This document summarizes a chapter from a psychology textbook on social psychology. It covers several key topics:
- Factors that influence conformity, compliance, and obedience, such as social influence, groupthink, and authority figures.
- Components of attitudes, including how attitudes are formed and can be changed, such as through direct contact or persuasion.
- The relationship between attitudes and behaviors, and how attitudes do not always predict behaviors.
This document provides an overview of a psychology textbook chapter on cognition and intelligence. It defines key terms related to thinking, problem solving, creativity, and theories of intelligence. It describes how intelligence is measured using tests like the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and Wechsler Intelligence Tests. These tests provide IQ scores based on a person's mental age compared to their actual age. The document also discusses how IQ tests are constructed, standardized, validated and made reliable to accurately measure intelligence.
This document contains sections from a psychology textbook on motivation and emotion. It discusses early theories of motivation including instinct approaches and drive-reduction theory, which viewed behavior as arising from physiological needs and drives. Later sections cover arousal theory, incentive approaches, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and self-determination theory. On emotion, it defines the three elements and discusses theories like James-Lange and Cannon-Bard. Brain areas involved in emotion are identified, and facial expressions are discussed.
The document provides an overview of the biological perspective and the nervous system. It discusses the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and the nervous tissue. It describes the nervous system as a network of specialized cells that carry information throughout the body. It also summarizes the key parts of the nervous system including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system. It outlines the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and their functions in controlling voluntary and involuntary actions.
This document summarizes key chapters from the 4th edition of the textbook "Psychology" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers topics related to sexuality and gender, including physical and biological differences between males and females, gender roles and stereotypes, sexual response and behavior, sexual orientation, and sexual dysfunction. The document provides learning objectives, definitions, theories, figures, and summaries for each topic.
This document provides an overview of a psychology textbook chapter on memory. It discusses the three main processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes several models of how memory works, including the information processing model and levels of processing model. It also outlines the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Within long-term memory, it distinguishes between declarative and nondeclarative memory.
This document is from a psychology textbook and covers learning through classical and operant conditioning. It defines key concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and conditioning. Classical conditioning links an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces a reflex response to a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings, resulting in the conditioned stimulus eliciting the reflex. Operant conditioning is learning through consequences of behaviors, where reinforcement increases behaviors and punishment decreases them.
This document discusses human development from conception to death. It covers key topics like research methods used to study development, nature vs nurture, genetics and inheritance, pregnancy, physical changes in infants and children, cognitive development theories, language development, and more. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate concepts. The document appears to be from a psychology textbook covering lifespan development.
This document summarizes a chapter from a psychology textbook on social psychology. It covers several key topics:
- Factors that influence conformity, compliance, and obedience, such as social influence, groupthink, and authority figures.
- Components of attitudes, including how attitudes are formed and can be changed, such as through direct contact or persuasion.
- The relationship between attitudes and behaviors, and how attitudes do not always predict behaviors.
This document provides an overview of a psychology textbook chapter on cognition and intelligence. It defines key terms related to thinking, problem solving, creativity, and theories of intelligence. It describes how intelligence is measured using tests like the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and Wechsler Intelligence Tests. These tests provide IQ scores based on a person's mental age compared to their actual age. The document also discusses how IQ tests are constructed, standardized, validated and made reliable to accurately measure intelligence.
This document contains sections from a psychology textbook on motivation and emotion. It discusses early theories of motivation including instinct approaches and drive-reduction theory, which viewed behavior as arising from physiological needs and drives. Later sections cover arousal theory, incentive approaches, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and self-determination theory. On emotion, it defines the three elements and discusses theories like James-Lange and Cannon-Bard. Brain areas involved in emotion are identified, and facial expressions are discussed.
The document provides an overview of the biological perspective and the nervous system. It discusses the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and the nervous tissue. It describes the nervous system as a network of specialized cells that carry information throughout the body. It also summarizes the key parts of the nervous system including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system. It outlines the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and their functions in controlling voluntary and involuntary actions.
This document summarizes key chapters from the 4th edition of the textbook "Psychology" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers topics related to sexuality and gender, including physical and biological differences between males and females, gender roles and stereotypes, sexual response and behavior, sexual orientation, and sexual dysfunction. The document provides learning objectives, definitions, theories, figures, and summaries for each topic.
