The document discusses several vaccine-preventable diseases and their vaccines. It describes the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis meningitis, hepatitis B, rotavirus gastroenteritis, bacterial meningitis and pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. It explains that the best way to prevent these diseases is through timely vaccination, mentioning specific vaccines such as BCG, hepatitis B, rotavirus, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. It also discusses influenza, its transmission and symptoms, recommending the annual flu shot. The document emphasizes that vaccines are the best way to prevent these infectious diseases.
Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common illness among children characterized by ulcers in the mouth and blisters on the hands, feet, and diaper area. It is caused by human enteroviruses, especially EV71 and Coxsackie viruses. HFMD spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or through fecal-oral transmission. While usually mild and self-limiting, it can occasionally cause complications affecting the central nervous system, heart, or lungs. Proper hygiene, isolation of infected individuals, and hospitalization of severe cases are important for controlling spread.
The document discusses hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). It describes the symptoms as fever, headache, loss of appetite, and small blisters on the hands, feet and mouth. It is spread through contact with infected bodily fluids. To prevent spread, it recommends isolating infected individuals, practicing good hygiene like handwashing, disinfecting surfaces, and avoiding sharing items. HFMD is endemic in Malaysia and periodically leads to school closures to contain outbreaks.
The document summarizes key information about several vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox. It provides details on the infectious agents, reservoirs, modes of transmission, incubation periods, typical clinical manifestations, and potential complications for each disease. Vaccine recommendations for children and adolescents are also listed for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combinations.
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral infection that mainly affects young children under 10 years old. It is characterized by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. The viruses that cause HFMD include coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses. People are most contagious during the first week of illness, though they can remain contagious for weeks after symptoms resolve. The disease spreads through close contact with infected individuals or surfaces contaminated by their saliva, mucus or feces. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, mouth sores and a rash. Good hygiene practices like hand washing are important to prevent the spread of HFMD.
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that affects children under 10 years old, causing fever and blister-like rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. It is usually caused by coxsackievirus or enterovirus and spreads through direct contact with an infected person's saliva, blister fluid or stool. While there is no specific treatment, symptoms can be managed by treating fever, pain and maintaining fluid intake. Good hygiene practices can help lower the risk of infection.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a contagious viral infection common in young children that is caused by several enteroviruses. Symptoms include fever followed by sores in the mouth and a red rash on the hands and feet. The virus spreads through contact with respiratory secretions, feces, or contaminated surfaces. While there is no specific treatment, symptoms can be managed and prevention involves proper handwashing and disinfecting surfaces. Children are most contagious during the first week of illness.
Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common illness among children characterized by ulcers in the mouth and blisters on the hands, feet, and diaper area. It is caused by human enteroviruses, especially EV71 and Coxsackie viruses. HFMD spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or through fecal-oral transmission. While usually mild and self-limiting, it can occasionally cause complications affecting the central nervous system, heart, or lungs. Proper hygiene, isolation of infected individuals, and hospitalization of severe cases are important for controlling spread.
The document discusses hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). It describes the symptoms as fever, headache, loss of appetite, and small blisters on the hands, feet and mouth. It is spread through contact with infected bodily fluids. To prevent spread, it recommends isolating infected individuals, practicing good hygiene like handwashing, disinfecting surfaces, and avoiding sharing items. HFMD is endemic in Malaysia and periodically leads to school closures to contain outbreaks.
The document summarizes key information about several vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox. It provides details on the infectious agents, reservoirs, modes of transmission, incubation periods, typical clinical manifestations, and potential complications for each disease. Vaccine recommendations for children and adolescents are also listed for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combinations.
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral infection that mainly affects young children under 10 years old. It is characterized by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. The viruses that cause HFMD include coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses. People are most contagious during the first week of illness, though they can remain contagious for weeks after symptoms resolve. The disease spreads through close contact with infected individuals or surfaces contaminated by their saliva, mucus or feces. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, mouth sores and a rash. Good hygiene practices like hand washing are important to prevent the spread of HFMD.
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that affects children under 10 years old, causing fever and blister-like rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. It is usually caused by coxsackievirus or enterovirus and spreads through direct contact with an infected person's saliva, blister fluid or stool. While there is no specific treatment, symptoms can be managed by treating fever, pain and maintaining fluid intake. Good hygiene practices can help lower the risk of infection.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a contagious viral infection common in young children that is caused by several enteroviruses. Symptoms include fever followed by sores in the mouth and a red rash on the hands and feet. The virus spreads through contact with respiratory secretions, feces, or contaminated surfaces. While there is no specific treatment, symptoms can be managed and prevention involves proper handwashing and disinfecting surfaces. Children are most contagious during the first week of illness.
This document discusses common childhood illnesses including their causes, symptoms, methods of transmission, incubation periods, contagious periods, and prevention strategies. It covers viral illnesses like fifth disease, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, hand foot and mouth disease as well as bacterial infections like impetigo, pertussis, and hepatitis A. Routine hygiene practices like handwashing and cough etiquette are emphasized as ways to prevent the spread of these illnesses among children.
This document contains information on evaluating and diagnosing various rashes and exanthems in children. It includes guidelines on taking a history regarding symptoms, exposures, and past medical history. It also provides details on examining the rash's morphology, distribution, and associated findings. Finally, it discusses evaluating and treating common rash-causing illnesses like measles, rubella, varicella, and dengue fever.
This document provides an overview of common infectious childhood diseases for nursing students, including objectives, introduction, and details on chickenpox, measles, rubella, impetigo, rotavirus, E. coli, shigella, cryptosporidiosis, salmonella, influenza, tuberculosis, pertussis, conjunctivitis, meningitis, and mumps. For each disease, it discusses rashes/skin infections, infectious period, symptoms, and treatment. The goal is for students to learn to identify these diseases, understand their symptoms and transmission, and provide appropriate care and treatment.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease - Signs to RecognizeDr Jay Schwartz
Pediatrician Dr. Jay Schwartz runs Collin County Pediatrics in Frisco, Texas. Dr. Jay Schwartz received a Vitals On Time Doctor award in 2010. He treats children of all ages for behavioral and medical issues.
