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JIO
India ka smartphone
Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited, doing business as Jio, is an Indian
telecommunications company and a subsidiary of Jio Platforms, headquartered
in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It operates a national LTE network with
coverage across all 22 telecom circles. It does not offer 2G or 3G service, and
instead uses only voice over LTE to provide voice service on its 4G network.
Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited
Jio's headquarters in RCP, Navi Mumbai
Type Subsidiary of Reliance Industries
Industry Telecommunications
Founded 15 February 2007
Founder Mukesh Ambani
Headquarters Maker Chambers IV, 222 Nariman
Point, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Key people Mukesh Ambani
(Chairman)
Sandip Das
(Managing Director)
Products Fixed line telephone
Mobile phones
Wireless broadband
Internet services
OTT Services
Revenue ₹90,287 crore (US$13
billion) (FY 2020–21)
Operating income ₹34,035 crore (US$4.8
billion) (FY 2020–21) [1]
Net income ₹12,537 crore (US$1.8
billion) (FY 2020–21) [1]
Total assets ₹305,965 crore (US$43
billion) (FY 2020–21) [1]
Members 42.62 crore (426.2
million) (31 March) [1][2]
Parent Jio Platforms[3]
Subsidiaries LYF
Website jio.com (https://jio.com/)
Jio soft launched on 27 December 2015 with a beta for partners and
employees,[6][7]
and became publicly available on 5 September 2016. It is the
largest mobile network operator in India and the third largest mobile network
operator in the world with over 42.62 crore (426.2 million) subscribers.[2]
In September 2019, Jio launched a fiber to the home service, offering home
broadband, television, and telephone services. As of September 2020,
Reliance Industries has raised ₹1.65 lakh crore (US$23 billion) by selling
nearly 33% equity stake in Jio Platforms.[8][9]
History
The company was registered in Ambawadi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat on 15 February
2007 as Infotel Broadband Services Limited (IBSL). In June 2010, Reliance
Industries (RIL) bought a 95% stake in IBSL for ₹4,800 crore (equivalent to ₹87
billion or US$1.2 billion in 2019). Although unlisted, IBSL was the only company
that won broadband spectrum in all 22 circles in India in the 4G auction that
took place earlier that year.[10]
Later continuing as RIL's telecom subsidiary,
Infotel
Broadband Services Limited was renamed as Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited
(RJIL) in January 2013.[11]
In June 2015, Jio announced that it would start its operations throughout the
country by the end of 2015.[12]
However, four months later in October, the
company postponed the launch to the first quarter of the financial year 2016–
2017.[13]
Later, in July 2015, a PIL filed in the Supreme Court by an NGO called the Centre
for Public Interest Litigation, through Prashant Bhushan, challenged the grant of
a pan-India license to Jio by the Government of India. The PIL also alleged that
the firm was being allowed to provide voice telephony along with its 4G data
service, by paying an additional fee of just ₹165.8 crore
(US$23 million) which was arbitrary and unreasonable, and contributed to a
loss of
₹2,284.2 crore (US$320 million) to the exchequer.[14][15]
The Indian Department
of
Telecommunications (DoT), however, explained that the rules for 3G and BWA
spectrum didn't restrict BWA winners from providing voice telephony. As a
result, the PIL was revoked, and the accusations were dismissed.[16]
The 4G services were launched internally on 27 December 2015.[17]
The
company commercially launched its 4G services on 5 September 2016,[6]
offering free data and voice services till 31 December,[18]
which was later
extended till 31 March 2017.[19][20]
Within the first month, Jio announced that it
had acquired 1.6 crore (16 million) subscribers[21]
and has crossed 5 crore (50
million) subscriber mark in 83 days since its launch,[22]
subsequently crossing
100 million subscribers on 22 February 2017.[23]
By October 2017, it had about
13 crore (130 million) subscribers.[24]
Network
Spectrum frequency holding summary
Jio owns spectrum in 850 MHz and 1,800 MHz bands in India's 22 circles, and
also owns pan-
India licensed 2,300 MHz spectrum. The spectrum is valid until 2035.[25]
Partnerships
Jio shares spectrum with Reliance Communications. The sharing deal is for
800 MHz band across seven circles other than the 10 circles for which Jio
already owns.[26]
Sep 2014 – Acquired undisclosed stake in Airspan Networks for US$5 mn.[27][28]
Deploys
Airspan's small cells throughout the network roll out phase.[29][30]
Sep 2016 – Jio signed a pact with BSNL for intra-circle roaming which would
enable users of the operators to use each other's 4G and 2G spectrum in
national roaming mode.[31]
Feb 2017 – Jio announced a partnership with Samsung to work on LTE –
Advanced Pro and 5G.[32]
Feb 2017 – Partnered with Ciena to deploy transport SDN architecture.[33][34]
Reliance Jio also partnered with several OSS (Operations Support Systems) &
BSS (Business
Support System) companies for the deployment of services, like: SAP, HP, IBM,
Ericsson, Rancore, Estel Technologies, Subex and Intec Telecom Systems.
