plagiarism limit

1. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Tariqul Islam
Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
LMCK1621: Ethical & Professionalism

2. 2
We Know …
 Science …
 A body of established knowledge
 The observation, identification, investigation, and
theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon
 Theory …
 A set of inter-related constructs and propositions that
specify relations among variables to explain and predict
phenomena
 Should be simple, consistent with observed
relationships, tentative and verifiable
 Scientific Method …
 Involves the principles and processes regarded as
characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation
 Process or approach to generating valid and trustworthy
knowledge

3. 3
What is Research ?
 The Oxford Concise Dictionary defines the Research as…
a. The systematic investigation into and study of materials,
sources, etc. in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
b. An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc. by the
scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical
investigation.
 The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the Research as…
Studious inquiry or examination aimed at the discovery and
interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the
light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised
theories or laws.

4. 4
Research is NOT …
 Accidental Discovery
 Accidental discovery may occur in structured research
process
 Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not previously
previously noticed
 May lead to a structured research process to verify or
understand the observation
 Data Collection
 An intermediate step to gain reliable knowledge
 Collecting reliable data is part of the research process
 Searching out published research results in libraries
(or the internet)
 This is an important early step of research
 The research process always includes synthesis and
and analysis
 But, just reviewing of literature is not research

5. 5
Research is …
 What we do when we have a question or a problem
we want to resolve
 We may already think we know the answer to our
question already
 But until we have subjected our problem to rigorous
rigorous scientific scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains
little more than guesswork or at best, intuition
 Searching for explanation of events, phenomena,
relationships and causes
 What, how and why things occur (Astro)
 Are there interactions?
 A systematic process
 Planned and managed – to make the information
generated credible
 The process is creative / innovative (space pen, Muslim
Muslim in space/LED)
 It is circular – always leads to more questions

6. 6
The Process of Research
 Step 1: The process is initiated with a question or problem
 Step 2: The Goals and objectives are formulated to deal with the
question or problem
 Step 3: The research design is developed to achieve the objectives
 Step 4: The Results are generated by conducting the research
 Step 5: Finally, interpretation and analysis of results

7. 7
Typical Research Process for Student

8. 8
General Research Process

9.  A research article is a written paper that
illustrates an outcome of scientific research
with supporting clinical data.
 It is written by and for researchers for the
purpose of making specific findings known
to the scientific community at large.
 Articles describe the methodology used
by the author when conducting their
research.
9
What is Research Article?

10.  Research is (hypotheses, objectives, methods, results, analyses of
data, interpretation of data, preliminary conclusions) completed.
 Writing the manuscript
 Author sends article to journal/editor
 Editor sends article to referees/reviewers (validation by refereeing is
an important tool for quality control)
 If not rejected, some corrections may be required, but finally paper is
accepted and printed/published in journal (couple of months after
writing of the paper !)
 Title and abstract are included in databases, readers start referring to
it, which is registered in citation database
10
Writing Research Article
Steps in the Process :

11.  Research / Scientific article
 Long paper (more than 5 pages till 30
pages)
 Letter (1 to 3 pages)
 Short communication (3 to 5 pages)
 Review article
11
Writing Research Article
Types of articles
Contd.

12.  Title + authors names, affiliations, addresses
 Abstract: summary of the ‘why’, ‘how’ and ‘results’ !
 Introduction: status of knowledge (literature review with references to
key literature),hypotheses and objectives
 Methods: detailed description of methods and performed research
 Materials: detailed description of the materials, data monitoring,
conducted laboratory experiments, etc.
 Results (and discussions): description of the research results
followed by interpretation of findings
 Conclusions : summary of research/paper
 Acknowledgments
 References
12
Writing Research Article
General Content/Structure
Contd.

13.  Writing scientific/research article
does not have to be boring
 It is like a story book. Your writing
should attract the reader to read
it to the end.
 Learning to write is learning to
edit yourself
 Many students do a brain dump,
edit it once and call it done,
expecting the advisor to clean it
up
13
Writing Research Article
Writing Principles
Contd.

