Anatomy

1. Client Readiness Training
Week 2
ANATOMY AND KINESIOLOGY

2. Contents
Anatomy
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Kinesiology (agonist, Antagonist & Synergist)
Kinetic Chain Movement
Joint Mobility and Stability

3. Anatomy and Kinesiology
Anatomy means to cut up or to dissect.
Kinesiology is simply the study of human body movement.
Anatomy and Kinesiology is defined as the study of human movement by
focusing on the anatomical and biochemical interactions within the
muscoloskeletal system.
There are four structural levels to the body; cells, tissues, organs and systems
Cells Tissues Organs Systems

4. Skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilages in the human body. It
performs several important functions:
❏ Provides supportive framework for the body
❏ Acts in conjunction with muscles to cause movement
❏ Protects vital organs
❏ Stores mineral and produce red blood cells
There are 206 bones in the body. 126 appendicular skeleton and 86 axial skeleton
Skeletal System

5. Muscular system
Muscular system is an organ system which consists of skeletal, smooth and
cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates
blood throughout the body.

6. Muscular System
The skeletal muscle can be divided into two categories based on how quickly it
contracts: Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres and Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres are resistant to fatigue and are capable of sustaining
aerobic metabolism. They are all about muscular endurance
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres are all about muscular strength. They are subdivided
into: type IIx and type IIa.
Type IIX is not fatigue resistant but can only sustain their effort for few seconds
while Type IIA is more fatigue resistant and has less strength than Type IIx. Type
IIa is in between Slow Twitch Muscle Fibre and Type IIx

7. Kinesiology
Kinesiology is simply the study of human movement. When discussing movement,
there are some important terms that has to be known.
Agonist: Muscle that cause desired
motion
Antagonist: Muscle that oppose the
agonist
Synergist: Assist agonist in desired
action

8. Kinesiology
Some functions and roles muscles play during movement.
Static (Isometric Action): No visible movement occurs,
Resistive force = Muscular Tension
Concentric (Shortening) Action: Muscles shortens
Muscular Tension > Resistive force
Eccentric (Lengthening) Action: Muscle Lengthens
Muscular Tension < Resistive force

9. Kinetic Chain Movement
Kinetic chain movement is simply how the muscles work together to produce
force while at the same time stabilizing the joints.
Using this principle, Exercise can be described as either open chain or closed
chain movement.
Open Chain movement: are performed when the hand or foot is free to move e.g
seated leg extension. There are less muscles involved in Open chain movement
Closed Chain movement: are performed when the hand or foot are fixed and
cannot move. E.g squat. There are more muscles involved in closed chain
movement

10. Kinetic Chain Movement

11. Mobility and Stability
The goal of this phase is to develop the postural stability throughout the kinetic
chain movement without compromising mobility at any point in the chain.
Joint Mobility defined as the degree to which an articulation (where two bones
meet) is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues
(ligaments, tendons, muscles e.t.c). Joint Mobility is the range of uninhibited
movement around the joint or body segment
Joint Stability is defined as the ability to maintain or control joint movement or
position.

12. Joint Mobility and Stability