cim

1. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
UNIT II CIM 1
Data Integration
Syllabus: CAD-CAM Integration, Product development through CIM, Design
Activities in a networked environment, Networking in a manufacturing
company, hardware elements of networking, CIM Database, Database
requirements of CIM, Database management, Database Models, EDM, Product
Data Management (PDM), Product life cycle Management(PLM)

2. Data Integration
UNIT II CIM 2
jeetendraoe@gmail.com
Mob. No: 8951834155
Data integration Data integration is the process of
combining data from various sources into one, unified view
for efficient data management, to derive meaningful insights,
and gain actionable intelligence
Data integration reduce
 IT costs
 Free-up resources
 Improve data quality
Working: Combining that data could include integrating user
profiles, sales, marketing, accounting, and application or
software data to get a full overview of their business. For
example, one small business could use:
 Salesforce for customer information and sales data
 Google Analytics for customer tracking, user and
website analytics
 MySQL database for storing user information
 Quickbooks for expense management

3. Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
UNIT II CIM 3
jeetendrace@gmail.com
Mob. No: 8951834155
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN DEFINITION
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer
software to assist with the design, layout, and technical
documentation of products.
CAD enables engineers to generate two-dimensional (2D) or
three-dimensional (3D) models of an object or system of
objects and view those models under a variety of different
parameters to simulate and test real-world product
conditions.
Top Applications of CAD
 3D Printing
 Dental Industry
 Mapping
 Fashion
 Architecture
 Automotive Sector
 Building Furniture
 Interior Design
Examples of CAD software
 TinkerCAD
 FreeCAD
 BlocksCAD
 CREO
 Solid Edge
 Fusion 360
 4D_Additive
 Solidworks
 AutoCAD

4. Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
UNIT II CIM 4
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software
and computer-controlled machinery to automate a
manufacturing process.
Three components for a CAM system to function:
 Software that tells a machine how to make a product by
generating toolpaths.
 Machinery that can turn raw material into a finished
product.
 Post Processing converts toolpaths into a language
machines can understand.
Six important uses of CAM.
 Effective Management of General Production Process
 Machining Equipment
 Production and Engineering Design
 Equipment Safety
 Connecting the Machines in the Manufacturing Process
 Developing of Tool Path Designs

5. Non-Integrated CAD/CAM
UNIT II CIM 5
Product development has historically involved two divided
processes:
 Designing a product, and
 Manufacturing a product
The use of separate, non-integrated CAD (design) and CAM
(manufacturing) tools to develop products has created a
communications barrier between design and production,
resulting in cost, time, and quality issues, especially when
design changes are necessary or manufacturability disruptions
arise.
Non-integrated CAD/CAM is often used in smaller
manufacturing operations where the cost of an integrated
CAD/CAM system may be prohibitive.
It can also be used in situations where specialized CAD or
CAM software is required for a specific task, and the
available integrated software does not meet the requirements.

6. CAD-CAM Integration
UNIT II CIM 6
Integrated CAD/CAM refers to the use of a single software
system that combines computer-aided design (CAD) and
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) functionality.
CAD software is tightly integrated with the CAM software,
allowing for seamless transfer of data between the design and
manufacturing processes.
With an integrated CAD/ CAM platform, you can reduce
cycle times, control costs, and improve quality, while
simultaneously cultivating cooperation and collaboration
between product design and manufacturing personnel.
Integrated CAD/CAM systems are commonly used in larger
manufacturing operations where efficiency and productivity
are key considerations. They are also used in industries such
as aerospace, automotive, and medical devices, where
precision and reliability are critical.