However, the finalized OSS firms were Ericsson, HP and Friendly
Technologies.[35][36]
Sep 2020 – Partners with Cisco Systems for 5G deployment.[37]
Sep 2020 – Announces partnership with HFCL to deploy Fiber-optic
communication to support the rollout of FTTx services.[38]
Summit Digitel Infrastructure
Summit Digitel Infrastructure (formerly known as Reliance Jio Infratel Private
Limited) operates 136,000 telecom sites. This division has been divested to
Tower Infrastructure Trust, which is owned by Brookfield Asset Management,
for a consideration of ₹25,215 crore (US$3.5 billion).[39]
Products and services
Mobile broadband
The company launched its 4G broadband services throughout India in
September 2016.[13]
It was slated to release in December 2015 after some
reports said that the company was waiting to receive final permits from the
government.[12]
Jio offers fourth-generation (4G) data and voice services, along
with peripheral services like instant messaging and streaming movies and
music.[40]
JioFiber
In August 2018, Jio began to test a new triple play fiber to the home service
known tentatively as
Jio GigaFiber, including broadband internet with speeds ranging from 100 to
1000 Mbit/s, as
well as television and landline telephone services.[41][42]
In August 2019, it was announced that the service would officially launch on 5
September 2019 as JioFiber, in honour of the company's third
anniversary.[43][44][45]
Jio also announced plans to offer streaming of films still in
theatres ("First Day First Show") to eligible JioFiber subscribers.[46][47]
In the year 2015, the company has a network of more than 250,000 km
(160,000 mi) of fiber optic cables in the country, over which it will be partnering
with local cable operators to get broader connectivity for its broadband
services.[48]
JioBusiness
In March 2021, the company has launched connectivity solutions for
businesses bundled with services provided by Jio Platforms, Reliance Retail
and Office 365.[49][50]
Jio Branded Devices
LYF smartphones
An image of LYF WATER 2 phone with IPS display.[51]
In June 2015, Jio entered into an agreement with domestic handset maker Intex
to supply 4G handsets capable of voice over LTE (VoLTE).[52]
However, in
October 2015, Jio announced that it would be launching its own mobile handset
brand named LYF.[53][54][55]
On 25 January 2016, the company launched its LYF smartphone[56]
series
starting with Water 1, through its chain of electronic retail outlets, Reliance
Retail.[57]
Three more handset models have been released so far, namely Water
2,[58]
Earth 1,[59]
and Flame 1.[60][61]
Illustration of a JioPhone
JioPhone is a line of feature phones marketed by Jio. The first model, released
in August 2017 (with public pre-orders beginning 24 August 2017), was
positioned as an "affordable" LTEcompatible feature phone. It runs the KaiOS
platform (derived from the defunct Firefox OS), and includes a 2.4-inch display,
a dual-core processor, 4 GB of internal storage, near-field communication
support, a suite of Jio-branded apps (including the voice assistant HelloJio),
and a Jio-branded application store. It also supports a "TV cable" accessory for
output to an external
display.[62][63][64]
In July 2018, the company unveiled the JioPhone 2, an updated model in a
keyboard bar form factor with a QWERTY keyboard and horizontal display. Jio
also announced that Facebook, WhatsApp, and YouTube apps would become
available for the two phones.[65]
Jionet Wi-Fi
Prior to its pan-India launch of 4G data and telephony services, the firm has
started providing free Wi-Fi hotspot services in cities throughout India including
Surat, Ahmedabad in Gujarat, and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh,[66]
Indore,
Jabalpur, Dewas and Ujjain[67]
in Madhya Pradesh, select locations of Mumbai
in Maharashtra,[68]
Kolkata in West Bengal,[69]
Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh,[70]
Bhubaneswar in Odisha,[71]
Mussoorie in Uttarakhand,[72]
Collectorate's Office in
Meerut,[73]
and at MG Road in Vijayawada[74]
among others.
