This document discusses civil and political rights and responsibilities in the Philippines. It covers several topics related to Philippine politics and governance, including the nature, dimensions, and types of power and its consequences. It also discusses political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. Finally, it examines decentralization and the roles of local government units in the Philippines such as barangays, municipalities, cities, and provinces.
Introduction to Comparative Politics.pdfRommel Regala
"Introduction to Comparative Politics" is a foundational course that provides students with a comprehensive overview of political systems, institutions, and processes across different countries. The course aims to develop an understanding of the diverse ways in which societies organize and govern themselves. Topics covered often include the comparative analysis of political ideologies, government structures, electoral systems, political cultures, and policy outcomes. Students explore key concepts and theories that help them analyze and compare political systems, gaining insights into the factors influencing political development and behavior globally. Through case studies and cross-national comparisons, students develop critical thinking skills and a nuanced appreciation for the complexities of political dynamics in various regions. Overall, the course equips students with the tools to assess the similarities and differences among political systems, fostering a deeper understanding of the world's diverse political landscapes.
This course serves as an introduction to the foundational principles and concepts in political science. It covers the fundamental aspects of the discipline, including the study of political systems, government structures, political ideologies, and the behavior of individuals and groups within political contexts. Students will explore key theories, methods of analysis, and the diverse subfields within political science, such as comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public policy. The course aims to provide a broad understanding of the principles shaping political phenomena and prepare students for more advanced studies in political science.
While is old of this Chapter in textbook, I have restructured to capture the meaning of political culture and format of politics, ideology, power, legitimacy.
INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docxnormanibarber20063
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made Looking a.docxPOLY33
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made:
Looking at all sides of a conflict is not an easy task. Several factors, which we may not be aware of, contribute to our understanding (or misunderstanding) and hence, influence the final choice. Consequently, people involved in the same conflict may arrive at different solutions caused by any of the following:
•
Context
the circumstances surrounding the issue, influences what parts are thought important or unimportant. For instance, if the individuals in a conflict are acquainted, the nature of the relationship matters. The bond between family members is very different than the one between friends .Gender, past experiences, education and age also act as a frame, modifying how the problem and the consequences are understood.
•
Values,
which are derived from personal beliefs, are grounded in traditional sources such as family, religion and school. They form an underlying framework which focuses our attention on certain aspects of a problem and may advocate for a particular choice. Values vary from individual to individual reflecting cultural, religious and other personal experiences and may play a greater role in conflict solutions arising in situations where points of law are not in question.
•
Principles
, which are sometimes derived from external sources such as institutions or ethical theories, typically provide guidance rather than specify an action. They can assist in prioritizing values by lending greater weight to one value over another. Conflicts which involve legal issues may be solved more readily by a direct appeal to known principles. Professional codes of ethics and
laws(
rules), then specify how principles are carried out. The four major principles guiding many institutional practices are: beneficence, non-
maleficence
, autonomy and justice (fairness). From these, courses of actions are derived. Which principle has priority in any one decision varies depending on personal beliefs, facts and other contextual information.
•
Ethical systems
are an important part of the process of justifying a particular action. The simple identification of principles and values is typically not sufficient to make a complex, difficult decision. At some point, justification for a particular choice begins to take place. Three of the more common ethical systems select different components of the conflict as a focal point: a person's motives, the consequences of the action, or an appeal to an external system of principles. As in the case with perspective, the action chosen is influenced by a tension between external forces such as obeying rules or finding a good outcome, and the character of individual (integrity).
Some philosophers argue that there really are only two systems for determining what is right or good. How "right" and "good" are connected through a course of action is the primary difference between two of the most common ethical systems which are
1.
Teleological Theor ...
IMMANUEL KANT MORALITY PERSPECTIVE
Morality is not the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy of happiness. We are not rich by what we possess but by what we can do without.