14.  Write down ideas in a free form, creating a
general outline for the paper
 What is the message of the paper?
 What is the new result or contribution that
you want to describe?
 What do you want to convince people of?
 Conduct a thorough literature search to
identify those important contributions
that are related to your work
14
Writing Research Article
Before starting to write
Contd.

15.  “Is an account of what has been published on a
topic by accredited scholars and researchers” –
Dena Taylor, University of Toronto
 “Discusses published information in a particular
subject area, and sometimes information in a
particular subject area within a certain time
period” – from website of the University of North
Carolina
 “Is a body of text that aims to review the critical
points of current knowledge on a particular topic”
– Wikipedia
15
Writing Literature Review
A Literature Review …

16.  Formulate Problem or Primary Research Question – which topic or
field is being examined and what are its component issues?
 Choose Literature – find materials relevant to the subject being
explored and determine which literature makes a significant
contribution to the understanding of the topic.
 Analyze and Interpret – note the findings and conclusions of pertinent
literature, how each contributes to your field .
16
Writing Literature Review
Pre-writing Stages of Literature Review …
Contd.

17.  A descriptive list of papers or summaries of research
 A list of seemingly unrelated sources
 A literary survey containing author’s biography, lists of works,
summaries of sources
 Organized around the sources with each described in great detail
 Background information or explanations of concepts
 An argument for the importance of what you are researching with no
contextualization of key issues
* Instead, a Literature Review must be organized around ideas with an
assessment of previous studies (including their strengths and
weaknesses).
17
Writing Literature Review
A Literature Review Should Not be …
Contd.

18.  No availability of ‘ideal’ structure for intended literature review, but it
should provide background information, establish importance,
demonstrate familiarity, discuss existing research critically and find
out a space towards further research.
 Organize the literature review chronologically, topically,
thematically according to argumentative perspective, or according
to time period.
 Make explicit connections between reviewed sources.
 Discuss source’s significant contributions.
 Keep the focus on your study and not the literatures and use original
sources rather than other people’s review of literature(s)
 While writing, the references to prior studies should be in past
tense; references to narrative or text other than studies should be in
present tense
18
Writing Literature Review
Structure of the Literature Review …
Contd.

19.  Summarize major contributions of significant studies - maintain
focus established in introduction.
 Evaluate current state of knowledge under review
 flaws in methodology
 inconsistencies in theories/findings
 areas of pertinent future study
 Critique literature(s) that is relevant to the intended research
and avoid being overly descriptive.
 Provide some insight into relationship between topic of literature
review and larger area of study e.g. discipline, profession etc.
19
Writing Literature Review
Concluding Remarks
Contd.

20. 20
Plagiarism

21.  The term Plagiarism comes from the Latin word “Plagiārius” which
means Kidnapper, literary Thief.
 “Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and
passing them off as one’s own.” — Oxford Dictionary
 “The act of using another person's words or ideas without giving
credit to that person.” — Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
 “The use of someone else’s prior ideas, processes, results, or words
without explicitly acknowledging the original author and source.” —
IEEE
21
What is Plagiarism ?

22.  Hence, Plagiarism can be defined as…
Piece of work (text, ideas, scientific or mathematical concepts,
illustrations, structures, computer codes, other media type) as its
verbatim or part of the source(s) and is presented as one’s academic
work without due acknowledgement.
 Plagiarizing any academic material either intentionally or
unintentionally is unethical and unacceptable.
 Often students do not understand what plagiarism is or how to
properly use quote, reference and paraphrasing while preparing
the document.
22
What is Plagiarism ? Contd.

23. Plagiarism is
plagiarism….
irrespective of
Intent, Source,
Quantity and
Copyright
23
What is Plagiarism ? Contd.

24. 24
What is Plagiarism ? Contd.