In March 2016, Jio started providing free Wi-Fi internet to spectators at six
cricket stadiums hosting the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 matches. .[75]
JioPhone Next
On 24 June 2021, Mukesh Ambani announced the launch of JioPhone Next. It is
a fully-featured Android smartphone co-developed with Google as part of its
long-term partnership. The budget smartphone will be launched in India on 10
September 2021.[76][77][78]
Jio apps
Jio sim card pouch as distributed by Reliance Jio Infocomm
In May 2016, Jio launched a bundle of multimedia apps on Google Play as part
of its upcoming
4G services. While the apps are available to download for everyone, a user will
require a Jio SIM card to use them. Additionally, most of the apps are in the
beta phase.[79]
Notable apps include:
JioPages – a web browser for Android devices [80][81]
JioChat – instant messaging app[82]
JioCinema – online HD video library[83]
JioCloud – cloud-based backup tool[84]
JioHealth – health services app
JioNews – e-reader for news[85]
JioMeet – video-conferencing platform[86]
JioMoney – online payments/wallet app[87]
JioSaavn – for online and offline music streaming in English and Indian
languages
JioSecurity – security app[88]
JioTV – TV Channels streaming service
JioVoice – VoLTE phone simulator[89]
MyJio – manage Jio account and digital services associated with it[90][91]
Controversies
Issue with incumbents
In September 2016, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
summoned Jio and the country's existing telecom operators like Airtel,
Vodafone, and Idea Cellular to meet and discuss an issue regarding the
interconnection between the operators. This was a result after Jio complained
to TRAI and Department of Telecom (DoT) about other operators not honoring
their commercial agreements to let Jio use their network resources. The
company further added that the operators are trying to sabotage its entry into
the telecom scene. However, DoT dismissed the request and directed TRAI to
help settle the dispute amicably. Moreover, the Cellular Operators Association
of India (COAI) requested TRAI to include all the operators in the discussion
instead of the three.[92]
The incumbent operators had previously approached the country's PMO to
reiterate their stance they "are in no way obliged or in any position to entertain
Jio's requests for interconnection points as they do not have either the network
or the financial resources to terminate the latter's humongous volumes of
potentially asymmetric voice traffic." Responding to this, Mukesh Ambani,
owner of Jio, said, "All operators have publicly said last week that they will
provide this
(interconnect and MNP). So, we are waiting. These are all great companies.
They have their own reputations to protect. I am confident they won't violate the
law." Commenting about number portability, he added, "The number belongs to
the consumer. No operator can cause trouble if they want to change
operators."[93]
However, on 12 September 2016, Idea Cellular agreed to allow Jio
to use 196 of its interconnection access points.[94]
Subscriber data breach
On 10 July 2017, Jio's customer data was allegedly leaked on the website
magicapk.com.[95]
The website was suspended shortly after the news of the
breach broke out.[96]
Farmers' boycott
During the 2020–2021 Indian Farmers' Protest, farmers across multiple states
in northern part of India boycotted and vandalized Jio's towers owing to
allegations of Reliance Industries's support to controversial farm laws of
India.[97]
Jio blamed its competitors Airtel and Vodafone for spreading rumours
of "Reliance being an undue beneficiary in the farm bills", an allegation both the
companies denied.[98]
The company saw a loss of around 25 lakh (2.5 million)
subscribers in Punjab and Haryana between November and December 2020.[99]
Bird deaths
In January 2021, several social media posts started circulating linking bird
deaths to Jio's 5G network trials. The claims were found to be fake as 5G
trials were not yet permitted. The cause of the death of the birds is
determined as due to an outbreak of bird flu.