Introduction to Comparative Politics.pdfRommel Regala
"Introduction to Comparative Politics" is a foundational course that provides students with a comprehensive overview of political systems, institutions, and processes across different countries. The course aims to develop an understanding of the diverse ways in which societies organize and govern themselves. Topics covered often include the comparative analysis of political ideologies, government structures, electoral systems, political cultures, and policy outcomes. Students explore key concepts and theories that help them analyze and compare political systems, gaining insights into the factors influencing political development and behavior globally. Through case studies and cross-national comparisons, students develop critical thinking skills and a nuanced appreciation for the complexities of political dynamics in various regions. Overall, the course equips students with the tools to assess the similarities and differences among political systems, fostering a deeper understanding of the world's diverse political landscapes.
This course serves as an introduction to the foundational principles and concepts in political science. It covers the fundamental aspects of the discipline, including the study of political systems, government structures, political ideologies, and the behavior of individuals and groups within political contexts. Students will explore key theories, methods of analysis, and the diverse subfields within political science, such as comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public policy. The course aims to provide a broad understanding of the principles shaping political phenomena and prepare students for more advanced studies in political science.
While is old of this Chapter in textbook, I have restructured to capture the meaning of political culture and format of politics, ideology, power, legitimacy.
INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docxnormanibarber20063
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made Looking a.docxPOLY33
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made:
Looking at all sides of a conflict is not an easy task. Several factors, which we may not be aware of, contribute to our understanding (or misunderstanding) and hence, influence the final choice. Consequently, people involved in the same conflict may arrive at different solutions caused by any of the following:
•
Context
the circumstances surrounding the issue, influences what parts are thought important or unimportant. For instance, if the individuals in a conflict are acquainted, the nature of the relationship matters. The bond between family members is very different than the one between friends .Gender, past experiences, education and age also act as a frame, modifying how the problem and the consequences are understood.
•
Values,
which are derived from personal beliefs, are grounded in traditional sources such as family, religion and school. They form an underlying framework which focuses our attention on certain aspects of a problem and may advocate for a particular choice. Values vary from individual to individual reflecting cultural, religious and other personal experiences and may play a greater role in conflict solutions arising in situations where points of law are not in question.
•
Principles
, which are sometimes derived from external sources such as institutions or ethical theories, typically provide guidance rather than specify an action. They can assist in prioritizing values by lending greater weight to one value over another. Conflicts which involve legal issues may be solved more readily by a direct appeal to known principles. Professional codes of ethics and
laws(
rules), then specify how principles are carried out. The four major principles guiding many institutional practices are: beneficence, non-
maleficence
, autonomy and justice (fairness). From these, courses of actions are derived. Which principle has priority in any one decision varies depending on personal beliefs, facts and other contextual information.
•
Ethical systems
are an important part of the process of justifying a particular action. The simple identification of principles and values is typically not sufficient to make a complex, difficult decision. At some point, justification for a particular choice begins to take place. Three of the more common ethical systems select different components of the conflict as a focal point: a person's motives, the consequences of the action, or an appeal to an external system of principles. As in the case with perspective, the action chosen is influenced by a tension between external forces such as obeying rules or finding a good outcome, and the character of individual (integrity).
Some philosophers argue that there really are only two systems for determining what is right or good. How "right" and "good" are connected through a course of action is the primary difference between two of the most common ethical systems which are
1.
Teleological Theor ...
Similar to CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND IT’S CORRESPONDING RESPONSIBILITIES.pptx (20)
IMMANUEL KANT MORALITY PERSPECTIVE
Morality is not the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy of happiness. We are not rich by what we possess but by what we can do without.
State is an organized political community acting under a government and united by a common set of laws. It uses absolute power in directing the path of a society. States differ in sovereignty, governance, geography, and interest. It may be classified as sovereign if they are not dependent on, or subjects to, any other power or state.
There are many approaches to help clients move towards growth and problem-resolution. often counselors will provide them with opportunities to learn new skills and coping mechanism while also increasing their self-understanding and insight. Counselors may also examine past patters to help them assess in a healthier way their current/past relationships, decision-making, and family dynamics. With the help of their counselors, clients will better understand their strengths and abilities to manage life challenges which can be very important in achieving their therapeutic goals.
SOCIAL SCIENCE is made up several disciplines and these include history, political science, sociology, psychology, economics, geography, and demography, and anthropology, and linguistics.
ETHICAL AND UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR AMONG PRACTITIONAERS
Social Workers - have a very crucial role in the society, It is their sworn duty to protect the well-being of individuals who are in need of their help.