25. 25
Why do people plagiarize?
Everyone does it !
I was too busy to write this
paper ! (Big game, too much
home work, other task)
My parents expect “A”’s !
I’ve got to get into ***
U !
My teachers expect
too much !
It’s ok if I don’t get
caught !
The assignment was
boring !
Contd.

26.  Ignorance
 Lack of knowledge on the ethics of scholarly writing
 Poor writing skills
 Ambition, fierce competition
 Pressure from seniors
 Publish or perish system
 Faster
 Less interest in study, poor time management
 Chances of getting caught or action being taken is slim
26
Why do people plagiarize? Contd.

27.  Write it by own – using your own brain. While collecting
information, read couple of times and take notes in your own
words without looking at the original source(s).
 Cite it – text, illustrations, ideas/concepts from other sources can
be used to support your own arguments / analyses but cite them
properly through references and the original contributor will be
credited this way.
 Quote it – use the author’s exact words in “quotation mark” and
keep the author’s name near the quote appeared in the
document.
 Paraphrase it – explain the original ideas of other people’s work
in your own words through proper utilization of synonym/other
form of words, rearranging the order/structure of sentences with
proper citation.
27
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Good scholarly practice can help to avoid Plagiarism:

28.  Cite…
 Words or concepts obtained from book, journal,
magazine, proceedings, thesis, newspaper, web
page/online document, advertisement, computer
program, letter or any other medium.
 Reuse/reprint of any diagrams, illustrations,
charts, pictures or other visual arts.
 Quote…
 When exact words or unique phrase(s) are used
in text.
 When information is collected through interview
or conversation (either in the form of writing, face
to face, video/tele-conferencing)
28
How to Avoid Plagiarism
What to Cite/Quote …

29. 29
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
 Understand the basic differences between “common knowledge”
and “original” ideas
 Check the citations and references
 Get feedback from readers/reviewers
 Google 4-6 words randomly from several location in the text
 Use plagiarism detection softwares
 Turnitin (www.turnitin.com)– widely popular and effective internet
based paid software, subscribed by most of the universities.
 Free anti-plagiarism tool like Plagium (www.plagium.com),
Plagtracker (www.plagtracker.com), Plagiarism Checker
(www.plagiarismsoftware.net), Plagiarisma (www.plagiarisma.net),
Plagscan (www.plagscan.com) and so on.

30. 30
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism Contd.

31. 31
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Turnitin
 UKM has access to turnitin
 Turnitin is a “text-matching” or “plagiarism” detection software
 Maintained by Turnitin, LLC., utilizes several large databases for
comparison purposes by using own proprietary algorithm.
 The submitted text is compared with its own databases as well as a
huge academic resources through proper licensing agreement
 Turnitin has the potential to raise standards by increasing the likelihood
of discovery of plagiarism and poor citation.
 Turnitin has negative impact
 Turnitin does not distinguish between cited and uncited material, hence the
reports must be scrutinized carefully in order to be useful.
 Databases are not comprehensive, especially for print only materials, but
also for some electronic scholarly literature.
 Accusations of presumption of guilt, copyright violation, and student work
being used to enhance company profits
Contd.

32. 32
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
List of
sources
from
where the
text are
copied
Original
Document
Contd.

33. 33
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
Shows % of
matched text with
turnitin database
Contribution of
individual sources
in %
Note: the affiliation and addresses are also detected as plagiarized item by turnitin
This number is associated
with the serial number of
the source listed in Match
Overview
Contd.

34. 34
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
As of Turnitin report, the Bibliography items also contributed largely to similarity index
Contd.

35. 35
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
Bibliography contributes 15% similarity to this turnitin report. It is wise to
exclude Bibliography items in Turnitin.
Contd.

