1. This material was presented in Events
PWYP-Asia-Pacific Regional Forum
In Manila, Philippines - March, 2014
By: Bantay Kita (Philipines)

3.  The East Asia and Pacific region (which
includes Burma, Cambodia, China, East
Timor, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of
Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, the
Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, the
Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand)
accounted for about 20% of total global
economic growth in 2011 (World Bank).
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific
in 2011

4.  Australia and China were among the world’s leading mineral producers
in 2011.
› Australia has large resources of bauxite, coal, cobalt, copper,
diamond, gold, iron ore, lead, lithium, manganese, mineral sands,
nickel, tantalum, and uranium.
› China has large resources of antimony, arsenic, barite, coal,
fluorspar, gold, graphite, iron ore, magnesium, rare earths, strontium,
tin, tungsten, and zinc.
› India also was one of the world’s significant mineral producers and
has large resources of barite, bauxite, chromium, iron ore,
manganese, rare earths, and salt.
› Indonesia has large resources of coal, copper, gold, nickel, and tin;
› Mongolia has large resources of copper, fluorspar, and
molybdenum;
› Papua New Guinea has large resources of copper, gold, and
molybdenum;
› Philippines, which has large resources of copper, gold, and nickel.
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific in 2011

5. ASIAAND THE PACIFIC: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED COPPER MINE PRODUCTION,
2005–20181
(Metal content in thousand metric tons)
Country 2005 2010 2011 2014e
2016e
2018e
Australia 930 870 958 1,100 1,200 1,250
China 762 1,160 1,270 1,300 1,400 1,450
India 27 36 38 43 46 48
Indonesia 1,064 878 543 600 800 1,000
Mongolia 127 125 122 550 750 740
Papua New Guinea 193 160 130 80 180 230
Philippines 16 58 64 65 70 100
Other -- -- 198 -- 140 240
Total 3,190 3,350 3,320 3,800 4,600 5,100
eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production.
1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to
totals shown.

6. ASIAAND THE PACIFIC: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED GOLD MINE PRODUCTION, 2005–20181
(Metal content in kilograms)
Country 2005 2010 2011 2014e
2016e
2018e
Australia 263,000 261,000 260,000 280,000 300,000 320,000
China 225,000 345,000 362,000 400,000 420,000 430,000
Indonesia 130,620 106,316 96,100 115,000 120,000 125,000
Japan 8,300 8,544 8,691 8,300 8,100 8,000
Laos 6,232 5,061 3,984 7,000 8,000 8,000
Mongolia 24,120 6,037 5,703 17,000 27,000 27,000
New Zealand 10,583 13,494 14,324 12,000 12,000 12,000
Papua New Guinea 68,483 62,900 62,200 54,000 61,000 122,000
Philippines 37,490 40,847 31,120 34,000 35,000 35,000
Other 19,000 18,300 16,300 20,000 22,000 26,000
Total 793,000 867,000 860,000 948,000 1,010,000 1,110,000
eEstimated.
1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

7.  The 2011 exploration budget allocation for the Pacific region and
Southeast Asia (excluding Australia) was about $1 billion, which was
a 39% increase compared with that of 2010.
 China maintained its 4% share of the total exploration budget in
2011 (excluding exploration activity conducted by Government-
owned entities) (Metals Economics Group, 2011).
 Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines together
accounted for about 80% of the total mineral exploration budget
for the Southeast Asia and Pacific Ocean Islands region when
Australia is excluded.
 The increase in this region can be attributed to
› continued interest by companies from China and the Republic of Korea
to expand sources of supply for strategic minerals
› companies from Japan to develop regional copper and nickel deposits
to supply Japan’s smelting industry.
› increased interest among international companies in exploring for
undersea minerals in the Pacific Ocean.
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific in 2011

8.  Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia,
which together accounted for 68% of the active
exploration sites in the region
 Other countries with active exploration in 2011
included Fiji, Java, the Republic of Korea, Laos,
Malaysia, New Zealand, and the Solomon Islands
 Gold and silver exploration accounted for
approximately 68% of all exploration interest in the
Pacific region, base metals accounted for about 27%
 Since 2008, the region’s share of the world
exploration budget has generally increased. This
trend is perhaps reflective of the increased interest by
China in exploring for resources in the region.
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific in 2011

9.  The region’s total production of coal accounted for about
69.8% of the world total in 2011.
 The region’s production of anthracite coal, accounted for
about 93.2% of the world total, and its production of
bituminous coal accounted for about 67.5%.
 China, which was by far the world’s leading producer of
anthracite and bituminous coals, accounted for 77.9%
and 47.6%, respectively, of the world total.
 In the Asia and the Pacific region, Australia, India, and
Indonesia, and North Korea were also significant
producers of the various grades of coal.
 Australia was the world’s leading exporter of coal
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific in 2011