This document provides information on common infectious diseases including incubation period, how they spread, symptoms, exclusion criteria, and prevention recommendations. It covers a wide range of diseases that affect the eye, ear, nose, throat, chest, gastrointestinal tract, skin, rash and meningitis. For each disease, it outlines how long it takes to develop after exposure, how transmission occurs, common signs and symptoms, and guidance on when an infected person can return to school or work. Standard prevention methods are also listed such as handwashing, vaccinations, cleaning/disinfection and avoiding contact with ill individuals and contaminated surfaces or body fluids. All disease outbreaks must be reported immediately to the local county health department.
This document provides an overview of several common viral infections, including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, mumps, pertussis, chickenpox, and hepatitis. For each infection, it discusses the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key details are provided about the transmission, symptoms and public health importance of controlling these infectious diseases.
This document provides a summary of rubella in 3 sentences:
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral infection usually affecting children under 10 years old. While the illness is usually mild, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects in the fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome. The rubella virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a rash and mild fever.
This document discusses acute respiratory infections (ARI), including their causes, transmission, clinical assessment, classification, treatment, and prevention. It describes the different bacterial and viral agents that can cause ARIs. Clinical assessment involves examining symptoms, breathing rate, chest indrawing, wheezing, and malnutrition. ARIs are classified based on severity and treated with antibiotics or symptomatic care. Prevention focuses on improved living conditions, nutrition, immunization including measles vaccine, Hib vaccine, and pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine.
The document discusses various childhood illnesses such as H1N1 influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), strep throat, MRSA, rotavirus, hepatitis A, salmonella, E. coli, and shigella. It provides information on transmission, symptoms, treatment, prevention, and proper handwashing techniques to prevent the spread of illness. Proper handwashing is emphasized as the most important way to prevent transmission of many infectious diseases.
This document contains information about several common childhood illnesses:
- Chickenpox causes an itchy rash and can be spread through airborne droplets or contact. Treatment includes fluids, rest, calamine, and cutting nails. Exclusion is five days from rash onset.
- Meningitis is a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck and sensitivity to light. Seek immediate medical care.
- Measles causes fever, runny nose and rash. Rest, fluids, paracetamol and reducing light exposure are treatments. Exclusion is four days from rash onset.
- Tonsillitis is a throat infection spread through contact or
The document discusses chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It spreads easily through sneezes, coughs or sharing food/drinks. Symptoms include tiredness, fever and rash appearing as red spots developing into blisters. Home treatment with rest, fever medication and oatmeal baths is usually sufficient. Vaccination can prevent chickenpox. Chickenpox is most common in children under 12, in early spring/late winter worldwide.
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis. It is caused by poliovirus and spread through fecal-oral transmission. While most infections cause no symptoms, some can cause minor illness or paralysis. Treatment focuses on management of symptoms and prevention through vaccination programs aims to eradicate the disease globally.
This document discusses an approach to evaluating a patient presenting with fever and rash. It defines fever and rash and outlines an approach involving assessing severity, confirming fever type and rash characteristics, considering differential diagnoses, and developing an action plan. It then discusses two specific cases: measles in a 9-month old child presenting with maculopapular rash and supportive care is recommended; and rubella with its characteristic rash and Forschheimer spots and no specific treatment required beyond supportive care. Prevention of both involves the MMR vaccine.
Chickenpox, also called varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It presents with a red, itchy rash that initially resembles insect bites on the face, scalp, chest, and back. While chickenpox is usually mild and self-limiting in children, it can lead to complications in infants, adolescents, pregnant women, and older patients. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through cooling baths, calamine lotion, and acetaminophen. The varicella vaccine provides effective prevention against chickenpox.
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
- A 5-year-old girl presented with a painful swelling on her right thigh that had been gradually increasing in size over the past month. She also had a history of recurrent skin lesions and infections since infancy.
- On examination, she had diffuse eczematous lesions all over her body along with enlarged lymph nodes and ear discharge. Laboratory tests found elevated IgE levels.
- The provisional diagnosis was primary immunodeficiency syndrome, likely Job's syndrome (hyper IgE syndrome) based on her recurrent skin and lung infections since infancy. She was treated with antibiotics and moisturizing cream.
Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It begins with mild coughing and progresses to violent coughing fits ending in a "whoop" sound and often vomiting. It can affect people of all ages but is most dangerous for babies under 1 year old. Treatment involves antibiotics to limit symptoms and speed recovery, while vaccination helps prevent whooping cough. Complementary therapies may also help reduce symptoms during treatment.
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It was first identified in the 10th century by Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi and has since been described in more detail by other physicians. The virus can spread through the air via coughs or sneezes, or direct contact with infected individuals. Symptoms include an itchy rash that forms blisters over the body. While usually mild in children, complications can require medical care in rare cases. Vaccination is the best prevention and provides strong protection against infection. Treatment focuses on relieving itching through oatmeal baths, lotions, and anti
- Swine flu, or influenza A(H1N1), is a respiratory virus that normally infects pigs but can infect humans. The current virus is contagious between humans.
- Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. It can worsen chronic health conditions.
- Antiviral drugs can reduce symptoms and speed recovery if taken within 2 days of symptoms starting. Washing hands and avoiding contact with infected individuals can also help reduce transmission.
The document discusses chickenpox and smallpox. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and results in a characteristic itchy skin rash. It is highly contagious and spreads through the air via coughs or sneezes, or by contact with blisters. Smallpox was a deadly infectious disease caused by variola virus that killed hundreds of millions of people in history before being eradicated in 1980 through vaccination. It was transmitted through respiratory droplets and contact with lesions. Both diseases presented with skin rashes, though smallpox had a much higher mortality rate and often left survivors with scarring and blindness.