Ethical Standards - The following ethical standards are relevant to the professional activities of all social workers. These standards concern to clients, to colleagues, in practice settings, as professionals, to the social work profession, and to the boarder society.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY.
WORLD WIDE WEB
TRENDS IN ICT
TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
ONLINE SAFETY, SECURITY, ETHICS AND ETIQUETTE
TIPS ON HOW TO BE SAFE ONLINE
INTERNET THREATS MALWARE
SEARCHING THE WEB
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Defining power
• According to Andrew Heywood, power, in its broadest
sense, is the ability to achieve a desired outcome,
sometimes seen as the ‘power to’ do something. In the
context of politics and governance, power is usually
thought of as a relationship:
• The ability to influence the behavior of others or having
‘power over’ people.
• Power is also associated with the ability to punish or
reward.
5. Power as Decision-
Making
Sample
Footer
Text
• power is that the most powerful
actors in society are those whose
opinion are considered and upheld
in the decision making.
• The powerful can get what they
want and make others behave the
way they wanted them to.
Decisions can be influenced in a
variety of ways.
3/17/2023
5
6. Power as Agenda Setting
• The second face of power is the ability to prevent decisions being made: that is, in effect,
‘non-decision-making’. This involves the ability to set or control the political agenda,
thereby preventing issues or proposals from being aired in the first place.
9. Reward power
• The target person complies in order to obtain rewards he or she believes are controlled by
the agent.
10. Coercive power
• The target person complies in order to avoid punishments he or she believes are
controlled by the agent.
11. Legitimate power
• The target person complies because he or she believes the agent has the right to make the
request and the target person has the obligation to comply.
12. Expert power
• The target person complies because he or she believes that the agent has special
knowledge about the best way to do something.
13. Referent power
• The target person complies because he or she admires or identifies with the agent and
wants to gain the agent’s approval.
14. Consequences of Power
• Compliance refers to the readiness or act of agreeing to do something.
• The two types of power most likely to cause compliance are legitimate or position power
and reward power.
1. Compliance with the order may occur if it is perceived to be within the leader’s
scope of authority.
1. Compliance is most likely to happen if the reward is something valued by the target
person.
15. Consequences of Power
• Commitment is an even more desirable outcome because of the trust and emotional pledge
that it causes. It is perceived as loyalty or a sense of dedication or devotion. Commitment
is most likely to be the consequence when the powers used are referent and expert.
• The common way to exercise referent power is merely to ask someone with whom one
has a friendship to do something.
• Expert power may result to commitment if the leader presents logical arguments and
supporting evidence for a particular proposal, order or policy. It will depend on the
leader’s credibility and persuasive communication skills in addition to technical
knowledge and logical or analytical ability.
• Commitment is a very unlikely consequence if coercive power is employed.
16. Consequences of Power
• Resistance means to refuse or to oppose. It is the most likely outcome when coercive
power is used in a hostile or manipulative way. It is best to use coercion power in
preventing behavior that is harmful to the society and well-being of the people such as
illegal and violent activities. (Heywood 2007)
19. Meaning of Ideology
• Ideology refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and
operate. From a social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a coherent set of ideas that
provides a basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify
or overthrow the existing system of power relationships.
20. Functions of Political Ideology
• (1) It offers an account of the existing order by examining what works and what does not
work, as well as other various issues and problems that the state and the broader society
are confronted with.
• (2) It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of the Good Society.
• (3) It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be achieved.
21. Major Political Ideologies
Liberalism
Liberalism pertains to set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties. Its
key ideas are the following:
Key Ideas of Liberalism
• 1. Individualism: It is the core principle of liberal ideology. Individualism is further
• explained as:
• belief in the supreme importance of the human
• human beings are seen with equal moral worth; they possess separate and unique
identities
• the liberal goal is to construct a society within which individuals can flourish and
develop
22. 2. Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty is the core value of liberalism. Under freedom are the
following features:
• desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or chooses
• advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they recognize that one person’s liberty may be a
threat to the liberty of others
3. Reason: Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure, and that this can be uncovered
through the exercise of human reason and by critical enquiry. Furthermore, the key idea of reason
favors the following:
• faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments;
• individuals as the best judges of their own interests;
• belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to resolve their differences through
debate and argument, rather than bloodshed and war.