10. ASIAAND THE PACIFIC: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED SALABLE COAL PRODUCTION, 2005–20181
(Thousand metric tons)
Country 2005 2010 2011 2014e
2016e
2018e
Australia 370,000 520,000 533,000 530,000 540,000 560,000
China 2,260,000 3,240,000 3,520,000 3,500,000 3,700,000 3,900,000
India 360,000 507,000 528,000 570,000 580,000 590,000
Indonesia 192,920 256,789 260,000 275,000 285,000 290,000
Japan 1,114 1,000 900 600 300 --
Korea, North 23,500 41,000 41,000 40,000 40,000 40,000
Korea, Republic of 2,832 2,500 2,500 2,600 2,700 2,800
Mongolia 8,256 25,246 30,940 40,000 40,000 40,000
New Zealand 5,267 5,330 4,944 6,000 6,000 6,000
Pakistan 3,367 3,429 3,600 3,900 4,100 4,200
Philippines 3,165 6,650 6,881 7,000 9,000 9,000
Thailand 21,429 17,907 18,000 25,000 25,000 25,000
Vietnam 34,093 44,835 44,494 50,000 50,000 50,000
Other 1,450 3,950 4,570 4,800 4,900 4,900
Total 3,290,000 4,650,000 5,000,000 5,100,000 5,300,000 5,500,000
eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production.
1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

11. AUSTRALIA
 In 2011, the Australian Parliament enacted a carbon tax of about
$24 per metric ton of carbon.
 Legislation expanded the definition for minerals exploration to
include geothermal energy sources. Updating the tax law by
expanding the definition of exploration was intended to ensure that
exploration for geothermal energy received the same treatment as
traditional hydrocarbon energy sources.
 A proposal for a 30% mineral resource rent tax (a tax on profits
generated from mineral resource revenues) passed the lower house
of Parliament but had not passed the upper house by yearend 2011.
 The Australian States of New South Wales and Western Australia had
proposed to increase mineral royalty rates to compensate for
anticipated job losses to the States when the Federal carbon tax is
enacted.

12. AUSTRALIA
 The government of the State of Queensland drafted interim
legislation to restrict mineral exploration activities within a 2-
kilometer buffer area surrounding urban areas with a
population greater than 1,000, but provided local jurisdictions
the option to exempt themselves from this legislation.
 The government of the State of South Australia amended
provisions of the Mining Act of 1971 that changed the mineral
exploration application and assessment process;
implemented programs for environmental protection,
compliance, and enforcement; and modified landowner-
related rights and obligations.
 The government of South Australian also enacted legislation
that would prohibit mining in the Arkaroola region but would
open the Woomera area to development
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific in 2011

13. Mongolia
In 2011, the Mongolian Parliament extended a ban on
issuance of new mining exploration licenses, and a Mongolian
court ordered the Government to enforce a ban on mining in
forest and river areas.
A new two-tier royalty plan was passed by the Parliament in
2010 and went into effect on January 1, 2011. Under this plan,
exported minerals are assessed a surtax royalty in addition to
a flat 5% royalty rate.
For minerals other than copper, the surtax varies from 1% to
5%, depending on metal prices. The surtax on copper ranges
between 22% and 30% for ore, between 11% and 15% for
concentrates, and between 1% and 5% for final products.
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific in
2011

14.  India
India’s Forest and Environment Ministry had
implemented regulations requiring all Government-
owned mining companies to adopt a Corporate
Environmental Policy. Similar regulations were to be
applied at a later time to companies operating in the
private sector.
Source: USGS The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific in 2011

15.  Indonesia
› banned exports of raw mineral ores
› export duties on mineral concentrates of
copper, iron, zinc, and manganese of
between 20% and 25%, which would be
progressively raised to 60% by late 2016.
Source: Reuters 2014.

16.  The Philippines and Indonesia have rapidly introduced major
structural, institutional, and fiscal reforms in response to a
sudden and far-reaching political stimulus. These countries
introduced the basic elements of a decentralization
framework, sub-national democratic elections, and
substantial resource sharing swiftly.
 The incrementalist, like Vietnam, has taken a more
piecemeal approach to decentralization. Decentralization
has focused on administrative and fiscal reform, with modest
political change and the retention of considerable central
control over sub-national governments.
 On the other hand, the cautious mover (such as
 Cambodia) has established significant elements of
decentralization at the formal policy but limited progress in
terms of implementation
Source: Triwibowo and Hanafi, 2014

17.  Compliant Country
› Timor Leste
 Candidate Countries
› Indonesia
› Philippines
› Papua New Guinea
› Solomon Islands
 Pilot implementation
› Australia
› Vietnam
 EITI applicant
› Myanmar

18.  Australia
 Bangladesh
 People’s Republic of China
 India
 Japan
 Malaysia
 Indonesia

19.  Australia
 Philippines

20.  Series of survey by CIVICUS show that civil society
organizations continuously face unfavorable
external environment as state aims to control their
role through restrictive regulation, complicated
permit bureaucracy, and direct intervention.
Source: Triwibowo and Hanafi, 2014