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Citizen and substate public
diplomacy
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Course on Public Diplomacy 2017
Poverty reduction
An expanding global middle class
Education and the gender gap
Role of communication technologies
Improving health
A more conflicted ideological landscape
The empowerment of individuals
Source: Global Trends 2030, National Intelligence Council.
https://info.publicintelligence.net/GlobalTrends2030.pdf
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
The empowerment of individuals
Source: Global Trends 2030, National Intelligence Council.
https://info.publicintelligence.net/GlobalTrends2030.pdf
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
distinct from the state and market spheres, but closely interrelated
with them
what matters for diplomacy: self-organized associations (not
necessarily formal groups) that engage in collective action that
cross state boundaries
Setting the agenda
Providing expertise or services
the principled character – „the conscience of the world” „good
groups” close to liberal Western norms or not necessarily?
At least not groups for whom overthrowing the state is a primary aim
or whose tactics include frequent and intentional use of violence
against people
Civil society
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Kathryn Hochstetler
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
More and more NGOs
Source: http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21600683-communist-
party-giving-more-freedom-revolutionary-idea-enter-chinese-ngo
http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/NGOS/NGO-GRPH.HTM
Research
Outreach education
Advocacy and norm promotion
Agenda-setting
Lobbying governments and intergovernmental organisations to adopt
and police laws, policies and courses of action
Implementing programs and delivering services and humanitarian
assistance
Monitoring the implementation of international commitments
Direct action
Engagement on various stages – from conceptualization through
implementation to evaluation
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
What role can the civil society play in
diplomacy
Kathryn Hochstetler
When participants have a direct stake in the outcome or a personal
ideological or expertise commitment
Actors tend to specialise in the areas of intense preference, fighting
for global attention and encouraging (insisting on?) states to act
They are often ahead of the popular opinion in the causes they
advocate for – and they also may shape public understanding of
particular issues – „issue framing”, the power of narrative
Grassroots groups, including women, sometimes find the world of
global diplomacy to be a place there can be heard more clearly than
they can at home they make the diplomatic agenda widened
But: not only the most „popular” issues should be tackled by
international community (go beyond the headlines)
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Setting the agenda
Kathryn Hochstetler
Civil society organisations/associations usually act as junior/minor
negotiations partners of states or international organisations
But: International Labour Organisation (ILO) makes labour and business
equal partners with state representatives in all negotiations on labour
issues
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calls itself „a
democratic membership union” – gov, NGO, scientist members as equals
Sometimes they are not at all included, ecpecially in delicate or
classified matters – and very often they have to fight for their seat at
the table
In such cases they focus on off-stage efforts to lobby governments – or they
can physically destroy negotiations (the Seattle meeting of the WTO in
1999)
Lobbying and/or/vs networking.
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
A voice in negotiations
Kathryn Hochstetler
When new institutions, councils, boards are created
When a systemic, regular evaluation is needed
When regular reports/research is needed for, for instance, annual
summits on certain issues
When internationally agreed solutions need some support in some
states to be implemented (pressing parliaments, governments,
preparing legislation, etc.)
When changes in daily behaviour have to be promoted (education,
public diplomacy, media)
When actions of states are not demanded or possible; replacement
for governmental diplomacy, i.e. the role of the International
Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent Movement in
conflict situations
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
The implementation of diplomatic
agreements
Kathryn Hochstetler
Established in 1961 as an international fundraising organisation to
work in collaboration with conservation groups and bring
substantial financial support to the conservation movement on a
worldwide scale, now one of the largest indemendent
conservation organizarions, supported by 5 mln people and
present in over 100 countries
Supported and funded by celebrities: Leonardo di Caprio, Christian
Bale, Kristen Bell, Gisele Bundchen, David Attenborough, Lars
Ulrich, Andy Murray, Lucy Lawless and many others
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
(1971), Project Tiger (since 1972), TRAFFIC programme of IUCN,
devoted to monitor trade in wildlife and of wildlife products
(1976), the World Conservation Strategy with UNEP (1980) – etc.