23. 4. Equality: This refers to the belief that individuals are ‘born equal’, at least in terms of
moral worth. Liberalism has strong commitment to equal rights namely:
• legal equality (‘equality before the law’);
• political equality (‘one person, one vote; one vote, one value’).
24. • 5. Toleration: It means willingness to allow others to think, speak and act in ways which
they disapprove. This promotes debate and intellectual progress.
• 6. Consent: It will advocate that authority and social relationships should always be
based on consent or willing agreement. Under this idea, the government must therefore be
based on the ‘consent of the governed’. Authority is always grounded in legitimacy.
25. Conservatism
• Conservatism refers to set of political beliefs based on preservation of customs and
traditions that define the character of a society. Here are the key ideas of conservatism:
26. Key Ideas of Conservatism
• 1. Tradition: It is the central theme of
• conservative thought or ‘the desire to conserve’. It respects established customs and
institutions that have endured through time. Tradition reflects the accumulated wisdom of the
past, and institutions and practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and it should be preserved
for the benefit of the living and for generations yet to come.
• 2. Pragmatism: It is the belief that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and
practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’.
• 3. Human imperfection: In this view, human beings are limited, dependent, and security-
seeking creatures, drawn to the familiar and the tried and tested. Human beings are needing to
live in stable and orderly communities. The maintenance of order requires a strong state, the
• enforcement of strict laws, and stiff penalties.
27. • 4. Authority: Conservatives hold that, to some degree, authority is always exercised ‘from
above’, providing leadership, guidance and support for those who lack the knowledge,
experience or education to act wisely in their own interests. Authority and leadership are
seen as resulting from experience and training.
• 5. Property: Conservatives see property ownership as being vital because it gives people
security and a measure of independence from government, and it encourages them to
respect the law and the property of others.
28. Socialism
• Socialism is defined as set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social equality
that adheres to the following ideas:
• Key Ideas of Socialism
• 1. Community: The core of socialism is the vision of human beings as social creatures
linked by the existence of a common humanity. It highlights the importance of
community, and the degree to which individual identity is fashioned by social
• interaction and membership of social groups and collective bodies. Socialists are inclined
to emphasize nurture over nature, and to explain individual behavior mainly in terms of
social factors, rather than innate qualities.
29. • 2. Fraternity: It is sharing a common humanity. Humans are bound together by a sense
of comradeship or fraternity (literally meaning ‘brotherhood’, but broadened in this
context to embrace all humans). Socialism prefers cooperation over competition and
favors collectivism over individualism. Cooperation enables people to harness their
collective
• energies/strengthens the bonds of community.
• 3. Social equality is the central value of socialism: It emphasizes equality of outcome
as opposed to equality of opportunity. The measure of social equality is looked upon as
guarantee of social stability and cohesion.
30. • 4. Need is of primary importance in Socialism: It is the belief that material benefits
should be distributed on the basis of need, rather than simply on the basis of merit or
work: ‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his need’. The satisfaction
of basic needs (hunger, thirst, shelter, health, personal security and so on) is a
prerequisite for a worthwhile human existence and participation in social life.
• 5. Social class: Socialism has traditionally been associated with the interests of an
oppressed and exploited working class - regarded the working class as an agent of social
change. The socialist goal is the eradication of economic and social inequalities, or their
substantial reduction.
• 6. Common ownership: The socialist case for common ownership is that it is a means of
harnessing material resources to the common good, with private property being seen to
promote selfishness, acquisitiveness and social division.
32. Decentralization and Local Governance
• The Constitution of the Philippines acknowledges the importance of local governments. It
provides as a policy that “the State shall guarantee and promote the autonomy of the
local government units-especially the barangays- to ensure their fullest development as
self-reliant communities.
33. Roles and Functions of the Philippine Local
Government Units
• There are four units of local government in the Philippines as stated in Article X, section 1
of the 1987 Constitution: the barangay, city, municipality and province.