7. Non-integrated vs Integrated CAD/CAM
Prof. Jeetendra Dhamone UNIT II CIM 7
jeetendracoe@gmail.com
Mob. No: 8951834155
Non-integrated CAD/CAM workflow disadvantages:
• Data translations create barriers
• Data accuracy can be in jeopardy
• Concurrent design can be thwarted
• Time consuming
• Expensive to maintain and train
Integrated CAD/CAM workflow advantages:
• Data translations are avoided
• Data accuracy is secured
• Concurrent design is promoted
• Far less time than export/import
• Less costly—less systems

8. Product development through CIM
UNIT II CIM 8
Product development through CIM (Computer Integrated
Manufacturing) involves the use of computer systems and
software to automate and streamline various aspects of the
product development process. CIM enables the integration of
various stages of the product development process, from
design to manufacturing, to ensure greater efficiency,
accuracy, and consistency.
Simul
ation
Design
Protot
yping
Testing
Feedb
ack
Manufa
cturing
The key stages of
product development
through CIM
Design: Computer-aided design (CAD) software is used to
create 2D or 3D models of the product.
Simulation: CAE software is used to simulate and analyze
the product's performance under different conditions.
Prototyping: This involves the use of machines such as 3D
printers or CNC machines to create a physical model of the
product.
Testing: Test results are fedback into the design stage to
improve the product's design.
Manufacturing: The final design is sent to the production
line, where CIM software is used to automate various
aspects of the manufacturing process, such as materials
handling, assembly, and quality control.
Feedback: Data is collected throughout the manufacturing
process to monitor product quality and identify any issues or
areas for improvement.

9. Product Development
Prof. Jeetendra Dhamone UNIT II CIM 9
jeetendracoe@gmail.com
Mob. No: 8951834155

10. Design Activities in a Networked Environment
UNIT II CIM
Networked environment refer to the processes involved in creating or
developing products or solutions that are interconnected through
computer networks.
Network design is the process of planning and implementing a
computer network infrastructure that meets the communication and
data sharing requirements of an organization or individual.
Networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can
exchange data and share resources with each other. These networked
devices use a system of rules, called communications protocols, to
transmit information over physical or wireless technologies.

11. Database in CIM
UNIT II CIM 11
The CIM database comprises basically four classes of data:
 Product Data: Data about parts to be manufactured. It
includes text and geometry data.
 Manufacturing Data: The information as to how the parts
are to be manufactured is available in production data.
 Operational Data: Closely related to manufacturing data
but describes the things specific to production, such as lot
size, schedule, assembly sequence, qualification scheme
etc.
 Resource Data: This is closely related to operational data
but describes the resources involved in operations, such as
materials, machines, human resources and money.
CIM Database
Product Design and Manufacturing process increasingly requires access to substantial technical information in various
stages like design, analysis and manufacturing as well as smooth co-ordination among the many functions constituting an
enterprise. Manufacturing organizations may waste a considerable portion of their resources due to delayed or error prone
communication from one segment to another. It would therefore be desirable to have one single central database that
would contain all information

12. Database Requirements of CIM
UNIT II CIM 12
I. Designing assemblies and performing tolerance analysis on
those assemblies.
ii. Preparing production drawings of assemblies, individual
parts, tooling, fixtures and other manufacturing facilities.
iii. Creating analytical models of parts for structural,
kinematical and thermal analysis (FEM, MEM etc.).
iv. Calculating weights, volumes, centers of gravity and other
mass properties and costs of manufacturing (cost estimation).
v. Classifying existing parts according to shape, function, and
the process by which they are manufactured and retrieving
these parts from the parts library on demand (Group
technology and coding).
vi. Preparing part lists and bill of materials (BOM).
vii. Preparing process plans for individual part manufacture
and assembly (Variant or Generative).
viii. Programming CNC machines for processing complete
parts (CAM).
ix. Designing work cells and programming the movement
of components in those cells using work handling devices
like robots, conveyors, AGV’s/ RGV’s, etc. (Cellular
manufacture).
x. Controlling engineering changes and maintaining
associativity between design and manufacturing (PDM,
VPDM, concurrent associativity etc).
xi. Preparing programs to handle components or
manipulate production equipment (like welding torches or
robots).
xii. Preparing inspection programs including programs for
CNC co-ordinate measuring machines [CNC CMM’s].
The exchange of graphic information has been advanced
with increasing acceptance of Initial Graphics Exchange
Specification (IGES) and STEP.