36.  Referencing acknowledges the sources that are used throughout
the text in assignment, essay, article or thesis/dissertation.
 In-text Citations are used throughout the writing to acknowledge
the whereabouts of sources of information.
 Depending on the different citation/reference style, the references
for the citations used in writing may appear at the end of the
page or end of the chapter or end of the document as References
list.
36
Citing and Referencing Sources
Why Cite or Reference ?
 Credit sources of information & ideas
 Reader can locate for further information if required
 Validate arguments
 Increase and spread knowledge
 Show depth, breadth & quality of your reading!

37. Beside several standard citation systems, every universities/journals
have their own styles. Some of the recognized citation styles are:
 Oxford
 Harvard
 Vancouver
 American Psychological Association (APA)
 Modern Language Association (MLA)
 The Chicago Manual
 American Sociological Association (ASA)
 American Medical Association (AMA)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 In writing thesis/dissertation, the students of the Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) should stipulate with the Panduan
Menulis Tesis Gaya UKM (The UKM Style Guide).
 According to Gaya UKM, the Reference list is maintained at the
end of thesis/dissertation and should be sorted alphabetically.
 If the reference list has same author/author group with same year
of publication, a, b, c etc. should be use as suffix with the year.
37
Citing and Referencing Sources Contd.

38.  Single Author – year of publication of the work should appear after
author’s last name.
 Samsuzzaman (2013) or (Samsuzzaman, 2013)
 M. T. Islam (2008) and S. Islam (2009) or (M. T. Islam 2008; S. Islam
2009).
 Multiple Authors Cited Together – order the authors in alphabetical
order by last name followed by year and separated by semicolons
between the entries.
 (Azim et al. 2011; Yatim 2009; Misran et al. 2008; Ullah & Islam 2012)
 More Than One Work by the Same Author(s) – if citing more than one
work from the same year, use the suffixes "a," "b," "c" etc.
 (Sopian et al. 2010, 2011, 2013) or (Azim & Islam 2008, 2009, 2011)
 (Othman et al. 2011a; Othman et al. 2011b; Othman et al. 2011c)
 Unknown Author – a shortened version of article’s title in place of the
author name should be used. To cite newspaper story titled “Cancer
patient recalls struggle to earn a degree” dated 1 Nov 2015 in The
Star
38
Citing and Referencing Sources
In-text Citations Guideline …
Contd.
[Gaya UKM]

39. 39
Citing and Referencing Sources Contd.
In-text Citations Guideline …
 Short Quotation (fewer than 40 words) in the Text
 Azim stated, “The stable radiation pattern with a maximum gain of 5.4 dBi
makes the proposed antenna suitable for being used in UWB
communication applications” (2011: 4).
 Long Quotations (more than 40 words) in the Text
 Miele's (1993: 276) study found the following: The placebo effect
disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the
behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were
administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of researchers
at the hospital were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo
effect.
 Citing Facts
 Ref: Immigration Department of Malaysia. 2011, Fact Sheet 1 -
Immigration: The Background Part One, http://www.imi.gov.my/media/fact-
sheets/01backgd.htm [5 March 2014]
 In text citation: (Immigration Department of Malaysia 2011)
[Gaya UKM]

40. Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of the proposed microstrip antenna
with filter element
Source: Azim et al. 2014
40
Citing and Referencing Sources Contd.
Citing Figure / Diagram / Illustration
[Gaya UKM]

41. Source: Ruslan et al. 2014
41
Citing and Referencing Sources Contd.
Citing Table
[Gaya UKM]
Level of
difficulty
Mean error rate Standard deviation Sample size
Younger Older Younger Older Younger Older
Low 0.05 0.14 0.08 0.15 12 18
Moderate 0.05 0.17 0.07 0.15 15 12
High 0.11 0.26 0.10 0.21 16 14
Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of the proposed antenna with filter
element