• a. Barangay. The barangay is the basic unit of government. It is made up of at least two
thousand (2000) inhabitants certified by Philippine Statistics Authority.
• Officials of the Barangay Government. There shall be in each barangay, a Punong
Barangay, Seven (7) Sangguniang Barangay members, the Sangguniang Kabataang
Chairman, a Barangay Secretary and a Barangay Treasurer. There shall also be in every
Barangay a Lupong Tagapamayapa. (The Local Government Code of the Philippines
Section 387).
34. Role of the Barangay
• Role of the Barangay. As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary
planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects and
activities in the community and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may
be expressed, crystallized and considered and when disputes may be amicably settled
(The Local Government Code of the Philippines section 384).
35. Basic Functions of Barangay
• 1. Ensure the delivery of basic services.
• 2. Enforce laws and regulation relating to the protection of the environment.
• 3. Adopt measures to prevent and eradicate drug abuse, child abuse and juvenile
delinquency.
• 4. Serves a forum where people’s interests and opinions on local and national issues are
articulated.
• 5. Serves as a place for settling neighborhood disputes or conflicts.
36. Municipality.
• A municipality may be created if it has an average annual income, as certified by the
provincial treasurer, of at least two million five hundred thousand pesos (P2,500,000.00)
for the last two (2) consecutive years based on the 1991
• constant prices; a population of at least twenty-five thousand (25,000) inhabitants as
certified by the National Statistics Office; and a contiguous territory of at least fifty (50)
square kilometers as certified by the Lands Management Bureau: (The Local Government
Code of the Philippines Section 441).
37. Roles of Municipality
• The municipality, consisting of a group of Barangays, serves primarily as a general
purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic, regular and direct services
and effective governance of the inhabitants within its territorial jurisdiction.
38. City
• A municipality or a cluster of Barangays may be converted into a component city if it
has an average annual income, as certified by the Department of Finance, of at least
Twenty million pesos (Php20,000,000.00) for the last two (2) consecutive years based on
1991 constant prices, and if it has either of the following requisites: (i) a contiguous
• territory of at least one hundred (100) square kilometers, as certified by the Lands
Management Bureau; or, (ii) a population of not less than one hundred fifty
thousand(150,000 (The Local Government Code of the Philippines section
39. Role of the City
• The city, consisting of more urbanized and developed Barangays, serves as a general-
purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic, regular, and direct
services and effective governance of the inhabitants 8 within its territorial jurisdiction.
(The Local Government Code of the Philippines section 448).
40. Basic Functions of Cities and Municipalities
• 1. Ensure the delivery of basic services.
• 2. Enact policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdiction.
• 3. Exercise regulatory powers within their jurisdictional areas to ensure that private
enterprise does not impede the good and welfare of the public.
• 4. Issue permits and licenses and to revoke or taking back the same if necessary for local
business, land use and construction, both for industrial and private purposes.
41. Province
• A province may be created if it has an average annual income, as certified by the
Department of Finance, of not less than Twenty million pesos(Php20,000,000.00) based
on 1991 constant prices and either of the following requisites: (i) a contiguous territory of
at least two thousand (2,000) square kilometers, as certified by the Lands Management
Bureau; or, (ii) a population of not less than two hundred fifty thousand(250,000)
inhabitants as certified by the National Statistics Office (The Local Government Code of
the Philippines section
• 461).
42. Role of the Province.
• The province, composed of a cluster of municipalities, or municipalities and component
cities, and as a political and corporate unit of government, serves as a dynamic
mechanism for developmental processes and effective governance of local government
units within its territorial jurisdiction (The Local Government Code of the Philippines
section 459).
43. Basic Functions of Province
• 1. Supervision - Every provincial government is tasked with supervising the municipal
governments in the planning, budgeting, and service delivery process.
• 2. Developmental - This function has to do with facilitating economic development of
municipalities within the jurisdiction of a provincial government by paving the way for
transfer of technology and the granting of agricultural assistance to farmers.
• 3. Environmental - This is associated with the enforcement of laws and ordinances
relating to the preservation of the environment.
• 4. Health - Provincial governments provide tertiary health services in addition to what are
provided by each municipality