The viruses that cause mumps, measles, and rubella are unrelated but share transmission characteristics. They spread worldwide through respiratory droplets from infected humans. While mumps causes swelling of the salivary glands, measles results in rash and fever and can lead to complications. Rubella usually causes a mild rash but can cause birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected. Vaccines for mumps, measles, and rubella are highly effective and recommended.
This document discusses common childhood illnesses including their causes, symptoms, methods of transmission, incubation periods, contagious periods, and prevention strategies. It covers viral illnesses like fifth disease, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, hand foot and mouth disease as well as bacterial infections like impetigo, pertussis, and hepatitis A. Routine hygiene practices like handwashing and cough etiquette are emphasized as ways to prevent the spread of these illnesses among children.
This document contains information on evaluating and diagnosing various rashes and exanthems in children. It includes guidelines on taking a history regarding symptoms, exposures, and past medical history. It also provides details on examining the rash's morphology, distribution, and associated findings. Finally, it discusses evaluating and treating common rash-causing illnesses like measles, rubella, varicella, and dengue fever.
This document provides an overview of common infectious childhood diseases for nursing students, including objectives, introduction, and details on chickenpox, measles, rubella, impetigo, rotavirus, E. coli, shigella, cryptosporidiosis, salmonella, influenza, tuberculosis, pertussis, conjunctivitis, meningitis, and mumps. For each disease, it discusses rashes/skin infections, infectious period, symptoms, and treatment. The goal is for students to learn to identify these diseases, understand their symptoms and transmission, and provide appropriate care and treatment.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease - Signs to RecognizeDr Jay Schwartz
Pediatrician Dr. Jay Schwartz runs Collin County Pediatrics in Frisco, Texas. Dr. Jay Schwartz received a Vitals On Time Doctor award in 2010. He treats children of all ages for behavioral and medical issues.
This document provides information on common infectious diseases including incubation period, how they spread, symptoms, exclusion criteria, and prevention recommendations. It covers a wide range of diseases that affect the eye, ear, nose, throat, chest, gastrointestinal tract, skin, rash and meningitis. For each disease, it outlines how long it takes to develop after exposure, how transmission occurs, common signs and symptoms, and guidance on when an infected person can return to school or work. Standard prevention methods are also listed such as handwashing, vaccinations, cleaning/disinfection and avoiding contact with ill individuals and contaminated surfaces or body fluids. All disease outbreaks must be reported immediately to the local county health department.
This document provides an overview of several common viral infections, including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, mumps, pertussis, chickenpox, and hepatitis. For each infection, it discusses the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key details are provided about the transmission, symptoms and public health importance of controlling these infectious diseases.
This document provides a summary of rubella in 3 sentences:
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral infection usually affecting children under 10 years old. While the illness is usually mild, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects in the fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome. The rubella virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a rash and mild fever.
This document discusses acute respiratory infections (ARI), including their causes, transmission, clinical assessment, classification, treatment, and prevention. It describes the different bacterial and viral agents that can cause ARIs. Clinical assessment involves examining symptoms, breathing rate, chest indrawing, wheezing, and malnutrition. ARIs are classified based on severity and treated with antibiotics or symptomatic care. Prevention focuses on improved living conditions, nutrition, immunization including measles vaccine, Hib vaccine, and pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine.
The document discusses various childhood illnesses such as H1N1 influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), strep throat, MRSA, rotavirus, hepatitis A, salmonella, E. coli, and shigella. It provides information on transmission, symptoms, treatment, prevention, and proper handwashing techniques to prevent the spread of illness. Proper handwashing is emphasized as the most important way to prevent transmission of many infectious diseases.
This document contains information about several common childhood illnesses:
- Chickenpox causes an itchy rash and can be spread through airborne droplets or contact. Treatment includes fluids, rest, calamine, and cutting nails. Exclusion is five days from rash onset.
- Meningitis is a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck and sensitivity to light. Seek immediate medical care.
- Measles causes fever, runny nose and rash. Rest, fluids, paracetamol and reducing light exposure are treatments. Exclusion is four days from rash onset.
- Tonsillitis is a throat infection spread through contact or
The document discusses chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It spreads easily through sneezes, coughs or sharing food/drinks. Symptoms include tiredness, fever and rash appearing as red spots developing into blisters. Home treatment with rest, fever medication and oatmeal baths is usually sufficient. Vaccination can prevent chickenpox. Chickenpox is most common in children under 12, in early spring/late winter worldwide.
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis. It is caused by poliovirus and spread through fecal-oral transmission. While most infections cause no symptoms, some can cause minor illness or paralysis. Treatment focuses on management of symptoms and prevention through vaccination programs aims to eradicate the disease globally.
This document discusses an approach to evaluating a patient presenting with fever and rash. It defines fever and rash and outlines an approach involving assessing severity, confirming fever type and rash characteristics, considering differential diagnoses, and developing an action plan. It then discusses two specific cases: measles in a 9-month old child presenting with maculopapular rash and supportive care is recommended; and rubella with its characteristic rash and Forschheimer spots and no specific treatment required beyond supportive care. Prevention of both involves the MMR vaccine.
Chickenpox, also called varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It presents with a red, itchy rash that initially resembles insect bites on the face, scalp, chest, and back. While chickenpox is usually mild and self-limiting in children, it can lead to complications in infants, adolescents, pregnant women, and older patients. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through cooling baths, calamine lotion, and acetaminophen. The varicella vaccine provides effective prevention against chickenpox.
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
- A 5-year-old girl presented with a painful swelling on her right thigh that had been gradually increasing in size over the past month. She also had a history of recurrent skin lesions and infections since infancy.