42.  Journal Article
Format: Author A. A. Year. Title. Journal Name Volume #(Issue #): Page
#.
Barba, M. 2008. A high-isolation, wideband and dual-linear polarization patch
antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56(5): 1472–1476. –
(Single Author)
Islam, M. T., & Alam, M. S. 2013. Design of high impedance electromagnetic surfaces
for mutual coupling reduction in patch antenna array. Materials 6(1): 143–
155. – (Two Authors)
Ullah, M. H., Islam, M. T., Singh, M. J., Misran, N., & Nikabdullah, N. 2012. A
compact wideband antenna on dielectric material substrate for K band.
Electronics and Electrical Engineering 123(7): 75–78. – (Four Authors)
Ullah, S., Higgins, H., Braem, B., Latre, B., Blondia, C., Moerman, I., Saleem, S. et
al. 2012. A comprehensive survey of Wireless Body Area Networks : on PHY,
MAC, and Network layers solutions. Journal of medical systems, 36(3), 1065–
94. – (More than 7 Authors)
* 2 to 7 Authors >> List all authors and place “&” before last author.
42
Citing and Referencing Sources Contd.
Reference Entries
[Gaya UKM]

43.  Conference Proceedings
Format: Author A. A. Year. Title. Proceedings, pp. xx-xx.
Hassib, M. D., Mandeep, J., Nordin, R., Ismail, M., Abdullah, M. & Islam, M. T. 2013.
Adaptive modulation for space-time block code OFDM systems based on the
dispersion of symbol. 2013 IEEE International Conference on Space Science
and Communication (IconSpace), pp. 276–279.
 Online Journal/Magazine/Newspaper
Format: Author A. A. Year. Title. Name of
Journal/Magazine/Newspaper Volume#(Issue #): Page#. Weblink [date
Last access]
Ahmed, A. U., Islam, M. T., & Ismail, M. 2015. Estimating DoA from radio frequency
RSSI measurements using multi-element femtocell configuration. IEEE
Sensors Journal 15(4): 2087–2092.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber= 6960840 [6 Nov
2015]
43
Citing and Referencing Sources Contd.
Reference Entries
[Gaya UKM]

44.  Book/Book Chapter
Format: Author A. A. Year. Title. Book Name. Edition. Place: Publisher.
Stutzman, W. L. & Thiele, G. A. 2012. Antenna Theory and Design. 3rd Ed. Hoboken:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Document on the Internet
Chandrasekhar, R. 2008. How to Write a Thesis: A Working Guide http://www.student
.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1919239/How-to-write-a-thesis-A-
working-guide.pdf [8 Nov 2015]
 Webpage/Document on the Internet, no Author, no Date
Writing Tips: Thesis Statements. (n.d.).
http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/ tips/thesis [8 Nov 2015]
* Note: (n.d.) = no date. Always include details of authorship or publication
date when available.
44
Citing and Referencing Sources Contd.
Reference Entries
[Gaya UKM]

45.  The word ethics comes from the Greek “ethos” meaning custom and
character
 A systematic attempt, through the use of reason, to make sense of our
individual and social moral experience in such a way as to
determine the rules which govern human conduct and the values
worth pursuing in life
 A set of standards that regulate our behavior
45
Research/Publication Ethics
Definition
“The collection of fundamental values,
attitudes, and norms considered by
most of the population as essential for
personal life, life with one another, and
life in relation to a society’s
institutions.” - Povl Riis
Importance

46.  Honesty and Integrity: Honesty and integrity is
a duty of each author and person, expert-
reviewer and member of journal editorial
boards.
 Review process: The peer-review process
contributes to the quality control and it is an
essential step to ascertain the standing and
originality of the research.
 Ethical standards: Recent journal editorials
presented some experience of unscrupulous
activities.
 Authorship: Who may claim a right to
authorship? In which order should the authors
be listed?
46
Research/Publication Ethics
Publication Ethics
Contd.

47.  Academic freedom to teach, study and pursue
knowledge and research without unreasonable
interference or restriction from law, institutional
regulations or public pressure.
 Academic integrity to conduct research by
following elevated professional standards,
including appropriate research design and
frameworks, adheres to high levels of research
ethics and abides by the requirements set out by
professional and regulatory research guidance.
 Academic responsibility to ensure that the
publications are honest, clear, accurate,
complete and balanced, and free from
misleading, selective or ambiguous reporting of
science.
47
Research/Publication Ethics
Good Practice in Academic Research Rely on …
Contd.

