The document provides guidance on conducting an effective search of the CINAHL database to answer a question about factors that influence control of postoperative pain in older patients. It outlines a 3-stage process: developing a search strategy using relevant concepts and keywords; searching databases using subject headings and keywords; and finding the full text of articles. Sample searches are demonstrated combining subject headings like "pain measurement" with keywords like "pain management" or "pain assessment". Tips are provided on using Boolean operators, truncation, phrase searching and limiting searches. The document concludes by assigning homework to search for specific subject terms in CINAHL.

1. Specialty Cancer/Palliative Care Nursing Searching the databases: CINAHL Sharon Karasmanis [email_address] Faculty Librarian, Health Sciences

2. 3 stages in the search process: Search strategy – preparing your search Using the databases Understanding which database to use Understanding which search terms to use Understanding the database functionality http://latrobe.libguides.com/CINAHL Finding the full text of the article

3. Sample search query What factors influence the control of post-operative pain in older people? What are the key concepts in this question - look for alternative words to describe these concepts? Factors (communication, patient interview, pain assessment practice) Pain control (pain management or pain measurement) Post-operative pain (post surgical pain) Older people (aged person, elderly etc) Use these words to form the foundation for your search

4. It’s helpful to draw a concept map Concept 1 + Concept 2 + Concept 3 communication or pain management or post operative pain or patient interview pain measurement post surgical pain or consultation or pain assessment or post-operative pain

5. Efficient searching requires subject heading and keyword searching! Subject heading (subject term) search: this is a more specific way of searching where you retrieve only those records which list the subject heading for your concept e.g. Subject heading for ‘ stroke’ will cover: cerebrovascular accident/s, cerebral vascular accident/s, CVA/s etc. Keyword search this is broader way of searching where you will retrieve records which mention your keywords but may or may not be specifically about your concept

6. More on subject headings … Subject Headings (or controlled vocabulary) overcome variations in the: use of terminology e.g. back pain, spinal pain or backache use of spelling e.g. ageing or aging Tick the Subject Heading box, scroll down to the ‘ used for ’ to look for other relevant keywords Scope note : describes how the term is used in the database, the “scope” of the term or the history of the indexing

7. To look for subject terms, login to the CINAHL database: www.lib.latrobe.edu.au (A-Z Databases/Journals) Click on Suggest Subject Terms and enter your query

8. Concept 1: subject heading search communication Use the subject term communication Do not use diacritics e.g.* (only use in keyword search) Select the term, and explode (to include narrower terms) Read the Scope Note Tick on the Search Database (green box)

9. Generic search tips for keyword searching Spelling: be aware of variations e.g. p ae diatric or p e diatric; counselling or counseling; ageing or aging Terminology: the term stroke could also include cerebral vascular accident/s, cerebrovascular disorders Truncation: occupation * will produce occupation, occupational, occupations Wildcard (?) for example: randomi ? ed will retrieve randomi z ed and randomi s ed Phrase search use quotation marks to search as a phrase e.g. “acquired brain injury” or “quality of life” Understand Boolean operators and + or

10. Concept 1: keyword search c ommunicat* or patient interview* or consultation* Use the asterisk to search for all forms of the word e.g. communicat* - communication/s, communicate, communicating, communicated Using or will combine all words within your first concept When searching by keyword, do not tick the subject heading box

11. Concept 2: subject heading and keywords Searched for and used the subject heading: pain measurement Searched for keywords: pain management or pain assessment* or pain measurement*

12. Concept 3: subject heading and keywords Searched for and used the subject heading: postoperative pain Searched for keywords: postoperative pain or post-operative pain or post surgical pain

13. Search results showing a combination subject heading and keyword search

14. Limit your search Use the Edit function to limit your search Useful limits in CINAHL include: Peer-reviewed English language Date Age groups Important : Click: View Results after editing to see the edited list.

15. Other considerations: You can just use subject headings or keywords separately, or as individual searches. There may not always be a subject term or heading for your query, in this case, just use a keyword search Sometimes there may be two subject terms that you can use e.g. maternal-child nursing or community health nursing

16. Check the full record for the source, and more relevant subject headings & keywords

17. Search results – finding the full text! some databases will have the Full Text Finder icon to link you to the full text of the article If not, search the Catalogue by the title of the journal via the Journal titles tab and follow the links to the full text: sometimes the article may only be in print copy in the Library If not held by the Library, request the article via Document Delivery Services www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/document-delivery/ Ensure you have registered for remote delivery, instruction in the guide under off campus services.

18. Another useful feature: set up an account in CINHAL to save searches, articles, journal alerts ..

19. Homework! Search in CINAHL for the following subject terms Check the scope note (if available), search by the term, view the results, and practice the edit function Look for the full text in the Library’s collection Symptom distress Palliative care Quality of life Oncologic nursing Cancer pain Cancer fatigue Pleural effusion malignant Breast neoplasms Hormone therapy http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au http://latrobe.libguides.com/cancernursing http://latrobe.libguides.com/nursing_midwifery