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
World Wildlife Fund - WWF
Source: www.wwf.org
A nonprofit, nongovernmental human rights organisation
established in 1978
400 staff members around the globe
Country experts, lawyers, journalists and academis
Produces reports and briefings (over 100 annually), works with the
media, conducts targeted advocacy in the UN, the African Union,
the European Union and others, as well as financial institutionas
and corporations presses for changes in policy toward the
protection of human rights and justice
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Human Rights Watch
Source: https://www.hrw.org/about
A UK-based organisation operating in various countries accross the
world through „a confederation” of 17 Oxfam organisations, 10000
staff and 50000 interns/volunteers
Devoted to human rights advocacy, fighting against injucstice,
inequalities and poverty
70 years of experience
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Oxfam
Source:
https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_
attachments/anual_report_2015_-_2016.pdf
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Source:
https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_
attachments/anual_report_2015_-_2016.pdf
There are two main fields of the cooperation/relationship between
the state and diasporas:
Care/protection
Lobbying/promotion
Diasporas merge with local populations and keep connections with
their home countries
They can care for their roots, history and culture – and they can
support contemporary economic and political affairs/causes
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Diasporas
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Polish diaspora in the world
Source:
http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/polityka_zagraniczna/polonia/atlas_pols
kiej_obecnosci_w_swiecie/
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Wanna learn Polish?
Source:
http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/polityka_zagraniczna/polo
nia/atlas_polskiej_obecnosci_w_swiecie/
The empowerment of individuals
Source: Global Trends 2030, National Intelligence Council.
https://info.publicintelligence.net/GlobalTrends2030.pdf
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Map of Polish embassies and consulates (2014)
Source:
http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/3d6a430
a-d0c4-425a-8647-02ae7b4128f8:JCR
First corporations of transnational character were established in
colonies and dealt with agriculture, mining and fuels – now they
operate in almost every business sector and they are located
everywhere
No state is autonomous economically – they do not have total
control over their currencies and their foreign trade no control
or 100% surveillance over capital flows (a growing risk of currency
crises)
Corporations are able to avoid or diminish taxes, they are efficient
in escaping controls and surveillance
The structure of state’s control over corporations causes complex
conflicts between govs when regulations have exterritorial range
If regulations are to be successful, they have to be universal/global
(a huge space for lobbying, also from the NGO side)
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Transnational/global corporations
Peter Willetts
More pragmatic (policy), less ideological (politics) than states
Economically vibrant and innovative, interested in financial,
human, intellectual capital and technological flows
Active in terms of branding, image building, recognition – and also
in finding solutions to urban problems and challenges (living
conditions are key)
Work rather in networks than in structured, formalised
organisations
They can support governments – and they can work against them
or distance themselves from govs
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Global cities and their diplomacy
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Map of global cities
Source: http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/pdf/09_WorldMap_2016.jpg
Cities make up 42 out of 100 biggest
economies
Source: https://digital.thechicagocouncil.org/100-top-
economies?_ga=1.60274733.167263611.1470045030
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
How big are cities?
Source: https://digital.thechicagocouncil.org/100-top-
economies?_ga=1.60274733.167263611.1470045030
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
World urbanisation prospects
Source:
https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Maps/citygrowth/citygrowth.aspx
What does the term „the empowerment of individuals” mean?
How do you think, does civil society help foreign policy and global
governance?
What role do the diasporas play in foreign policies of their home
and receiving countries?
Why are consular affairs important for the image and the nation
brand of a country?
What kind of a role do global cities play in international relations?
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Questions for discussion
Hochstetler Kathryn, Civil Society, in: Cooper Andrew F., Heine Jorge,
Thakur Ramesh (red.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy,
Oxford University Press 2013, p. 176-188;
Willetts Peter, Transnational actors and international organisations in
global politics, in: Baylis John, „The Globalization of World Politics”, 2011;
Riordan Shaun, Dialogue-based Public Diplomacy: a New Foreign Policy
Paradigm?, w: Melissen Jan (red.), The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power
in International Relations, Palgrave MacMillan 2005, str. 180-195;
Lenihan Ronan, How to Work with Public Opinion, w: Stetter Rebecca, Lee
Sunkyoung (red.), How to Win Hearts and Minds?, Asia-Europe
Foundation Public Diplomacy Handbook, Asia-Europe Foundation 2016,
str. 112-130:
http://www.asef.org/images/docs/ASEF%20Public%20Diplomacy%20Han
dbook.pdf
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
Literature for the presentation and
further reading
Thank you very much for your
attention!
