝑖 are given by
𝐻0: 𝜇𝑖,𝑅 − 𝜇𝑖,𝐶 ≤ 𝛿𝑖
𝐻1: 𝜇𝑖,𝑅 − 𝜇𝑖,𝐶 > 𝛿𝑖
where 𝜇𝑖,𝑅 and 𝜇𝑖,𝐶 denote population means of 𝑀𝑖 for the
reference and the candidate architectures, respectively,
and 𝛿𝑖 represents the tolerance for the measure 𝑀𝑖.
34
36. ECR Calculation Procedure
Based on Multivariate Non-inferiority Testing
Start
i = 0
Multivariate non-
inferiority testing
(of candidate w.r.t.
reference with the line
rate of Ri)
result = pass?
(Non-inferior?)
i < NR?
No
i = i + 1
Yes
Failed
No
ECR = Ri
Yes
End
• NR: Number of values for R (i.e., Ri’s) used
for comparison
35
See the next slide.
37. Multivariate Non-inferiority Testing
Based on Intersection-Union Test (IUT)
Start
i = 0
Non-inferiority testing
for measure i
(of candidate w.r.t. reference)
Reject H0?
(Non-inferior?)
i < NM?
Yes
i = i + 1
Yes
result = pass
No
result = fail
No
End
• NM: Number of performance measures
adopted
36
38. Benefits of a New Comparison
Framework
• We can present the combined performance (i.e.,
ECR) of a system in a more compact way, given the
configuration.
• We can compare non-traditional measures of
systems (e.g., energy efficiency, cost, and the amount
of resources) in a fairer way under the
configurations (of systems) providing the same ECR.
37
39. Challenges of a New Comparison
Framework
• Measurement of user-perceived performances
under a realistic operating environment
requires
– Traffic models based on user behaviours for
applications/services.
– A test bed to carry out experiments under a
realistic operating environment and obtain higher-
level measures for user-perceived performances.
• We need massive computational power to compute a
test statistic of measures for the ECR calculation.
38
41. Why Not Real Test Bed?
• A real test bed is good for the R&D of systems already
standardised, but not cost-efficient and flexible enough for
the clean-slate design of NGOA with the following features:
– Multiple candidate systems are tested and compared.
– A whole protocol stack (up to application layer), together with user
behavior models, is used for the investigation of interaction among
traffic flows as well as realistic traffic generation.
• We want a common reference framework for experiments to
be available for researchers in both Academia and Industry
(not physically confined to a certain lab/institution) in order to
properly benchmark candidate systems and exchange their
results.
– Like ns in early days of the study of TCP protocols1,2.
40
1. K. Fall and S. Floyd, “Simulation-based comparisons of Tahoe, Reno and SACK TCP,”
SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 26, pp. 5–21, Jul. 1996.
2. L. Breslau et al., “Advanced in network simulation,” IEEE Computer, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 59-67, May 2000.
42. Our Solution
• A virtual test bed which will be implemented as
simulation models for both systems under test (SUT)
and supporting environments (e.g., application
server, user nodes) and run in a large-scale with the
help of cloud computing.
• Features:
– Simulation models based on OMNeT++/INET framework1.
– Message passing interface (MPI)2 for parallel extension of
large-scale simulation.
– Hybrid cloud based on local private cloud and remote
public cloud for scalable & cost-efficient computing.
41
1. http://www.omnetpp.org
2. http://www.mpi-forum.org
43. App.
Server
RB RF
RD
RD
ONU 1
ONU N
…
RTT
User 1
User n
…
User 1
User n
…
RU
OLT ODN
RU
RouterRouter
RB
SNI UNI
System Under Test
ODN: Optical Distribution Network
SNI: Service Node Interface
UNI: User Node Interface
RTT: Round-Trip Time
Overview of Virtual NGOA Test Bed
42
44. Traffic Generation in Existing Work
• Traffic is usually generated at
the data link/network layer
based on a frame/packet-
level traffic models.
– Due to the computational
complexity involved with
implementation of higher layers
and protocols.
– This approach, however, cannot
capture the interactive nature of
real traffic in actual networks.
43
Application/
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
or
45. Traffic Generation in Our Work
• Traffic will be controlled and
initiated by the user (via its
behaviour model) and generated
through the whole protocol layers
(including application/session and
transport).
– In this way, we can capture the
interactive nature of real traffic in
actual networks in the virtual test
bed.
– Also, we can take into account traffic
patterns for different types of users.
• e.g., business vs. residential users
44
Application/
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
User
46. Overview of User (Host) Node
TCP
UDP
Network
and Lower
Layers
…
…
…
UNI
HTTP 1
FTP 1
HTTP nh
FTP nf
Video nv
Video 1
User
Behaviour
Model
47. User Behaviour-Based
Traffic Modelling and Generation
User Behaviour
Model
Session-Level
Traffic Model
Packet/Frame-
Level Traffic
Generation
X1 X2 Xn
Y1 Y2 Ym
46
48. Measurement of User-Perceived
Performances
• Capturing user-perceived performances as objective
measures of QoE
• Use of session- or video-frame-level metric
– Session delay; web page delay for HTTP and file downloading delay for
FTP.