This document provides an overview of a psychology textbook chapter on memory. It discusses the three main processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes several models of how memory works, including the information processing model and levels of processing model. It also outlines the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Within long-term memory, it distinguishes between declarative and nondeclarative memory.
This document is from a psychology textbook and covers learning through classical and operant conditioning. It defines key concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and conditioning. Classical conditioning links an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces a reflex response to a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings, resulting in the conditioned stimulus eliciting the reflex. Operant conditioning is learning through consequences of behaviors, where reinforcement increases behaviors and punishment decreases them.
This document discusses human development from conception to death. It covers key topics like research methods used to study development, nature vs nurture, genetics and inheritance, pregnancy, physical changes in infants and children, cognitive development theories, language development, and more. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate concepts. The document appears to be from a psychology textbook covering lifespan development.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts from classical and operant conditioning. It begins with definitions of learning and discusses Ivan Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning in dogs. Key concepts in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response are defined. Operant conditioning is introduced as voluntary behavior learned through consequences. B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning research using rat experiments in Skinner boxes is described. Important operant conditioning concepts like reinforcement, positive vs. negative reinforcement, and shaping behavior are summarized.
This document is a chapter from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It discusses various topics relating to cognition, including thinking and mental images, problem solving, decision making, intelligence, and language. The chapter contains learning objectives, definitions of key terms, and figures to illustrate concepts. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's two-factor theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "Psychology, Third Edition" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers topics related to sensation and perception including how the visual, auditory, and other sensory systems work. Specifically, it discusses sensation and how sensory receptors transmit information to the central nervous system, the structure and function of the eye and ear, visual and auditory perception including color vision and sound, and factors that influence perception such as visual illusions. Learning objectives are provided for each section to guide student learning.
This document provides an overview of the biological perspective in psychology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the nervous system and different types of neurons. It describes how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters at synapses and the role of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Specifically, it details the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and their functions. The document also examines the endocrine system and hormones produced by glands like the pituitary, pineal, thyroid and pancreas that influence behavior.
The document discusses Chapter 14 from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It covers psychological disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. It defines abnormal behavior and explains different models for understanding psychological disorders, including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive models. It also discusses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and how it classifies over 250 psychological disorders.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the first chapter of a psychology textbook. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, and outlines the four main goals of psychology: description, explanation, prediction, and control. It discusses early perspectives in psychology like structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. It also covers modern perspectives like the psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary perspectives. Finally, it discusses research methods in psychology like case studies, surveys, and the scientific method.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social psychology. It covers topics like conformity, obedience, attitudes, social cognition, prejudice, and stopping prejudice. Specific studies and theories discussed include Asch's conformity experiments, Milgram's obedience study, the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, attribution theory, social identity theory, and approaches for reducing prejudice like increasing contact between groups. Learning objectives are provided for each major section to guide student learning.
This document summarizes chapters from a psychology textbook about various theories of personality. It discusses Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory, including the id, ego, superego, unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages of development. It also covers neo-Freudian theorists like Jung, Adler, and Horney and their modifications to Freud's ideas. Additional perspectives on personality discussed include behaviorism, social cognitive theory, humanism, and the trait perspective.
The document discusses several theories of personality, including psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanist perspectives. It covers Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, superego, psychosexual stages of development, and defense mechanisms. It also discusses modifications to psychoanalytic theory from neo-Freudians like Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson. Additionally, it covers behaviorist and social cognitive explanations of personality that define personality as learned habits and the influence of others.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 from the textbook Psychology, Third Edition by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers explanations of mental illness from ancient times to modern definitions. It describes the major types of psychological disorders according to the DSM-IV-TR including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. The causes and symptoms of each type of disorder are explained from biological, psychological, cognitive, and learning perspectives.
The document is a chapter from a psychology textbook that discusses the biological perspective of psychology. It covers topics like the structure and function of the nervous system, neurons, and neurotransmitters. Specifically, it describes how neurons communicate with each other through synaptic transmission using neurotransmitters, and how the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord allow for processing and coordination of the body's functions. The chapter aims to explain these concepts in order to further understanding of behavior from a biological standpoint.
The document summarizes a chapter from a psychology textbook about stress and health. It defines stress as physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events called stressors. It describes the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - as the body's physiological response to stress over time. Prolonged stress has negative impacts on the immune system and can increase risks for illnesses like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer by impairing immune function.