[100]
• JIO partners
class 11th & 12th Business studies project CBSE BOARD Case Study on Jio Digital   jagjeet Patel
class 11th & 12th Business studies project CBSE BOARD Case Study on Jio Digital   jagjeet Patel
class 11th & 12th Business studies project CBSE BOARD Case Study on Jio Digital   jagjeet Patel

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class 11th & 12th Business studies project CBSE BOARD Case Study on Jio Digital jagjeet Patel

  • 1.
  • 2. JIO India ka smartphone Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited, doing business as Jio, is an Indian telecommunications company and a subsidiary of Jio Platforms, headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It operates a national LTE network with coverage across all 22 telecom circles. It does not offer 2G or 3G service, and instead uses only voice over LTE to provide voice service on its 4G network.
  • 3. Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited Jio's headquarters in RCP, Navi Mumbai Type Subsidiary of Reliance Industries Industry Telecommunications Founded 15 February 2007 Founder Mukesh Ambani Headquarters Maker Chambers IV, 222 Nariman Point, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  • 4. Key people Mukesh Ambani (Chairman) Sandip Das (Managing Director) Products Fixed line telephone Mobile phones Wireless broadband Internet services OTT Services Revenue ₹90,287 crore (US$13 billion) (FY 2020–21) Operating income ₹34,035 crore (US$4.8 billion) (FY 2020–21) [1] Net income ₹12,537 crore (US$1.8 billion) (FY 2020–21) [1] Total assets ₹305,965 crore (US$43 billion) (FY 2020–21) [1] Members 42.62 crore (426.2 million) (31 March) [1][2] Parent Jio Platforms[3] Subsidiaries LYF Website jio.com (https://jio.com/) Jio soft launched on 27 December 2015 with a beta for partners and employees,[6][7] and became publicly available on 5 September 2016. It is the largest mobile network operator in India and the third largest mobile network operator in the world with over 42.62 crore (426.2 million) subscribers.[2] In September 2019, Jio launched a fiber to the home service, offering home broadband, television, and telephone services. As of September 2020,
  • 5. Reliance Industries has raised ₹1.65 lakh crore (US$23 billion) by selling nearly 33% equity stake in Jio Platforms.[8][9] History The company was registered in Ambawadi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat on 15 February 2007 as Infotel Broadband Services Limited (IBSL). In June 2010, Reliance Industries (RIL) bought a 95% stake in IBSL for ₹4,800 crore (equivalent to ₹87 billion or US$1.2 billion in 2019). Although unlisted, IBSL was the only company that won broadband spectrum in all 22 circles in India in the 4G auction that took place earlier that year.[10] Later continuing as RIL's telecom subsidiary, Infotel Broadband Services Limited was renamed as Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (RJIL) in January 2013.[11] In June 2015, Jio announced that it would start its operations throughout the country by the end of 2015.[12] However, four months later in October, the company postponed the launch to the first quarter of the financial year 2016– 2017.[13] Later, in July 2015, a PIL filed in the Supreme Court by an NGO called the Centre for Public Interest Litigation, through Prashant Bhushan, challenged the grant of a pan-India license to Jio by the Government of India. The PIL also alleged that the firm was being allowed to provide voice telephony along with its 4G data service, by paying an additional fee of just ₹165.8 crore (US$23 million) which was arbitrary and unreasonable, and contributed to a loss of ₹2,284.2 crore (US$320 million) to the exchequer.[14][15] The Indian Department of
  • 6. Telecommunications (DoT), however, explained that the rules for 3G and BWA spectrum didn't restrict BWA winners from providing voice telephony. As a result, the PIL was revoked, and the accusations were dismissed.[16] The 4G services were launched internally on 27 December 2015.[17] The company commercially launched its 4G services on 5 September 2016,[6] offering free data and voice services till 31 December,[18] which was later extended till 31 March 2017.[19][20] Within the first month, Jio announced that it had acquired 1.6 crore (16 million) subscribers[21] and has crossed 5 crore (50 million) subscriber mark in 83 days since its launch,[22] subsequently crossing 100 million subscribers on 22 February 2017.[23] By October 2017, it had about 13 crore (130 million) subscribers.[24] Network Spectrum frequency holding summary Jio owns spectrum in 850 MHz and 1,800 MHz bands in India's 22 circles, and also owns pan- India licensed 2,300 MHz spectrum. The spectrum is valid until 2035.[25] Partnerships Jio shares spectrum with Reliance Communications. The sharing deal is for 800 MHz band across seven circles other than the 10 circles for which Jio already owns.[26] Sep 2014 – Acquired undisclosed stake in Airspan Networks for US$5 mn.[27][28] Deploys Airspan's small cells throughout the network roll out phase.[29][30]