- On examination, she had diffuse eczematous lesions all over her body along with enlarged lymph nodes and ear discharge. Laboratory tests found elevated IgE levels.
- The provisional diagnosis was primary immunodeficiency syndrome, likely Job's syndrome (hyper IgE syndrome) based on her recurrent skin and lung infections since infancy. She was treated with antibiotics and moisturizing cream.
Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It begins with mild coughing and progresses to violent coughing fits ending in a "whoop" sound and often vomiting. It can affect people of all ages but is most dangerous for babies under 1 year old. Treatment involves antibiotics to limit symptoms and speed recovery, while vaccination helps prevent whooping cough. Complementary therapies may also help reduce symptoms during treatment.
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It was first identified in the 10th century by Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi and has since been described in more detail by other physicians. The virus can spread through the air via coughs or sneezes, or direct contact with infected individuals. Symptoms include an itchy rash that forms blisters over the body. While usually mild in children, complications can require medical care in rare cases. Vaccination is the best prevention and provides strong protection against infection. Treatment focuses on relieving itching through oatmeal baths, lotions, and anti
- Swine flu, or influenza A(H1N1), is a respiratory virus that normally infects pigs but can infect humans. The current virus is contagious between humans.
- Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. It can worsen chronic health conditions.
- Antiviral drugs can reduce symptoms and speed recovery if taken within 2 days of symptoms starting. Washing hands and avoiding contact with infected individuals can also help reduce transmission.
The document discusses chickenpox and smallpox. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and results in a characteristic itchy skin rash. It is highly contagious and spreads through the air via coughs or sneezes, or by contact with blisters. Smallpox was a deadly infectious disease caused by variola virus that killed hundreds of millions of people in history before being eradicated in 1980 through vaccination. It was transmitted through respiratory droplets and contact with lesions. Both diseases presented with skin rashes, though smallpox had a much higher mortality rate and often left survivors with scarring and blindness.
The viruses that cause mumps, measles, and rubella are unrelated but share transmission characteristics. They spread worldwide through respiratory droplets from infected humans. While mumps causes swelling of the salivary glands, measles results in rash and fever and can lead to complications. Rubella usually causes a mild rash but can cause birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected. Vaccines for mumps, measles, and rubella are highly effective and recommended.
human settlements/communities increased the possibility of a disease infecting many people at a time in a geographical area i.e known as an epidemic. And with time as communities mingled with each other either for trade, war, etc. they spread the diseases to new location fueling the pandemic.
This document discusses communicable diseases, their symptoms, and preventive measures. It provides details on 7 common communicable diseases: acute upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, pulmonary tuberculosis, dengue, and sexually transmitted infections. It also discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Finally, it covers two re-emerging diseases: leptospirosis and meningococcemia, outlining their symptoms and prevention.
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is caused by RNA viruses that infect birds and mammals. Typical symptoms include fever, chills, cough and fatigue. While usually self-limiting, influenza can cause serious complications like pneumonia, especially in young, old or immunocompromised individuals. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Vaccination and good hygiene practices can help reduce transmission. Antiviral drugs are effective for treatment but some influenza strains have developed resistance.
Viral and bacterial meningitis are inflammations of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Certain groups are at higher risk of meningitis, including young children, teenagers, college students in dorms, military personnel, and those with weakened immune systems. Common symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, light sensitivity, and nausea. While viral meningitis cannot be treated with antibiotics and usually resolves on its own, bacterial meningitis requires prompt antibiotic treatment to avoid serious complications. Vaccines exist to help prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis requires immediate antibiotic treatment to prevent serious complications or death while viral meningitis is usually mild and clears on its own. Symptoms can include headache, fever, stiff neck, confusion and seizures. Those at higher risk include infants, the elderly, those with weakened immune systems and those who have not received recommended vaccinations. Prompt medical care is important as bacterial meningitis can have severe consequences if not treated quickly.
Measles is a highly infectious childhood disease caused by the measles virus. It is characterized by fever and a rash. While the disease itself is usually not fatal, it can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, encephalitis, and malnutrition. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets. There is no specific treatment for measles, but supportive care and vitamin A supplementation can help recovery. Immunization with the measles vaccine provides lifelong protection and is the most effective preventive strategy.
1. Measles is a highly contagious virus that infects the respiratory tract and causes symptoms like fever, cough, and a characteristic rash.
2. The introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963 led to a dramatic reduction in cases in the United States, with elimination of endemic transmission by 1993 due to high vaccination rates.
3. Complications from measles can include pneumonia, encephalitis, and a rare but severe form called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis that develops years after initial infection.
This document summarizes common viral infections including measles, varicella, mumps, and viral hepatitis. Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus and causes a rash and respiratory symptoms. Varicella (chickenpox) is caused by varicella zoster virus and presents with a pruritic vesicular rash that spreads. Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus and presents with painful swelling of the salivary glands. Hepatitis A and B viruses are described as common causes of viral hepatitis transmitted through fecal-oral and blood-borne routes respectively.
Varicella, or chickenpox, is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Chickenpox presents as an itchy rash with blister-like lesions that typically resolve within 4 to 6 days. Once infected, the virus remains dormant and can reactivate later in life as shingles. The varicella vaccine effectively prevents chickenpox infection and reduces severity when breakthrough cases occur. Transmission occurs through direct contact or airborne routes, with infected individuals being contagious from 1-2 days before the rash appears until lesions crust over.
1. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is a common human herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several cancers.
2. EBV typically infects individuals during childhood when it usually does not cause symptoms, but in teenagers and adults it can cause infectious mononucleosis with symptoms like fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
3. While symptoms usually resolve within a few weeks, some people may feel fatigued for several months. EBV is lifelong infection that can reactivate and cause oral hairy leukoplakia in immunocompromised individuals.
1. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is a common human herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several cancers.