13. Database Management System
UNIT II CIM 13
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software
system that is designed to manage and organize data in a
structured manner. It allows users to create, modify, and
query a database, as well as manage the security and access
controls for that database.
Some key features of a DBMS include:
1.Data modeling
2.Data storage and retrieval
3.Concurrency control
4.Data integrity and security
5.Backup and recovery
DBMS can be classified into two types:
1. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
2. Non-Relational Database Management System( NoSQL)

14. Data Language
UNIT II CIM 14
There are four types of Data Languages
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
 Data Control Language(DCL)
 Transactional Control Language(TCL)
DDL is the short name for Data Definition Language,
which deals with database schemas and descriptions, of
how the data should reside in the database.
• CREATE: to create a database and its objects like
(table, index, views, store procedure, function, and
triggers)
• ALTER: alters the structure of the existing
database
• DROP: delete objects from the database
• TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table,
including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed
• COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
• RENAME: rename an object

15. Data Language
UNIT II CIM 15
DCL is short for Data Control Language which acts as an
access specifier to the database.(basically to grant and revoke
permissions to users in the database
 GRANT: grant permissions to the user for running
DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) commands on the
table
 REVOKE: revoke permissions to the user for running
DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) command on the
specified table
TCL is short for Transactional Control Language which acts
as an manager for all types of transactional data and all
transactions. Some of the command of TCL are
 Role Back: Used to cancel or Undo changes made in the
database
 Commit: It is used to apply or save changes in the database
 Save Point: It is used to save the data on the temporary
basis in the database
DML is the short name for Data Manipulation Language
which deals with data manipulation and includes most
common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store, modify,
retrieve, delete and update data in a database.
 SELECT: retrieve data from a database
 INSERT: insert data into a table
 UPDATE: updates existing data within a table
 DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
 MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access
path
 LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control

16. Database Model
UNIT II CIM 16
A database model shows the logical structure of a
database, including the relationships and constraints that
determine how data can be stored and accessed. Individual
database models are designed based on the rules and concepts
of whichever broader data model the designers adopt. Most
data models can be represented by an accompanying database
diagram.
Types of database models
• Hierarchical database model
• Relational model
• Network model
• Object-oriented database model
• Entity-relationship model
• Document model
• Entity-attribute-value model
• Star schema
• The object-relational model
Unsupervised Hierarchical
Hierarchical Model
• This database model organizes data into a tree-like-structure, with a single
root, to which all the other data is linked.
• The hierarchy starts from the Root data, and expands like a tree, adding
child nodes to the parent nodes.
• In this model, a child node will only have a single parent node.
• This model efficiently describes many real-world relationships like index of
a book, recipes etc.
• In hierarchical model, data is organized into tree-like structure with one
one-to-many relationship between two different types of data, for example,
one department can have many courses, many professors and of-course
many students.

17. Database Model
UNIT II CIM 17
Network Model
• This is an extension of the Hierarchical model. In this model data
is organized more like a graph, and are allowed to have more than
one parent node.
• In this database model data is more related as more relationships
are established in this database model. Also, as the data is more
related, hence accessing the data is also easier and fast. This
database model was used to map many-to-many data
relationships.
• This was the most widely used database model, before Relational
Model was introduced.
Entity-relationship Model
• In this database model, relationships are created by dividing
object of interest into entity and its characteristics into attributes.
• Different entities are related using relationships.
• E-R Models are defined to represent the relationships into
pictorial form to make it easier for different stakeholders to
understand.
• This model is good to design a database, which can then be
turned into tables in relational model(explained below).
• Let's take an example, If we have to design a School Database,
then Student will be an entity with attributes name, age, address
etc. As Address is generally complex, it can be
another entity with attributes street name, pincode, city etc, and
there will be a relationship between them.

18. Database Model
UNIT II CIM 18
Relational Model
• In this model, data is organized in two-
dimensional tables and the relationship is maintained by
storing a common field.
• This model was introduced by E.F Codd in 1970, and
since then it has been the most widely used database
model, infact, we can say the only database model used
around the world.
• The basic structure of data in the relational model is
tables. All the information related to a particular type is
stored in rows of that table.
• Hence, tables are also known as relations in relational
model.

