The document discusses several topics related to services, transportation, and economic geography. It first discusses the nature of services as non-tangible economic activities that have grown more prominent in developed economies. It then covers central place theory, which explains how services are distributed in a hierarchical pattern based on market areas and thresholds. Finally, it discusses transportation geography and how transportation infrastructure shapes accessibility and mobility, and how new technologies have impacted patterns of transportation over time.

1. Class 13a: Services and transportation Tertiary economic activity Central place theory Transportation geography Air pollution

2. What are services? No tangible product “ Leftover” economic activity Consumer vs. business vs. public Retail vs. personal Producer vs. transportation

4. What are services? Bifurcated wages, skills Labor more important, but fewer unions More women (“pink-collar” workers) Tertiary, quaternary, or quinary

5. Where are services? From local to global More developed = more service jobs “ Post-industrial” economies

9. Central place theory How are services distributed? Why does a regular pattern exist? How are large and small cities connected? Central place: market center for region

10. Central place theory Range: how far are you willing to travel for a service? Threshold: how many customers do you need? Assume shortest distance possible Threshold < range Market area, not city size, matters

12. Central place theory Hexagonal market areas Cover all space No overlap First order: largest threshold and range Second order, etc.

13. First order Range

14. First order Range

15. First order New range

16. First order Second order

17. First order Second order

18. First order Second order New range

19. First order Second order Third order New range

20. First order Second order Third order

21. First order Second order Third order

22. -- 179.2 0 0-1 6 94.0 89.6 3 2-3 5 49.6 44.8 9 10 4 23.6 22.4 39 39 3 10.3 11.2 153 154 2 Actual spacing Theoretical spacing Actual number Theoretical number Order

23. Central place theory Accessibility based on time, not distance Administrative principle Political boundaries affect consumers Lower taxes, more permissive rules

24. So what? Model for regional development Explains decline as well as growth Neighborhood or city scale The point is not the hexagons, but the hierarchy and interconnectedness of places

26. Transportation Enables all other economic activity Derived demand Important in its own right Accessibility: existence of opportunities Mobility: ability to get there Equity of accessibility and mobility

28. Transportation geography Shrinking distance Changing technology Changing accessibility and mobility Impact on landscape

30. Transportation geography New technology: container shipping No break-of-bulk Less labor needed Less “slippage” Concentration on a few ports

31. Rotterdam