– Decodable frame rate (DFR) for video stream.
• Measurement of percentiles
– Mean and maximum as special cases.
47
49. Session-Level HTTP Traffic Model
• A behavioural model for user(s) web browsing* with the
following simplification:
– No caching and pipelining
– Adapted for traffic generation at the client side
48
* J. J. Lee and M. Gupta, “A new traffic model for current user web browsing behavior,”
Research@Intel, 2007.
Server
Client
Request for
HTTP object
Request
for embedded
object 1
Response
Parsing Time Reading Time
…
Request
for embedded
object 2
Response to the last
embedded object
Request
for HTTP
object
Web page delay (= session delay)
50. Session-Level FTP Traffic Model
• A simple model for user(s) file downloading*:
– Could be considered as HTTP sessions just downloading files.
– The model is for a data transfer connection only.
• A connection for control information is ignored.
– Adapted for traffic generation at the client side
49
Server
Client
Request for
a file to download
Reading Time
Response to the
file
Request for
a file to download
File download delay (= session delay)
* cdma2000 Evaluation Methodology, 3GPP2 C.R1002-B, 3GPP2 Std., Rev. B, Dec. 2009 .
51. Streaming Video Traffic Model
• Interface with OMNeT++/INET framework
– Through “UDPVideoStream{Svr,Cli}WithTrace”
modules:
• UDP server can handle multiple client requests
simultaneously
• Random starting phase for each request
• Wrap around to generate infinite streams
• UDP client records the following performance metrics:
– Packet end-to-end delay (vector)
– Packet loss rate
– Frame loss rate
– Decodable frame rate (perceived quality metric)
50
53. Hybrid Cloud for Seamless Development
and Running of Programs
• We will build a hybrid cloud
integrating a small-scale, private
cloud and a large-scale public
cloud (Amazon EC21)
– An identical environment for
both the development of
programs at a local private
cloud and the run of them at a
remote public cloud without
change of code
– Based on open-source
solutions
• OpenNebula (distributed VM
management)
• StarCluster (clustering and
load balancing)
1. Currently supported by Amazon Web Services (AWS) in Education Research Grant.
2. R. S. Montero, “Scaling out computing cluster with Amazon EC2: Hands on!,”
ESAC Grid Workshop, Madrid, Spain, Dec. 2008.
2
52
55. System Model – Dedicated Reference
• Number of ONUs (N): 1
• Number of hosts per ONU (n): 1, 2, …
• Access rate (RD = RF): 1, 10 Gbit/s
• UNI rate (RU): 10 Gbit/s
• Backbone rate (RB): 1 Tbit/s (future standard or MUX of 100-
Gbit/s links)
• Round-trip time (RTT): 10 ms (including 600 µs RTT in 60-km
PON)
54
App.
Server
ONU 1
RD = RF
Host 1
Host n
… Backbone
RTT
RB
RU
56. System Model – Hybrid PON
• Number of ONUs (N): 16
• Number of Hosts per ONU (n): 1, 2, …
• Distribution/Feeder Rates (RD, RF): 10 Gbit/s
• UNI Rate (RU): 10 Gbit/s
• Number of Transceivers (NTX, NRX): 1, 2, …
• Backbone Rate (RB): 1 Tbit/s
• Round-Trip Time (RTT): 10 ms
55
RF App.
Server
ONU 1
ONU N
…
RD
RD
Host 1
Host n
…
Host 1
Host n
…
RTT
RB
OLT
RU
TX, RX
57. Number of Sessions per Each Traffic
• nh = nv = 1
– Assume that a user can watch and interact with at most one
video channel and one web session simultaneously at any
given time.
• As far as user perceived (interactive) performance is concerned.
• nf should be kept large to load the high-speed access
link
– FTP is usually background process.
• This could be HTTP sessions just downloading files!
– Suggest 10 as a starting point.
• Cannot find FTP model for 10 Gbit/s link at this time!