Let’s stay in touch:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/katarzyn
a-rybka-iwa%C5%84ska-08856b133/
Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska

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Citizen and substate diplomacy

  • 1. Citizen and substate public diplomacy Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Course on Public Diplomacy 2017
  • 2. Poverty reduction An expanding global middle class Education and the gender gap Role of communication technologies Improving health A more conflicted ideological landscape The empowerment of individuals Source: Global Trends 2030, National Intelligence Council. https://info.publicintelligence.net/GlobalTrends2030.pdf Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
  • 3. The empowerment of individuals Source: Global Trends 2030, National Intelligence Council. https://info.publicintelligence.net/GlobalTrends2030.pdf Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
  • 4. distinct from the state and market spheres, but closely interrelated with them what matters for diplomacy: self-organized associations (not necessarily formal groups) that engage in collective action that cross state boundaries Setting the agenda Providing expertise or services the principled character – „the conscience of the world” „good groups” close to liberal Western norms or not necessarily? At least not groups for whom overthrowing the state is a primary aim or whose tactics include frequent and intentional use of violence against people Civil society Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Kathryn Hochstetler
  • 5. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska More and more NGOs Source: http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21600683-communist- party-giving-more-freedom-revolutionary-idea-enter-chinese-ngo http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/NGOS/NGO-GRPH.HTM
  • 6. Research Outreach education Advocacy and norm promotion Agenda-setting Lobbying governments and intergovernmental organisations to adopt and police laws, policies and courses of action Implementing programs and delivering services and humanitarian assistance Monitoring the implementation of international commitments Direct action Engagement on various stages – from conceptualization through implementation to evaluation Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska What role can the civil society play in diplomacy Kathryn Hochstetler
  • 7. When participants have a direct stake in the outcome or a personal ideological or expertise commitment Actors tend to specialise in the areas of intense preference, fighting for global attention and encouraging (insisting on?) states to act They are often ahead of the popular opinion in the causes they advocate for – and they also may shape public understanding of particular issues – „issue framing”, the power of narrative Grassroots groups, including women, sometimes find the world of global diplomacy to be a place there can be heard more clearly than they can at home they make the diplomatic agenda widened But: not only the most „popular” issues should be tackled by international community (go beyond the headlines) Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Setting the agenda Kathryn Hochstetler
  • 8. Civil society organisations/associations usually act as junior/minor negotiations partners of states or international organisations But: International Labour Organisation (ILO) makes labour and business equal partners with state representatives in all negotiations on labour issues International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calls itself „a democratic membership union” – gov, NGO, scientist members as equals Sometimes they are not at all included, ecpecially in delicate or classified matters – and very often they have to fight for their seat at the table In such cases they focus on off-stage efforts to lobby governments – or they can physically destroy negotiations (the Seattle meeting of the WTO in 1999) Lobbying and/or/vs networking. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska A voice in negotiations Kathryn Hochstetler
  • 9. When new institutions, councils, boards are created When a systemic, regular evaluation is needed When regular reports/research is needed for, for instance, annual summits on certain issues When internationally agreed solutions need some support in some states to be implemented (pressing parliaments, governments, preparing legislation, etc.) When changes in daily behaviour have to be promoted (education, public diplomacy, media) When actions of states are not demanded or possible; replacement for governmental diplomacy, i.e. the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent Movement in conflict situations Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska The implementation of diplomatic agreements Kathryn Hochstetler
  • 10. Established in 1961 as an international fundraising organisation to work in collaboration with conservation groups and bring substantial financial support to the conservation movement on a worldwide scale, now one of the largest indemendent conservation organizarions, supported by 5 mln people and present in over 100 countries Supported and funded by celebrities: Leonardo di Caprio, Christian Bale, Kristen Bell, Gisele Bundchen, David Attenborough, Lars Ulrich, Andy Murray, Lucy Lawless and many others Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), Project Tiger (since 1972), TRAFFIC programme of IUCN, devoted to monitor trade in wildlife and of wildlife products (1976), the World Conservation Strategy with UNEP (1980) – etc. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska World Wildlife Fund - WWF Source: www.wwf.org