2. EBV typically infects individuals during childhood when it usually does not cause symptoms, but in teenagers and adults it can cause infectious mononucleosis with symptoms like fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes and spleen.
3. While symptoms usually resolve within a few weeks, some people may feel fatigued for several months. EBV is lifelong infection that can reactivate and cause oral hairy leukoplakia in immunocompromised individuals.
- Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV. Common OIs include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, and infections caused by fungi such as Candida and Cryptococcus.
- As HIV infection progresses and the CD4 count declines below 200 cells/mm3, individuals are at greatest risk for developing OIs. However, some OIs can occur at CD4 counts below 500 cells/mm3.
- While OIs were more common in the early years of the HIV epidemic before effective antiretroviral therapy, many people with HIV still develop OIs if they are unaware of their
Lecture 2. epid. charact. of enteric and droplet infectionsVasyl Sorokhan
Typhoid fever is a severe infection caused by Salmonella typhi characterized by prolonged fever and bacterial invasion of organs. It is endemic in developing nations where sanitation is poor, affecting millions yearly. Early antibiotic treatment has reduced mortality from 20% to low levels. Vaccination and public health measures that ensure safe drinking water can reduce incidence. Shigellosis is caused by Shigella bacteria and spreads through contaminated food/water or person-to-person contact. Mortality is less than 1% in developed nations but higher elsewhere. Prevention includes handwashing and food safety. Salmonellosis spreads via undercooked foods from animals and can be prevented through proper food handling and hygiene.
The document discusses immunization and vaccines. It describes two types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live virus/bacteria, and inactivated vaccines which use dead virus/bacteria. It provides details on specific vaccines for diseases like diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, Hib, influenza, and pneumococcal pneumonia. It outlines Kenya's immunization schedule, recommending vaccines like BCG, OPV, DPT-Hep B-Hib, measles, yellow fever, and vitamin A at various ages. The document also lists additional vaccines recommended for travel to East Africa, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, men
The document discusses immunization and vaccines. It describes two types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live virus/bacteria, and inactivated vaccines which use dead virus/bacteria. It provides details on specific vaccines for diseases like diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, Hib, influenza, and pneumococcal pneumonia. It outlines Kenya's immunization schedule, recommending vaccines like BCG, OPV, DPT-Hep B-Hib, measles, yellow fever, and vitamin A at various ages. The document also lists additional vaccines recommended for travel to East Africa, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, men
It's that time of year. The little ones are heading to school and inevitably exposed to much larger groups of children. With this also comes a higher risk of catching...
This document summarizes information about Neisseriaceae and Bacillus species. It describes the main human pathogens in Neisseriaceae as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, and N. meningitidis, which causes meningitis. N. gonorrhoeae infections are highly prevalent but have low mortality, while N. meningitidis has low prevalence but high mortality. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and control measures are discussed for both pathogens. Other genera in Neisseriaceae including Moraxella are also summarized.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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2. TUBERCULOSIS MENÍNGEA
La tuberculosis meníngea es una
de las formas más peligrosas de
la enfermedad , causando la
muerte o un déficit neurológico
en mas de la mitad de los
afectados a pesar del tratamiento
antituberculoso.
La incidencia es mas frecuente
en niños menores de 5 años,
relacionándose directamente con
socio-económicas, el
hacinamiento y la desnutrición.
3. SIGNOS Y SÍNTOMAS
•Fiebre y escalofríos
•Cambios en el estado mental
•Náuseas y vómitos
•Sensibilidad a la luz (fotofobia)
•Dolor de cabeza intenso
•Rigidez en el cuello (meningismo)
•Disminución del estado de
conciencia
•Alimentación deficiente o
irritabilidad en los niños
•Postura inusual con la cabeza y
el cuello arqueados hacia atrás
(opistótonos)
4. ¿CÓMO PREVENIR LATUBERCULOSIS MENÍNGEA?
La mejor manera de prevenir la
tuberculosis meníngea es por medio de
la vacunación oportuna, la vacuna
indicada para esta enfermedad es la
BCG, cuya dosis indicada es de 0.1 ml
en la región deltoides del brazo derecho
por vía intradérmica
5.
6. HEPATITIS B:
Es la irritación o inflamación
del hígado causada por el
virus de la hepatitis B
(VHB), es una enfermedad
infecto-contagiosa, la cual
puede adquirirse por el
intercambio de fluidos
corporales, tales como;
•Sangre
•Semen
•Saliva
•Flujos vaginales
7. SIGNOS Y SÍNT
OMAS:
•Puede que no tenga ningún síntoma.
•Puede sentirse enfermo durante un
período de días o semanas.
Puede resultar muy enfermo con gran
rapidez (llamada hepatitis fulminante).
Es posible que los síntomas de la
hepatitis B no aparezcan hasta 6
meses después del momento de la
infección. Los síntomas iniciales
pueden abarcar:
•Inapetencia
∙Fatiga
•Fiebre
∙Náuseas y vómitos
∙Náuseas y vómitos
∙Ictericia y orina turbia
•Dolores musculares y articulares
9. GASTROENTERITIS POR ROTAVIRUS:
🞭 Es una inflamación del estómago y los intestinos a raíz
de una infección causada por el virus del Rotavirus. La
infección puede llevar a que se presente diarrea y
vómitos.
10. SÍNTOMAS:
• Diarrea
• Cefalea
• Vómitos
• Dolor abdominal
• Rigidez articular
¿Cómo prevenir la gastroenteritis por rotavirus?
La vacunación oportuna es la mejor opción para
protegerse de dicha enfermedad
11. MENINGITIS BACTERIANA Y NEUMONÍA POR
NEUMOCOCO:
La bacteria se transmite de persona a persona a través de
gotículas de las secreciones respiratorias o de la garganta.
Tres diferentes bacterias pueden causar estas enfermedades.
El periodo de incubación medio es de 4 días, pero puede
oscilar entre 2 y 10 días.