19. Advantages or Disadvantages of DBMS
UNIT II CIM 19
Advantages of using a DBMS:
 Data organization: A DBMS allows for the organization and
storage of data in a structured manner, making it easy to retrieve
and query the data as needed.
 Data integrity: A DBMS provides mechanisms for enforcing
data integrity constraints, such as constraints on the values of
data and access controls that restrict who can access the data.
 Concurrent access: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
controlling concurrent access to the database, to ensure that
multiple users can access the data without conflicting with each
other.
 Data security: A DBMS provides tools for managing the
security of the data, such as controlling access to the data and
encrypting sensitive data.
 Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
backing up and recovering the data in the event of a system
failure.
 Data sharing: A DBMS allows multiple users to access and
share the same data, which can be useful in a collaborative work
environment.
Disadvantages of using a DBMS:
 Complexity: DBMS can be complex to set up and maintain,
requiring specialized knowledge and skills.
 Performance overhead: The use of a DBMS can add overhead
to the performance of an application, especially in cases where
high levels of concurrency are required.
 Scalability: The use of a DBMS can limit the scalability of an
application, since it requires the use of locking and other
synchronization mechanisms to ensure data consistency.
 Cost: The cost of purchasing, maintaining and upgrading a
DBMS can be high, especially for large or complex systems.
 Limited use cases: Not all use cases are suitable for a DBMS,
some solutions don’t need high reliability, consistency or
security and may be better served by other types of data
storage.

20. Engineering Data Management (EDM)
UNIT II CIM 20
 Engineering data management (EDM) is the process
of organizing, storing, analyzing, and sharing
engineering data and information throughout the
lifecycle of a product or system.
 EDM involves managing various types of engineering
data, including drawings, models, specifications, test
data, simulations, and other technical documentation.
 The goal of EDM is to ensure that engineering data is
accurate, up-to-date, and easily accessible to all
stakeholders involved in a project, including
engineers, designers, manufacturers, and customers.
 Effective EDM can help improve collaboration,
reduce errors, and increase productivity throughout the
entire product development process.
Some common EDM techniques and tools include:
 Version control systems: These tools enable multiple
users to work on the same document simultaneously
while tracking changes and maintaining a history of
revisions.
 Data management software: This software enables
organizations to store, organize, and manage large
volumes of data, including engineering data, in a
centralized location.
 Product lifecycle management (PLM) software: This
software helps manage the entire product development
process, from conception to retirement, by integrating
various functions such as design, manufacturing, and
marketing.
 Data analytics: This involves using statistical techniques
and software to analyze engineering data to identify
patterns, trends, and anomalies.

21. Concept of Engineering Data Management (EDM).
UNIT II CIM 21
•CAE (computer-aided engineering): Computer tools to
generate and test specifications, used in the product design
phase.
•CAD (computer-aided design): Computer tools to design and
draw.
•CAP (computer-aided process design): Computer assistance in
defining production processes/routing sheets as well as in
programming numerically controlled machines, facilities, and
robots.
•CAM (computer-aided manufacturing): The use of computers
to program, direct, and control manufacturing through
numerically controlled machines, robots, or entire flexible work
cells.
•CAQ (computer-aided quality assurance): Computer-aided
quality assurance of the manufacturing process.
In production-related areas of CIM, there exist the following
technologies:
•Computer-based planning & control systems, often called in
shorthand ERP or SCM software, refer to Chapter 9.
•Computer-aided costing

22. Product Data Management (PDM)
Prof. Jeetendra Dhamone UNIT II CIM 22
jeetendracoe@gmail.com
Mob. No: 8951834155
Product data management (PDM) is a system for managing
design data and engineering processes in one central
location.
Engineering teams use PDM software to organize product-
related information, track revisions, collaborate, manage
change orders, generate Bills of Materials (BOMs) and more.
With a single source for project data, engineers save time and
avoid mistakes.
Product Data
The product data included technical specifications of the
product, protocols for developing and manufacturing the
products, and the materials required to produce the final
product. In the engineering context, the CAD models and
manufacturing instructions cater to product data.
PDM manages a variety of information, as listed below:
•The part number and description of the product
•Brand name associated with the product
•Supplier/vendor information
•Vendor part number and description
•Specifications and Unit of measure
•Parts list and routing database
•Material and parts data-sheets
•Bill of material (BOM)
•Cost/price
•Engineering CAD drawing and schematic
•Change order history