This document is from a psychology textbook that introduces students to the field of psychology. It covers the history and evolution of psychology from its early structural and functional roots to modern perspectives like behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitivism. Some key figures discussed include Wilhelm Wundt, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. The document also defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and outlines its goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control.
This document contains chapter sections from the 4th edition of the textbook "Psychology" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers key topics relating to consciousness, including different levels of consciousness, the stages and purpose of sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs like stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. The document provides learning objectives for the chapter and definitions or explanations of important concepts in brief paragraph or bullet point form.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs. It covers levels of consciousness, the stages and purposes of sleep, theories of dreaming, how hypnosis works, and the effects of different classes of drugs like stimulants and depressants. The key learning objectives are about consciousness, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, drug dependence and effects, and specific drugs. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like sleep stages, brain activity during sleep, and common sleep disorders.
This document provides an overview of different psychological therapies and how they have been used to treat psychological disorders. It discusses two modern approaches: psychotherapy, which is based on psychological theories and techniques, and biomedical therapy, which uses medical interventions. Specific therapeutic approaches covered include psychoanalysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy using classical and operant conditioning, humanistic therapies like person-centered and Gestalt therapy, and group therapies. Effectiveness of different therapies and factors influencing outcomes are also addressed.
The document discusses human sexuality and gender from a psychological perspective. It covers topics such as physical and behavioral differences between males and females, theories of gender development, gender roles and stereotypes, sexual response and behavior, sexual orientation, dysfunctions, and sexually transmitted infections. The chapter examines biological and environmental influences on gender identity and outlines key studies that have contributed to the modern understanding of these issues.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the 4th edition of the textbook Psychology by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses sensation and perception, including how the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch work. It addresses topics like how light and sound travel through the eye and ear, color vision, visual illusions, and depth perception. The summaries focus on key aspects of sensation and the structure and function of sensory organs.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) and different models of memory, including the information processing model. It also describes the three main stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory), and delves into the different types of long-term memory (procedural, declarative) and how memories are organized in semantic networks. Various memory tests and effects are discussed, including the distinction between recall and recognition.
This document summarizes different types of therapies and treatments for psychological disorders. It discusses insights therapies like psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies developed by Freud and Rogers. It also covers action therapies like behavior therapies based on classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive therapies aim to help clients recognize distorted thinking and replace it with more realistic thoughts. Therapies can be individual or in group settings, and involve talk therapy, conditioning techniques, or medications to treat disorders.
This document provides instructions for writing a 5-paragraph persuasive essay. It outlines the 6 key steps: 1) creating an outline, 2) conducting research, 3) writing a thesis statement, 4) writing an introduction, 5) writing the 3 main body paragraphs, and 6) writing a conclusion. Students are instructed to get peer and teacher feedback on their thesis statement, introduction, and full draft. The essay should answer the question "What was the most important event/battle/campaign of WWII?" and be submitted online through Turnitin.com by the due date.
This chapter overview discusses key topics in human development across the lifespan, including theories of development, prenatal development, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, later life, and death and dying. It provides a high-level summary of important milestones, changes, and theories related to physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development at each life stage.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts from classical and operant conditioning. It begins with definitions of learning and discusses Ivan Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning in dogs. Key concepts in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response are defined. Operant conditioning is introduced as voluntary behavior learned through consequences. B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning research using rat experiments in Skinner boxes is described. Important operant conditioning concepts like reinforcement, positive vs. negative reinforcement, and shaping behavior are summarized.
This document is a chapter from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It discusses various topics relating to cognition, including thinking and mental images, problem solving, decision making, intelligence, and language. The chapter contains learning objectives, definitions of key terms, and figures to illustrate concepts. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's two-factor theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "Psychology, Third Edition" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers topics related to sensation and perception including how the visual, auditory, and other sensory systems work. Specifically, it discusses sensation and how sensory receptors transmit information to the central nervous system, the structure and function of the eye and ear, visual and auditory perception including color vision and sound, and factors that influence perception such as visual illusions. Learning objectives are provided for each section to guide student learning.
This document provides an overview of the biological perspective in psychology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the nervous system and different types of neurons. It describes how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters at synapses and the role of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Specifically, it details the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and their functions. The document also examines the endocrine system and hormones produced by glands like the pituitary, pineal, thyroid and pancreas that influence behavior.
