2. CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design/
Computer Aided Manufacturing
It is the technology concerned with the use of
computers to perform design and manufacturing
functions
2
3. CAD can be defined as the use of computer
systems to perform certain functions in the
design process
CAM is the use of computer systems to plan,
manage and control the operations of
manufacturing plant through either direct or
indirect computer interface with the plant’s
production resources
3
5. In order to establish the scope and definition of
CAD/CAM in an engineering environment and
identify existing and future related tools, a study of a
typical product cycle is necessary.
The following Figure shows a flowchart of such a
cycle-
5
6. 6
The Manufacturing Process
The Design Process
Synthesis
Analysis The CAD Process
The CAM Process
Design
needs
Design
definitions,
specifications,
and requirements
Collecting
relevant design
information and
feasibility study
Design
conceptualization
Design
modeling and
simulation
Design
analysis
Design
optimization
Design
evaluation
Design
documentation and
communication
Process
planning
Order
materials
Design and
procurement of
new tools
Production
planning
NC, CNC, DNC
programming
Production
Quality
control
Packaging
Marketing
Shipping
Typical Product Life Cycle
7. The product begins with a need which is identified
based on customers' and markets' demands
The product goes through two main processes from
the idea conceptualization to the finished product:
The design process
The manufacturing process
The main sub-processes that constitute the design
process are:
› Synthesis
› Analysis
7
11. 11
Manufacturing phase Required CAM tools
Process planning CAPP techniques; cost
analysis; material and tooling
specification
Part programming NC programming
Inspection CAQ; and Inspection software
Assembly Robotics, simulation and
programming
CAM Tools Required to Support the Design Process
15. 15
Definition of CAM Tools Based on Their
Implementation in a Manufacturing Environment
Mfg tools + Computer
Hardware
(control unit; display
terminals;
I/O devices
Software (CAD; NC;
MRP; CAPP)
= CAM tools
Networking
16. 16
Definitions of CAD/CAM Tools Based
on Their Constituents
Mfg tools
Networking
Design tools
Geometric
modeling
Computer
graphics
concepts
CAD/CAM
tools
17. 17
Definition of CAD/CAM Tools Based on Their
Implementation in an Engineering Environment
Design and
Mfg tools
Hardware
Software = CAD/CAM tools
Networking
+ Computer
18. 18
LECTRA SYSTEM of FRANCE is a world famous CAD / CAM system which
offers total CAD/CAM solutions for today and give you passport for tomorrow.
20. Automation can be defined as the technology
concerned with the application of complex
mechanical, electronic, and computer-based
systems in the operation and control of
manufacturing systems.
20
21. 21
Types of Manufacturing Systems
1. Continuous-flow processes. Continuous dedicated production of
large amount of bulk product. Continuous manufacturing is
represented by chemicals, plastics, petroleum, and food industries.
2. Mass production of discrete products. Dedicated production of
large quantities of one product (with perhaps limited model
variations). Examples include automobiles, appliances and engine
blocks.
3. Batch production. Production of medium lot sizes of the same
product. The lot may be produced once or repeated periodically.
Examples: books, clothing and certain industrial machinery.
4. Job-shop production. Production of low quantities, often one of a
kind, of specialized products. The products are often customized
and technologically complex. Examples: prototypes, aircraft,
machine tools and other equipment.
23. 23
Category Automation achievements
Continuous-flow process •Flow process from beginning to end
•Sensors technology available to
measure important process variables
•Use of sophisticated control and
optimization strategies
•Fully computer automated lines
Mass production of discrete products •Automated transfer machines
•Dial indexing machines
•Partially and fully automated assembly
lines
•Industrial robots for spot welding, part
handling, machine loading, spray
painting, etc.
•Automated material handling systems
•Computer production monitoring
Batch production •Numerical control (NC), direct
numerical control (DNC), computer
numerical control (CNC).
•Adaptive control machining
•Robots for arc welding, parts handling,
etc.
•CIM systems.