48.  HONESTY: should maintain intellectual and personal honesty in
search of truth, knowledge, scholarship and understanding through
learning, teaching and research.
 TRUST: should foster a climate of mutual trust to encourage the
free exchange of ideas / concepts.
 FAIRNESS: should ensure fairness in institutional standards,
practices and procedures as well as fairness in interactions
between members.
 RESPECT: should promote respect among students, staff and
faculty; respect for self, for others, for scholarship and research, for
the educational process and intellectual property.
 LEGALITY: Should observe valid legal norms related to the
conduct and publication of research in relations to copyright /
intellectual property rights.
 COMMUNICATION: should seek to make the results of the
research as widely and as freely available/accessible as
possible.
48
Research/Publication Ethics
Principle and Values of Academic Integrity …
Contd.

49. Misconduct in Academic Research means fabrication, falsification,
plagiarism or deception that lead to deliberate, dangerous or
negligent deviations from those that are commonly accepted within
the scientific community for proposing, conducting or reporting the
results of research
 Misconduct in research does not include honest error or honest
differences in interpretation or judgment in evaluating research
methods or results, and research processes.
 Due to the lack of knowledge, many researchers do not know what
can be considered as misconduct
49
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct
Contd.

50.  Plagiarism: Deliberately copying of ideas, text, data or other work (or
any combination thereof) without due permission and
acknowledgement.
 Piracy: Deliberate exploitation of ideas/concepts from other persons
without proper acknowledgement.
 Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: Failure to observe legal norms
regarding copyright and the moral rights of authors.
 Abuse of Research Resources: Failure to observe the terms and
conditions of institutionally licensed research resources.
 Defamation: Failure to observe relevant legal norms governing libel
and slander.
 Misinterpretation: The deliberate attempt to represent falsely or
unfairly the ideas or work of others, whether or not for personal gain
or enhancement.
50
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct Includes (not Limited to) the Following Acts
Contd.

51.  Personation: The situation where someone other than the person
who has submitted any academic work has prepared (parts of) the
work.
 Fabrication and Fraud: Falsification or invention of data,
qualifications, information or citations in any formal academic
exercise.
 Sabotage: Acting to prevent others from completing their work. This
includes stealing or cutting pages out of library books or otherwise
damaging them; or willfully disrupting the experiments of others; or
endangering institutional access to licensed research resources by
willfully failing to observe their terms and conditions.
 Professorial Misconduct: Professorial acts that are arbitrary, biased
or exploitative.
51
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct Includes (not Limited to) the Following Acts
Contd.

52.  Denying Access to Information or Material: To deny others access
arbitrarily to scholarly resources or to deliberately and groundlessly
impede their progress.
 Misconduct in Formal Examinations: Includes having access, or
attempting to gain access during an examination, to any books,
memoranda, notes, unauthorized electronic devices or any other
material, except such as may have been supplied by the invigilator
or authorized by the Academic Department. It also includes aiding or
attempting to aid another candidate or obtaining or attempting to
obtain aid from another candidate or any other communication and
conversations that could have an impact on the examination results.
52
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct Includes (not Limited to) the Following Acts
Contd.

53.  Authorship dispute
 Ghost authors - contribute substantially but are not acknowledged
 Guest authors - make no discernible contributions, but are listed
 Gift authors - contribution is based on a tenuous affiliation with a study
 Conflict of interest
 Financial relationships (employment, grant, patent, honoraria,
consultancies to sponsoring organizations, paid expert testimony)
 personal relationships, academic competition, and intellectual passion
 Simultaneous submission
 When two or more papers, without full cross-reference, share
essentially the same hypotheses, data, discussion points, and/or
conclusions.
 Salami Slicing
 Publishing small 'slices' of research in several different papers
 Redundant publication
 Substantially overlaps with an already published article
53
Research/Publication Ethics
Other form of Ethical Misconduct
Contd.