14. ¿CÓMO PREVENIR ESTAS ENFERMEDADES?
Existe una vacuna; la vacuna neumococcica
Conjugada.
15.
16. INFLUENZA
• Causas:
• La mayoría de las personas contraen la
influenza cuando inhalan gotitas provenientes
de la tos o los estornudos de alguien que esté
infectado. Usted también la puede contraer si
toca algo que contenga el virus y luego se
toca la boca, la nariz o los ojos.
17.
18. SIGNOS Y SÍNTOMAS:
• Congestión nasal
• Sensación de cuerpo
cortado
• Cefalea
• Dificultad respiratoria
• Rinorrea
• Mareos
• Escalofríos
¿CÓMO PREVENIR LA INFLUENZA?
• Usted puede tomar medidas
con el fin de evitar contraer o
propagar la gripe. La mejor
medida es recibir una vacuna
antigripal.
• La vacuna anti influenza va
aplicada en la región deltoidea
del brazo izquierdo en adultos
y en niños mayores de 18
meses en el musculo basto
lateral externo del muslo.
20. POLIOMIELITIS :
🞭 Es una enfermedad
infectocontagiosa grave
producida por virus.
Se transmite por contacto
directo con la
secreciones de la
garganta y las heces de
una persona infectada y
rara vez a través del
agua o de alimentos
contaminados.
21. SIGNOS Y SÍNTOMAS: VACUNA ANTI POLIOMIELÍTICA (SABIN)
• Asimetría vertebral
• Dolor muscular y artrítico
• Fiebre
• Malestar general
• Nauseas y vómitos
• Cefalea
• La mejor manera de prevención
para la poliomielitis es la
inmunidad dada por la
vacunación.
• La vacuna anti poliomielítica
se aplica IM la cual es
llamada VPI y la tipo Sabin
va aplicada por vía oral y su
dosis es de 2 gotas.
22.
23. PAPILOMA HUMANO
• Es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa, con mas de 100
serotipos de VPH. 13 serotipos son contagiados por
relaciones de alto riesgo o sin protección, se
caracteriza por formar verrugas genitales que provocan
sensación de ardor y pueden desencadenar otro tipo
de infecciones, aunque esta infección también puede
provocar verrugas cutáneas, papilomastosis
respiratoria y es un factor que predispone para la
aparición de neoplastias utero-cervicales.
24.
25. VACUNA CONTRA EL PAPILOMA
HUMANO:
• Dos vacunas denominadas VPH4 (Gardasil) y VPH2
(Cervarix) están aprobadas: Ambas vacunas protegen contra
los dos tipos de VPH que causan la mayoría de los casos de
cáncer de cuello uterino.
• La VPH4 (Gardasil) también protege contra otros dos tipos
del VPH que causan la mayoría de los casos de verrugas
genitales en hombres y mujeres.
26. VACUNA CONTRA EL PAPILOMA HUMANO:
🞭 La vacuna contra el VPH va aplicada en la
región deltoidea del brazo izquierdo por vía
intramuscular en mujeres de 11 años.
27. TÉTANO:
El tétanos es una enfermedad seria causada por la
bacteria del tétano. La bacteria vive en el suelo, la
saliva, el polvo y en el estiércol. Las bacterias
suelen ingresar al cuerpo a través de un corte
profundo, como los que puede hacerse uno mismo
con un cuchillo o al pisar un clavo.
28. SÍNTOMAS:
• La infección causa un
espasmo doloroso de los
músculos, por lo general
en todo el cuerpo. Puede
conducir a un "bloqueo" de
la mandíbula (Trismo), lo
que hace imposible abrir la
boca o tragar.
• Sudoración excesiva
• Fiebre
• Espasmos vertebrales
(Opistótonos)
• Irritabilidad
• Dificultad para tragar
• Micción o defecación
incontrolable
31. ¿QUÉ ES LA VACUNA
PENTAVALENTE?
• Es una vacuna de acción múltiple, la cual es
capaz de prevenir 5 enfermedades distintas
como lo son:
• Tétanos
• Difteria
• Poliomielitis bacteriana
• Tos ferina
• Influenza
32. ENFERMEDAD PREVIENE –
AGENTE CAUSAL.
El Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) es un coco bacilo Gram negativo,
habitualmente aerobio, pero puede ser un anaerobio facultativo.
Es un huésped habitual del árbol respiratorio del ser humano
únicamente. Hay varios tipos, definidos por el tipo capsular (a, b,
c d, e y f) y cepas no tipificables ni encapsuladas (estas últimas
pueden ser las causantes de la septicemia neonatal).
El tipo "b" es el más virulento y responsable de las enfermedades
invasivas: cuando la cantidad de gérmenes que circulan en
sangre alcanza altísimos niveles, es capaz de penetrar en las
meninges, articulaciones, pleura, pulmón y pericardio.
COMO SE CONTRAE LA
INFLUENZA TIPO B
Contacto directo con personas enfermas a través de secreciones
o elementos contaminados
SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. El Hib, puede presentarse en diferentes formas clínicas, de
acuerdo a su ubicación, dando cuadros leves, moderados o
graves. Los primeros suelen ser otitis, sinusitis y cuadros
respiratorios.
Los cuadros graves, suelen ser formas llamadas invasivas, por su
agresividad tienen una alta mortalidad.
Entre las complicaciones encontramos::
Meningitis aguda: en los lugares dónde no se vacuna en forma
VACUNA PENTAVALENTE –
HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TIPO B
33. SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. Neumonía: el Haemophilus b comparte el primer lugar con el
Streptococcus pneumoniae en cuanto a afecciones de este tipo
en el niño menor de 5 años. Generalmente se sobreagrega a un
ataque viral previo. La gravedad de estos casos está dado más
por el compromiso general del afectado que por la enfermedad
pulmonar.