Job shop production •Numerical control, computer numerical
control
24. Greater flexibility
Reduced lead times
Reduced inventories
Increased Productivity
Improved customer
service
Improved quality
Improved
communications with
suppliers
24
Better product design
Greater
manufacturing control
Supported integration
Reduced costs
Increased utilization
Reduction of machine
tools
Less floor space
26. Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the
manufacturing approach of using computers to
control the entire production process
This integration allows individual processes to
exchange info with each other and initiate actions
Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes,
based on real-time input from sensors
It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing
26
27. CIM reduces the human component of
manufacturing and thereby relieves the process of
its slow, expensive and error-prone component
In a CIM system functional areas such as design,
analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting,
inventory control, and distribution are linked
through the computer with factory floor functions
such as material handling and management,
providing direct control and monitoring of all the
operations
27
29. As a method of manufacturing, three components
distinguish CIM from other manufacturing
methodologies:
› Means for data storage, retrieval, manipulation
and presentation
› Mechanisms for sensing state and modifying
processes
› Algorithms for uniting the data processing
component with the sensor/modification
component
29
30. Manufacturing engineers are required to achieve
the following objectives to be competitive in a
global context:
› Reduction in inventory
› Lower the cost of the product
› Reduce waste
› Improve quality
› Increase flexibility in manufacturing to achieve
immediate and rapid response to:
Product & Production changes
Process & Equipment change
Change of personnel
30
31. Integration of technologies brings following benefits:
1. Creation of a truly interactive system that enables
manufacturing functions to communicate easily with
other relevant functional units
2. Accurate data transferability among manufacturing
plant or subcontracting facilities at implant or diverse
locations
3. Faster responses to data-changes for manufacturing
flexibility
4. Increased flexibility towards introduction of new
products
5. Improved accuracy and quality in the manufacturing
process
31
32. 6. Improved quality of the products
7. Control of data-flow among various units and
maintenance of user-library for system-wide data
8. Reduction of lead times which generates a
competitive advantage
9. Streamlined manufacturing flow from order to
delivery
10. Easier training and re-training facilities
32
34. CIM software comprises computer programs to
carry out the following functions:
› Management Information System
› Sales & Marketing & Finance
› Database Management
› Modeling and Design
› Analysis
› Simulation
› Communications
› Monitoring
› Production Control
› Manufacturing Area Control
34
38. The reasons why CIM is used in industries can be
related to two major aspects:
1. Technical benefits
2. Financial benefits
38
39. Data, whether quality or productivity data, is available
immediately. This can help in quick decision making, thereby
reducing the risks involved in continuous manufacturing.
Each product’s signature and quality traits are clearly
observed and recorded, thus forming a basis in places where
traceability is used
Equipment performance and similar data like downtime can
be easily monitored
It is easy to correlate the performance of the product with
the condition of the equipment at that particular time
Occurrence can be easily tracked to kick-start Six Sigma
projects
Over 40% time reduction in data collection and aggregation
activity
39
40. Reduction in manpower of over one man per two
assembly lines for fully automated lines with manual QC
checking and reporting
Product data can be easily traced, thereby eliminating
the cost of rework and reducing the cost of recall.
Estimated recall cost reduction can be as high as 80%
with some products.
Quality enhancement using CIM systems can go as far
as 90% where traditional systems can reach 70%
through quick correlation, thereby enhancing
productivity results
Downtime can be reduced by over 80% through
continuous monitoring and predictive alarms
40
42. Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven (2006), Manufacturing
engineering and technology (5th ed.), Prentice Hall, p. 1192.
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki
Laplante, Phillip A. (2005), Comprehensive dictionary of electrical
engineering (2nd ed.), CRC Press, p. 136.
Waldner, Jean-Baptiste (September, 1992). Principles of Computer-
Integrated Manufacturing. London: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 128-p132.
AMICE Consortium (1991). Open System Architecture for CIM,
Research Report of ESPRIT Project 688, Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, 1989.
AMICE Consortium (1991), Open System Architecture, CIMOSA, AD
1.0, Architecture Description, ESPRIT Consortium AMICE, Brussels,
Belgium.
F. Vernadat (1996). Enterprise Modeling and Integration. p.40
Richard C. Dorf, Andrew Kusiak (1994). Handbook of Design,
Manufacturing, and Automation. p.1014
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