  • 7. Sep 2016 – Jio signed a pact with BSNL for intra-circle roaming which would enable users of the operators to use each other's 4G and 2G spectrum in national roaming mode.[31] Feb 2017 – Jio announced a partnership with Samsung to work on LTE – Advanced Pro and 5G.[32] Feb 2017 – Partnered with Ciena to deploy transport SDN architecture.[33][34] Reliance Jio also partnered with several OSS (Operations Support Systems) & BSS (Business Support System) companies for the deployment of services, like: SAP, HP, IBM, Ericsson, Rancore, Estel Technologies, Subex and Intec Telecom Systems. However, the finalized OSS firms were Ericsson, HP and Friendly Technologies.[35][36] Sep 2020 – Partners with Cisco Systems for 5G deployment.[37] Sep 2020 – Announces partnership with HFCL to deploy Fiber-optic communication to support the rollout of FTTx services.[38] Summit Digitel Infrastructure Summit Digitel Infrastructure (formerly known as Reliance Jio Infratel Private Limited) operates 136,000 telecom sites. This division has been divested to Tower Infrastructure Trust, which is owned by Brookfield Asset Management, for a consideration of ₹25,215 crore (US$3.5 billion).[39] Products and services
  • 8. Mobile broadband The company launched its 4G broadband services throughout India in September 2016.[13] It was slated to release in December 2015 after some reports said that the company was waiting to receive final permits from the government.[12] Jio offers fourth-generation (4G) data and voice services, along with peripheral services like instant messaging and streaming movies and music.[40] JioFiber In August 2018, Jio began to test a new triple play fiber to the home service known tentatively as Jio GigaFiber, including broadband internet with speeds ranging from 100 to 1000 Mbit/s, as well as television and landline telephone services.[41][42] In August 2019, it was announced that the service would officially launch on 5 September 2019 as JioFiber, in honour of the company's third anniversary.[43][44][45] Jio also announced plans to offer streaming of films still in theatres ("First Day First Show") to eligible JioFiber subscribers.[46][47] In the year 2015, the company has a network of more than 250,000 km (160,000 mi) of fiber optic cables in the country, over which it will be partnering with local cable operators to get broader connectivity for its broadband services.[48]
  • 9. JioBusiness In March 2021, the company has launched connectivity solutions for businesses bundled with services provided by Jio Platforms, Reliance Retail and Office 365.[49][50] Jio Branded Devices LYF smartphones An image of LYF WATER 2 phone with IPS display.[51] In June 2015, Jio entered into an agreement with domestic handset maker Intex to supply 4G handsets capable of voice over LTE (VoLTE).[52] However, in October 2015, Jio announced that it would be launching its own mobile handset brand named LYF.[53][54][55] On 25 January 2016, the company launched its LYF smartphone[56] series starting with Water 1, through its chain of electronic retail outlets, Reliance
  • 10. Retail.[57] Three more handset models have been released so far, namely Water 2,[58] Earth 1,[59] and Flame 1.[60][61] Illustration of a JioPhone JioPhone is a line of feature phones marketed by Jio. The first model, released in August 2017 (with public pre-orders beginning 24 August 2017), was positioned as an "affordable" LTEcompatible feature phone. It runs the KaiOS platform (derived from the defunct Firefox OS), and includes a 2.4-inch display, a dual-core processor, 4 GB of internal storage, near-field communication support, a suite of Jio-branded apps (including the voice assistant HelloJio),