Epiglotitis: es una presentación común en Europa y menos
frecuente en Latinoamérica. Es un cuadro grave y con alta
mortalidad. Generalmente afecta a niños menores y da un cuadro
obstructivo de las vías respiratorias altas, con gran edema y
dificultad respiratoria que puede llevar a la asfixia en poco tiempo
de no existir tratamiento inmediato.
Celulitis: esta presentación, tiene predisposición por los tejidos
de la cara, especialmente en los menores de 5 años.
Osteoartritis: poco común en Latinoamérica.
Bacteriemias: la presencia en sangre de esta bacteria puede dar
casos leves con sólo un cuadro febril hasta casos fulminantes
indiferenciables de otras causales.
Pericarditis: le corresponde el 15% de las producidas en niños
entre 2 y 4 años; generalmente subsecuentes a una afección
respiratoria.
VACUNA PENTAVALENTE –
HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TIPO B
34. SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. Susceptibilidad ambiental
Guarderías (tres veces más frecuente)
Familia numerosa
Grupos cerrados
Hermanos en edad escolar
Nivel socio-económico bajo
Susceptibilidad individual
Menor de 5 años
Ausencia de alimentación materna
Deficiencias inmunológicas u oncológicas
Factores genéticos
MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS Aplicación del esquema de vacunación acorde con la edad.
Medidas de aislamiento respiratorio en caso de sufrir la
enfermedad.
Lavado de manos.
Estilos de vida saludable.
VACUNA PENTAVALENTE –
HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TIPO B
35. VACUNA PENTAVALENTE:
• Vacuna aplicada vía intramuscular en tercio
medio del musculo basto lateral externo del
muslo, con una dosis de 0.5 ml. Con 3 dosis
2, 4 y 6 meses
36. VACUNA DPT:
• DPT es una mezcla de tres vacunas que
inmunizan contra la difteria, Bordetella
pertussis y el tétanos.
38. ENFERMEDAD PREVIENE –
AGENTE CAUSAL.
Llamada también tos convulsa, o tos ferina. Fue Baillou, en 1578,
quien utilizó el término tos quintosa para definir el cuadro. En el
año 1900, Bordet y Gengou, identificaron al agente.
Bordetela Pertussis
COMO SE CONTRAE LA
PERTUSSIS
Se contrae por contacto directo con secreciones contaminadas.
SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS.
La coqueluche como también se conoce, es una enfermedad
bacteriana aguda que afecta el árbol traqueo bronquial y se
caracteriza por accesos de tos espasmódica violenta, tanto más
peligrosa cuanto más pequeño es el enfermo. Es la tercera causa
de muerte por enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, después del
sarampión y el tétanos neonatal.
La incubación se extiende entre 7 a 14 días. Luego aparece la tos
irritativa que lentamente se transforma en insidiosa, con estadios
de tos continua paroxística en salvas (de allí lo de tos quintosa) y
sin inhalación de aire; que finaliza con una inspiración profunda,
sibilante y sonora (estridor), por la necesidad que tiene el enfermo
de recuperar oxígeno. .
VACUNA PENTAVALENTE –
TOSFERINA
O PERTUSSIS
39. SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS.
En esta etapa, puede haber expulsión de secreciones mucosas
claras, muy adherentes y características de esta enfermedad.
En los más pequeños pueden manifestarse a través de vómitos.
Este cuadro típico es el que permite realizar el diagnóstico, además
de los estudios de laboratorio.
En los menores de 6 meses y adultos mayores, el cuadro anterior
suele no aparecer, pero sí períodos de apnea (suspensión transitoria
de la respiración). En el primer grupo, aquéllos no vacunados o con
esquema básico sin completar (menos de 3 dosis), tienen un alto
riesgo: la apnea prolongada trae como consecuencia una deficiente
oxigenación cerebral que puede llevar a la muerte.
MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS Aplicación de la vacuna acorde con las recomendaciones del
esquema.
En caso de enfermedad, hospitalización.
VACUNA PENTAVALENTE -
TOSFERINA
40. SARAMPIÓN, RUBEOLA Y PAROTIDITIS
(SRP)
• La vacuna contra el sarampión, parotiditis y la
rubéola se llama triple viral o vírica (SRP, por sus
siglas). La vacuna contiene virus vivos pero muy
débiles de las tres enfermedades.
41. SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. Las complicaciones más comunes son
neumonitis, encefalitis y la forma hemorrágica;
siendo los más afectados los lactantes y niños
pequeños.
Es más peligroso en desnutridos u otros
inmunocomprometidos, ya que produce una
disminución de las defensas orgánicas.
En desnutridos graves puede desencadenar
una enfermedad llamada Kwashiorkor,
exacerbando el déficit de vitamina A, lo que
culmina finalmente en ceguera; por lo tanto
deben considerarse grupo de riesgo (en países
con altos índices de desnutrición, las campañas
de vacunación suelen acompañarse de la
administración de vitamina A).
El 50% de enfermos de pan encefalitis
subaguda esclerosante, padecieron sarampión
antes de cumplir 2 años; por lo tanto se la
considera una complicación tardía.
espontáneo o
Durante el embarazo aumenta las posibilidades de aborto
malformaciones.
VACUNA TRIPLE VIRAL -
SARAMPION
MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS Aplicación de la vacuna de acuerdo a los esquemas y grupos de
riesgo.
42. ENFERMEDAD PREVIENE
– AGENTE CAUSAL.
El Sarampión es una enfermedad exantemática aguda, universal,
altamente contagiosa y producida por un sólo tipo de paramixovirus.
COMO SE CONTRAE L EL
SARAMPION
Se transmite de persona a persona por las gotitas de Pflügge o
secreciones catarrales del infectado, pero se ha comprobado
transmisión aérea en lugares cerrados. Es una de las enfermedades
más contagiosas: los susceptibles que entran en contacto con el
enfermo contraen la enfermedad.
SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. La mediana de incubación es de 10 días. El período pre-
exantemático dura 3 días, con fiebre, conjuntivitis, resfrío, catarro
bronquial (los conocidos 3 catarros) y exantema (manchas de
Köplick). El período exantemático dura alrededor de 5 días. La fiebre
que aumenta con el brote comienza a disminuir progresivamente. La
enfermedad dura alrededor de 10 días si no hay complicaciones. La
diseminación se produce un día antes del período pre exantemático
y se prolonga hasta 4 días después del comienzo del exantema, con
un máximo de contagio en el primer y último día del brote
VACUNA TRIPLE VIRAL -
SARAMPION
43. ENFERMEDAD PREVIENE
– AGENTE CAUSAL.
La también llamada Tercera enfermedad, era conocida antiguamente
como Sarampión alemán y considerada como una variante del
Sarampión o la Escarlatina. También se la conoce como Sarampión
rojo.
COMO SE CONTRAE LA
RUBEAOLA
La forma postnatal se transmite por contacto directo o por gotitas de
Pflügge. Predomina a fines del invierno y comienzos de primavera.
En comunidades pequeñas o cerradas, durante un brote suelen
padecerla todos los susceptibles.
El período de incubación varía entre 14 y 21 días. El contagio se
produciría desde pocos días antes del exantema y hasta 7 días
después del inicio del mismo (aunque estudios hechos en
voluntarios, mostraron presencia del virus rubeola en secreciones
nasofaríngeas desde 7 días antes y hasta 14 días después
SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. Se clasifica de dos maneras:
• Post-natal:
Es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa, común en la infancia y
juventud. Da síntomas generales leves: exantema máculopapular
difuso, estado febril y adenopatías suboccipitales, postauriculares y
cervicales posteriores (que son características de esta patología,
antecediéndola entre 5 a 10 días). El 25 a 50% cursa en forma
subclínica. En niños mayores y adultos (mujeres fundamentalmente),
puede dar poliartralgias. Aunque en general no deja secuelas, puede
complicarse con encefalitis o trombocitopenia.
44. SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. Se clasifica de dos maneras:
• Post-natal:
Es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa, común en la infancia y
juventud. Da síntomas generales leves: exantema máculopapular
difuso, estado febril y adenopatías suboccipitales, postauriculares y
cervicales posteriores (que son características de esta patología,
antecediéndola entre 5 a 10 días). El 25 a 50% cursa en forma
subclínica. En niños mayores y adultos (mujeres fundamentalmente),
puede dar poliartralgias. Aunque en general no deja secuelas, puede
complicarse con encefalitis o trombocitopenia.
• Congénita:
Más del 25% de los fetos cuya madre padeció rubeola durante el
primer trimestre del embarazo, son afectados. Puede producir muerte
uterina o aborto espontáneo.
Las patologías asociadas con esta enfermedad son: oftalmológicas
(microoftalmía, cataratas, coriorretinitis), cardiológicas (conducto
arterioso persistente, estenosis periférica de la arteria pulmonar,
etc.), auditivas (sordera neurosensorial) y neurológicas (microcefalia,
meningoencefalitis, retraso mental).
Además presentan retardo del crecimiento, hepatoesplenomegalia,
ictericia y lesiones similares a las purpúricas. Muchas de las rubéolas
maternas pueden cursar en forma asintomática y los casos leves del
feto, se diagnostican varios meses o años después del nacimiento
(sordera parcial o manifestaciones cardíacas leves
45. ENFERMEDAD PREVIENE
– AGENTE CAUSAL.
Llamada también Fiebre o Parotiditis urliana, es más conocida entre
nosotros como Paperas. También descripta por Hipócrates, su
etiología viral fue demostrada por Johnson y Goodpasture en 1934.
En 1945 consiguió aislarse el virus.
COMO SE CONTRAE LA
PAROTIDITIS
Contacto con secreciones de los enfermos
SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. Se caracteriza por fiebre, edema y dolor de una o más glándulas
salivales (habitualmente las parótidas). Por lo general es leve y auto
limitada.
La incubación dura de 12 a 25 días ( media de 18) y el período de
contagio va desde 6-7 días antes y hasta 9 días después del edema
glandular (la máxima contagiosidad, ocurre 48 horas antes de las
manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad). Los expuestos no
inmunes, deben ser considerados infecciosos desde el 12° al 25° día
de la exposición. La inmunidad suele ser permanente.
Existe un 20-30% de orquitis y 5% de ovaritis, en hombres y mujeres
pospúberes; aunque es posible verlo en niños (estos cuadros
pueden presentarse sin inflamación de las glándulas salivales). Es
rara la presentación de sordera permanente, generalmente unilateral.
Pueden darse: pancreatitis, neuritis, artritis, mastitis, nefritis, tiroiditis
y pericarditis
VACUNA TRIPLE VIRAL -
PAROTIDIS
46. SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS. La esterilidad es rara. No hay pruebas de que la enfermedad
produzca malformaciones congénitas, aunque como toda patología
viral, es sospechada. Sí se ha constatado un 27% de abortos
espontáneos en el primer trimestre del embarazo.
Se acompaña de cefaleas, especialmente en adultos, por afectación
meníngea. Es la causa más frecuente de meningitis aséptica
invernal, cursando por lo general, sin secuelas (15%). La letalidad se
estima en 1,4%, habitualmente en adultos.
MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS Aplicación de la vacuna acorde con el esquema recomendado.
En caso de sufrir la enfermedad, aplicar normas de aislamiento por
contacto
VACUNA TRIPLE VIRAL -
PAROTIDIS
47. INFORMACIÓN GENERAL DE
LA VACUNA:
• Vacuna de origen viral, con virus inactivados de las
tres enfermedades, aplicada en la región deltoidea
del brazo izquierdo vía sub cutánea con una dosis
de 0.5 ml. Con dos dosis.