56
58. HTTP Traffic Model -1
Parameters / Measurements Best Fit (Parameters)
HTML Object Size [Byte] /
Mean=11872, SD=38036, Max=2 M
Truncated lognormal (=7.90272,
=1.7643, max=2 M)
Mean=12538.25, SD=45232.98*
Embedded Object Size [Byte] /
Mean =12460, SD=116050, Max=6 M
Truncated lognormal (=7.51384,
=2.17454, max=6 M)
Mean=18364.43, SD=105251.3
Number of Embedded Objects /
Mean=5.07, Max=300
Gamma (=0.141385, =40.3257)
Mean=5.70, SD=15.16
Parsing Time [sec] /
Mean=3.12, SD=14.21, Max=300
Truncated lognormal (=-1.24892,
=2.08427, max=300)
Mean=2.252969, SD=9.68527
Reading Time [sec] /
Mean=39.70, SD=324.92, Max=10000
Lognormal (=-0.495204, =2.7731)
Mean=28.50, SD=1332.285
Request Size [Byte] /
Mean=318.59, SD=179.46
Uniform (a=0, b=700)
Mean=350, SD=202.07
57* Assuming MB = MiB (Mebibyte; 230)
59. HTTP Traffic Model - 2
• With RTT=10ms & synthetic traffic statistics:
– Avg. web page (session) delay: 2.3s
• = RTT*(1+E[Nembedded_object])+E[TParsing]
• Ignoring transmission delay
– Avg. session period (including reading time): 30.8s
– Avg. load (# of bits/session period): 30.4 kbit/s
• = 3803.2 B/sec
• 328670+ sessions needed to fully load 10 Gbit/s line!
(328+ for 10 Mbit/s line)
58
60. Streaming Video Traffic Model
• HDTV quality, realistic, high bit-rate video traffic models
are needed for NGOA
– Use H.264/AVC video traces
– “Terminator 2” VBR clip from ASU Video Trace Library
• Duration: ~10 min
• Encoder: H.264 FRExt
• Frame Size: HD 1280x720p
• GoP Size: 12
• No. B Frames: 2
• Quantizer: 10
• Mean frame bit rate: 28.6 Mbit/s
– ~334 streams needed to fill 10 Gbit/s line with the following assumption:
» Total overhead: 66 Bytes
• RTP(12), UDP(8), IP(20), and Ethernet (26)
» RTP payload: 1460 Bytes
• In case of 1500-byte MTU
59
61. FTP Traffic Model - 1
Parameters Probability Distribution Function (PDF)
File Size [Byte] /
Mean=2 M, SD=0.722 M, Max=5 M
Truncated lognormal (=14.45, =0.35,
max=5 M)
Mean=1995616(~2 M), SD=700089.8(~
0.70M)
Reading Time [sec] /
Mean=180
Exponential (l=0.006)
Mean=166.667, SD=166.667
Request Size [Byte] /
Mean=318.59, SD=179.46
Uniform (a=0, b=700)
Mean=350, SD=202.07
60
62. FTP Traffic Model - 2
• With RTT=10ms & synthetic traffic statistics:
– Avg. session delay: 10 ms
• = RTT
• Ignoring transmission delay
– Avg. session period (including reading time): 166. 68
s
– Avg. load (# of bits/session period): 95.8 kbit/s
• = 11972.7 B/sec
• 104384+ sessions needed to fully load 10 Gbit/s line!
(104+ for 10 Mbit/s line)
61
64. Network Parameters
• Queueing policy: Drop Tail
• Ethernet NIC frame buffer size: 10k frames
– Based on RTT(10ms) * BW(10Gbit/s)
• (10ms * 10 Gbit/s) / 1518*8 bits/frame
• OLT VoQ and ONU FIFO queue sizes:
121,440,000 bits
– Corresponding to 10k maximum size (1518 bytes)
Ethernet frames
63
65. Simulation Runs
• 30 hours with 20-min warmup-period
• 10 replications
– Corresponding to about 3000+ HTTP/500+ FTP
sessions
• Rule of thumb (e.g., SMPL text book) recommends at
lest 2500 samples with 5 replications.
– 20+ replications for normal distribution
assumption in t-test in the future
64
67. Initial Results: Elasticity of Hybrid
TDM/WDM-PON
• The figure shows the min.
number of tuneable
transceivers (min(Ntx)) of
hybrid PON to achieve the
ECR of Rtarget Gbit/s.
– For the reference architecture,
the number of transceivers is
fixed to the number of ONUs
(subscribers), independent of
the network load.
– The hybrid PON, on the other
hand, can adjust the number of
transceivers depending on the
network load.
66
69. Summary
• We have been investigating the issues of quality of experience (QoE), elasticity*, and
energy efficiency in NGOA with a focus on the solutions beyond 10G-EPON/XG-PON
(i.e., NG-PON2 by ITU-T) and found out that the progress in the clean-slate design of
NGOA has been impeded by the absence of a comprehensive research framework for
a comparative analysis of candidate network architectures and protocols.
• We propose, therefore, a research programme for the clean-slate design of NGOA
with the following major objectives:
– A new comparative analysis framework based on statistical hypothesis testing and user-
perceived performances;
– User behaviour modelling for future services and applications;
– Virtual test bed for experiments under a realistic operating environment;
– Energy-efficient and elastic components and architectures.
• The results of the proposed research programme will not only enable researchers to
carry out a fair and objective comparison of various candidate architectures and
protocols, but also allow network operators & service providers to dimension their
future NGOA under a realistic environment through the virtual test bed.
68
* The elasticity in the context of networking means the ability to manage overall
performances by fast provisioning of network resources based on user demands.