  • 11. A nonprofit, nongovernmental human rights organisation established in 1978 400 staff members around the globe Country experts, lawyers, journalists and academis Produces reports and briefings (over 100 annually), works with the media, conducts targeted advocacy in the UN, the African Union, the European Union and others, as well as financial institutionas and corporations presses for changes in policy toward the protection of human rights and justice Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Human Rights Watch Source: https://www.hrw.org/about
  • 12. A UK-based organisation operating in various countries accross the world through „a confederation” of 17 Oxfam organisations, 10000 staff and 50000 interns/volunteers Devoted to human rights advocacy, fighting against injucstice, inequalities and poverty 70 years of experience Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Oxfam Source: https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_ attachments/anual_report_2015_-_2016.pdf
  • 14. There are two main fields of the cooperation/relationship between the state and diasporas: Care/protection Lobbying/promotion Diasporas merge with local populations and keep connections with their home countries They can care for their roots, history and culture – and they can support contemporary economic and political affairs/causes Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Diasporas
  • 15. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Polish diaspora in the world Source: http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/polityka_zagraniczna/polonia/atlas_pols kiej_obecnosci_w_swiecie/
  • 16. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Wanna learn Polish? Source: http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/polityka_zagraniczna/polo nia/atlas_polskiej_obecnosci_w_swiecie/
  • 17. The empowerment of individuals Source: Global Trends 2030, National Intelligence Council. https://info.publicintelligence.net/GlobalTrends2030.pdf Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
  • 18. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Map of Polish embassies and consulates (2014) Source: http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/3d6a430 a-d0c4-425a-8647-02ae7b4128f8:JCR
  • 19. First corporations of transnational character were established in colonies and dealt with agriculture, mining and fuels – now they operate in almost every business sector and they are located everywhere No state is autonomous economically – they do not have total control over their currencies and their foreign trade no control or 100% surveillance over capital flows (a growing risk of currency crises) Corporations are able to avoid or diminish taxes, they are efficient in escaping controls and surveillance The structure of state’s control over corporations causes complex conflicts between govs when regulations have exterritorial range If regulations are to be successful, they have to be universal/global (a huge space for lobbying, also from the NGO side) Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Transnational/global corporations Peter Willetts
  • 20. More pragmatic (policy), less ideological (politics) than states Economically vibrant and innovative, interested in financial, human, intellectual capital and technological flows Active in terms of branding, image building, recognition – and also in finding solutions to urban problems and challenges (living conditions are key) Work rather in networks than in structured, formalised organisations They can support governments – and they can work against them or distance themselves from govs Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Global cities and their diplomacy
  • 21. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Map of global cities Source: http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/pdf/09_WorldMap_2016.jpg
  • 22. Cities make up 42 out of 100 biggest economies Source: https://digital.thechicagocouncil.org/100-top- economies?_ga=1.60274733.167263611.1470045030 Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
  • 23. How big are cities? Source: https://digital.thechicagocouncil.org/100-top- economies?_ga=1.60274733.167263611.1470045030 Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska
  • 24. Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska World urbanisation prospects Source: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Maps/citygrowth/citygrowth.aspx
  • 25. What does the term „the empowerment of individuals” mean? How do you think, does civil society help foreign policy and global governance? What role do the diasporas play in foreign policies of their home and receiving countries? Why are consular affairs important for the image and the nation brand of a country? What kind of a role do global cities play in international relations? Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Questions for discussion
  • 26. Hochstetler Kathryn, Civil Society, in: Cooper Andrew F., Heine Jorge, Thakur Ramesh (red.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford University Press 2013, p. 176-188; Willetts Peter, Transnational actors and international organisations in global politics, in: Baylis John, „The Globalization of World Politics”, 2011; Riordan Shaun, Dialogue-based Public Diplomacy: a New Foreign Policy Paradigm?, w: Melissen Jan (red.), The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power in International Relations, Palgrave MacMillan 2005, str. 180-195; Lenihan Ronan, How to Work with Public Opinion, w: Stetter Rebecca, Lee Sunkyoung (red.), How to Win Hearts and Minds?, Asia-Europe Foundation Public Diplomacy Handbook, Asia-Europe Foundation 2016, str. 112-130: http://www.asef.org/images/docs/ASEF%20Public%20Diplomacy%20Han dbook.pdf Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska Literature for the presentation and further reading
  • 27. Thank you very much for your attention! Let’s stay in touch: https://www.linkedin.com/in/katarzyn a-rybka-iwa%C5%84ska-08856b133/ Katarzyna Rybka-Iwańska