54.  Know the Rules
 How are researchers supposed to behave ?
 Who says so ?
 Know Your Rights and Responsibilities
 Co-authorship
 Ownership of intellectual property
 Conflicts of interest
 Learn to recognize the most common ethical mistakes
 Misappropriation of text or ideas.
 Deceptive reporting of research results.
 Breach of confidentiality
 Take steps now to avoid conflicts in your research group
 Or resolve them quickly with minimal discomfort.
 Learn from others' mistakes
54
Research/Publication Ethics
Avoiding Ethical Dilemmas
Contd.

55.  If necessary, speak confidentially with some other senior scientist
whose opinions you respect.
 Get ethics education
 Understand the rules of professional behavior, and the reasons for
them
 Know your rights
 Meet your responsibilities
 Remember the Basic Rule Always
 Don't do anything that would embarrass you if people found out
about it.
 Maintain the religious and social ethics/behaviors in service of the
common deeds
55
Research/Publication Ethics
Avoiding Ethical Dilemmas
Contd.

56.  To let other people know about your invention
56
Why Do We Write Research Article?
In academia, we tend to emphasize the number of papers; however,
the quality and the reception of the papers is also important
 To promote yourselves and to fulfill the
organization requirement
 Exchange of knowledge and
expertise with colleague scientists,
locally and internationally.

57.  Develop a good reputation
 For example, granting agencies may consider
other factors (such as related publications,
citation counts)
 The number of people who read and cite your
papers depends on how well you
communicate your ideas and their importance
 Every profession is sales: In science, you are
selling your ideas and your reputation
57
Why Do We Write Research Article? Contd.

58.  Your goal: to infect the mind of your reader with your idea, like a
virus
 The greatest ideas are (literally) worthless if you keep them to
yourself
 Way to provide in-depth information in the associated field of
research
 Used as instrument for evaluation of personnel
 Personal satisfaction
58
Why Do We Write Research Article? Contd.

59. 59
Why Do We Need to Publish?
To
disseminate
knowledge
Get comments/
suggestions from
peers/ reviewers
To attract
more
students
To create
network
To
generate
new ideas

60.  No novelty
 Limited interest of paper or out of scope
 Routine application of a well-known method
 Failure to meet submission requirements
 Incomplete coverage of literature
 Unacceptably poor English
60
Rejection of Paper
Possible Reasons
 Don’t take it personally!
 Try to understand why the paper has been rejected
 Evaluate honestly whether your paper meet the journal’s
requirements with the addition of more data or is another journal more
appropriate
 Don’t resubmit elsewhere without significant revisions addressing the
reasons for rejection
Remedy

61.  Attention to details
 Check and double check your work
 Consider the reviews
 English must be as good as possible
 Presentation is important
 Take your time with revision
 Acknowledge those who have helped you
 New, original and previously unpublished
 Critically evaluate your own manuscript
 Ethical rules must be obeyed
61
What gets you accepted?
ACCEPTANCE Rule ….

62. Journal - In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical
publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by
reporting new research.
 There are thousands of academic and scientific journals in
publication (> 23,000), and many more have been published at
various points in the past.
 Usually journals are ranked according to the databases they are
indexed and their impact factors.
 It is based on indexes/abstracts by ISI, SCOPUS, Medline, Google
etc.
 ISI (stand for Institute for Scientific Information) is the most
important indexing database and journals indexed in it are usually of
high quality, maintained by Thompson Reuters. ISI offers bibliographic
database services and its specialty is on citation indexing and analysis.
 Scopus is second important bibliographic database containing
abstracts and citations for academic journal articles, maintained by
Elsevier.
62
How to Access ISI/Scopus

63. 63
How to Access ISI/Scopus Contd.

64. 64
Any question ?

65. 65
THANK YOU