23. Features of PDM
Prof. Jeetendra Dhamone UNIT II CIM 23
jeetendracoe@gmail.com
Mob. No: 8951834155
Some key features of PDM systems include:
 Data Storage and Retrieval: PDM systems provide a centralized repository for all product data, making it easier to store,
organize, and retrieve data as needed.
 Version Control: PDM systems allow users to track changes to product data over time, including who made the changes
and when they were made. This helps ensure that everyone is working with the most current version of the product data.
 Collaboration and Workflow Management: PDM systems often include tools for managing workflows and collaboration
among different teams and departments involved in product development. This can help ensure that everyone is working
together efficiently and effectively.
 Security and Access Control: PDM systems provide controls for managing access to product data, ensuring that only
authorized personnel have access to sensitive information.
 Reporting and Analytics: PDM systems may include reporting and analytics tools that provide insights into how product
data is being used and accessed across the organization.

24. Benefits & PDM vs. PLM
UNIT II CIM 24
PDM vs. PLM
 PDM is a precursor and major component of product
lifecycle management (PLM), a broader strategy for
managing and collaborating around product information.
 PDM sprung from the computer-aided design (CAD)
industry as a way to track CAD drawings and
information.
 While PDM is a standard component of PLM, it is also
offered as a dedicated module in many ERP suites.
Benefits of Product Data Management
People who benefit from the knowledge management
and reporting capabilities of PDM systems include
project managers, engineers, sales people, buyers, and
quality assurance teams. PDM systems allow companies
to:
•Find the correct data quickly
•Improve productivity and reduce cycle time
•Reduce development errors and costs
•Improve value chain orchestration
•Meet business and regulatory requirements
•Optimize operational resources
•Facilitate collaboration between global teams
•Provide the visibility needed for better business
decision-making

25. Product Data Management (PDM) in CIM
UNIT II CIM 25
In Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), Product Data
Management (PDM) plays a crucial role in integrating
product design and manufacturing processes. CIM is a
comprehensive approach that utilizes computer technology to
connect all the aspects of manufacturing, including product
design, engineering, planning, control, and production. PDM
is a key component of CIM as it facilitates the management
and sharing of product data across the entire manufacturing
process.
PDM in CIM involves the integration of data management
with computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) systems. PDM systems in CIM help
to manage all product data, including product models,
technical specifications, documentation, and other related
information. The data is managed in a centralized database,
which is accessible to all relevant stakeholders in the
manufacturing process.
PDM in CIM can help to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
product development and manufacturing processes in several ways:
1.Improved Collaboration: PDM systems enable different teams and
departments involved in product development to collaborate and work
together efficiently. This helps to improve communication and
coordination across different stages of the product development process.
2.Streamlined Workflows: PDM systems can help to streamline
workflows and reduce errors and rework by providing a standardized
process for managing and tracking changes to product data.
3.Increased Productivity: PDM systems can help to improve
productivity by reducing the time and effort required to manage product
data. This allows teams to focus on more critical tasks, such as design
and development.
4.Enhanced Data Security: PDM systems in CIM provide robust
security measures to protect product data from unauthorized access or
modification. This ensures that sensitive product data is kept
confidential and secure.
5.Better Decision Making: PDM systems in CIM provide real-time data
and insights into product development processes, enabling stakeholders
to make informed decisions based

26. Visual Representation of Different Manufacturing Software
UNIT II CIM 26

27. Product Life Stages
UNIT II CIM 27
A product life cycle is the length of time from a product first
being introduced to consumers until it is removed from the
market. A product’s life cycle is usually broken down into four
stages; Introduction, Growth, Maturity, & Decline.
The introduction stage requires significant marketing
efforts, as customers may be unwilling or unlikely to test the
product. There are no benefits from economies of scale, as
production capacity is not maximized.
In the growth stage, sales revenue usually grows
exponentially from the take-off point. Economies of scale are
realized as sales revenues increase faster than costs and
production reaches capacity.
In maturity stage, price undercutting and increased
promotional efforts are common as companies try to capture
customers from competitors. Due to fierce competition,
weaker competitors will eventually exit the marketplace – the
shake-out. The strongest players in the market remain to
saturate and dominate the stable market.
In the decline stage, sales of the product start to fall and
profitability decreases. This is primarily due to the market
entry of other innovative or substitute products that satisfy
customer needs better than the current product.