  • 11. and a Jio-branded application store. It also supports a "TV cable" accessory for output to an external display.[62][63][64] In July 2018, the company unveiled the JioPhone 2, an updated model in a keyboard bar form factor with a QWERTY keyboard and horizontal display. Jio also announced that Facebook, WhatsApp, and YouTube apps would become available for the two phones.[65] Jionet Wi-Fi Prior to its pan-India launch of 4G data and telephony services, the firm has started providing free Wi-Fi hotspot services in cities throughout India including Surat, Ahmedabad in Gujarat, and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh,[66] Indore, Jabalpur, Dewas and Ujjain[67] in Madhya Pradesh, select locations of Mumbai in Maharashtra,[68] Kolkata in West Bengal,[69] Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh,[70] Bhubaneswar in Odisha,[71] Mussoorie in Uttarakhand,[72] Collectorate's Office in Meerut,[73] and at MG Road in Vijayawada[74] among others. In March 2016, Jio started providing free Wi-Fi internet to spectators at six cricket stadiums hosting the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 matches. .[75] JioPhone Next On 24 June 2021, Mukesh Ambani announced the launch of JioPhone Next. It is a fully-featured Android smartphone co-developed with Google as part of its long-term partnership. The budget smartphone will be launched in India on 10 September 2021.[76][77][78]
  • 12. Jio apps Jio sim card pouch as distributed by Reliance Jio Infocomm In May 2016, Jio launched a bundle of multimedia apps on Google Play as part of its upcoming 4G services. While the apps are available to download for everyone, a user will require a Jio SIM card to use them. Additionally, most of the apps are in the beta phase.[79] Notable apps include:
  • 13. JioPages – a web browser for Android devices [80][81] JioChat – instant messaging app[82] JioCinema – online HD video library[83] JioCloud – cloud-based backup tool[84] JioHealth – health services app JioNews – e-reader for news[85] JioMeet – video-conferencing platform[86] JioMoney – online payments/wallet app[87] JioSaavn – for online and offline music streaming in English and Indian languages JioSecurity – security app[88] JioTV – TV Channels streaming service JioVoice – VoLTE phone simulator[89] MyJio – manage Jio account and digital services associated with it[90][91] Controversies Issue with incumbents In September 2016, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) summoned Jio and the country's existing telecom operators like Airtel, Vodafone, and Idea Cellular to meet and discuss an issue regarding the interconnection between the operators. This was a result after Jio complained to TRAI and Department of Telecom (DoT) about other operators not honoring their commercial agreements to let Jio use their network resources. The
  • 14. company further added that the operators are trying to sabotage its entry into the telecom scene. However, DoT dismissed the request and directed TRAI to help settle the dispute amicably. Moreover, the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) requested TRAI to include all the operators in the discussion instead of the three.[92] The incumbent operators had previously approached the country's PMO to reiterate their stance they "are in no way obliged or in any position to entertain Jio's requests for interconnection points as they do not have either the network or the financial resources to terminate the latter's humongous volumes of potentially asymmetric voice traffic." Responding to this, Mukesh Ambani, owner of Jio, said, "All operators have publicly said last week that they will provide this (interconnect and MNP). So, we are waiting. These are all great companies. They have their own reputations to protect. I am confident they won't violate the law." Commenting about number portability, he added, "The number belongs to the consumer. No operator can cause trouble if they want to change operators."[93] However, on 12 September 2016, Idea Cellular agreed to allow Jio to use 196 of its interconnection access points.[94] Subscriber data breach On 10 July 2017, Jio's customer data was allegedly leaked on the website magicapk.com.[95] The website was suspended shortly after the news of the breach broke out.[96]
  • 15. Farmers' boycott During the 2020–2021 Indian Farmers' Protest, farmers across multiple states in northern part of India boycotted and vandalized Jio's towers owing to allegations of Reliance Industries's support to controversial farm laws of India.[97] Jio blamed its competitors Airtel and Vodafone for spreading rumours of "Reliance being an undue beneficiary in the farm bills", an allegation both the companies denied.[98] The company saw a loss of around 25 lakh (2.5 million) subscribers in Punjab and Haryana between November and December 2020.[99] Bird deaths In January 2021, several social media posts started circulating linking bird deaths to Jio's 5G network trials. The claims were found to be fake as 5G trials were not yet permitted. The cause of the death of the birds is determined as due to an outbreak of bird flu. [100] • JIO partners