The document discusses Chapter 14 from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It covers psychological disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. It defines abnormal behavior and explains different models for understanding psychological disorders, including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive models. It also discusses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and how it classifies over 250 psychological disorders.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the first chapter of a psychology textbook. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, and outlines the four main goals of psychology: description, explanation, prediction, and control. It discusses early perspectives in psychology like structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. It also covers modern perspectives like the psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary perspectives. Finally, it discusses research methods in psychology like case studies, surveys, and the scientific method.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social psychology. It covers topics like conformity, obedience, attitudes, social cognition, prejudice, and stopping prejudice. Specific studies and theories discussed include Asch's conformity experiments, Milgram's obedience study, the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, attribution theory, social identity theory, and approaches for reducing prejudice like increasing contact between groups. Learning objectives are provided for each major section to guide student learning.
This document summarizes chapters from a psychology textbook about various theories of personality. It discusses Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory, including the id, ego, superego, unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages of development. It also covers neo-Freudian theorists like Jung, Adler, and Horney and their modifications to Freud's ideas. Additional perspectives on personality discussed include behaviorism, social cognitive theory, humanism, and the trait perspective.
The document discusses several theories of personality, including psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanist perspectives. It covers Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, superego, psychosexual stages of development, and defense mechanisms. It also discusses modifications to psychoanalytic theory from neo-Freudians like Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson. Additionally, it covers behaviorist and social cognitive explanations of personality that define personality as learned habits and the influence of others.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 from the textbook Psychology, Third Edition by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers explanations of mental illness from ancient times to modern definitions. It describes the major types of psychological disorders according to the DSM-IV-TR including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. The causes and symptoms of each type of disorder are explained from biological, psychological, cognitive, and learning perspectives.
The document is a chapter from a psychology textbook that discusses the biological perspective of psychology. It covers topics like the structure and function of the nervous system, neurons, and neurotransmitters. Specifically, it describes how neurons communicate with each other through synaptic transmission using neurotransmitters, and how the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord allow for processing and coordination of the body's functions. The chapter aims to explain these concepts in order to further understanding of behavior from a biological standpoint.
The document summarizes a chapter from a psychology textbook about stress and health. It defines stress as physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events called stressors. It describes the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - as the body's physiological response to stress over time. Prolonged stress has negative impacts on the immune system and can increase risks for illnesses like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer by impairing immune function.
This document is from a psychology textbook that introduces students to the field of psychology. It covers the history and evolution of psychology from its early structural and functional roots to modern perspectives like behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitivism. Some key figures discussed include Wilhelm Wundt, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. The document also defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and outlines its goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control.
This document contains chapter sections from the 4th edition of the textbook "Psychology" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers key topics relating to consciousness, including different levels of consciousness, the stages and purpose of sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs like stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. The document provides learning objectives for the chapter and definitions or explanations of important concepts in brief paragraph or bullet point form.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs. It covers levels of consciousness, the stages and purposes of sleep, theories of dreaming, how hypnosis works, and the effects of different classes of drugs like stimulants and depressants. The key learning objectives are about consciousness, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, drug dependence and effects, and specific drugs. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like sleep stages, brain activity during sleep, and common sleep disorders.
This document provides an overview of different psychological therapies and how they have been used to treat psychological disorders. It discusses two modern approaches: psychotherapy, which is based on psychological theories and techniques, and biomedical therapy, which uses medical interventions. Specific therapeutic approaches covered include psychoanalysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy using classical and operant conditioning, humanistic therapies like person-centered and Gestalt therapy, and group therapies. Effectiveness of different therapies and factors influencing outcomes are also addressed.
The document discusses human sexuality and gender from a psychological perspective. It covers topics such as physical and behavioral differences between males and females, theories of gender development, gender roles and stereotypes, sexual response and behavior, sexual orientation, dysfunctions, and sexually transmitted infections. The chapter examines biological and environmental influences on gender identity and outlines key studies that have contributed to the modern understanding of these issues.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the 4th edition of the textbook Psychology by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses sensation and perception, including how the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch work. It addresses topics like how light and sound travel through the eye and ear, color vision, visual illusions, and depth perception. The summaries focus on key aspects of sensation and the structure and function of sensory organs.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) and different models of memory, including the information processing model. It also describes the three main stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory), and delves into the different types of long-term memory (procedural, declarative) and how memories are organized in semantic networks. Various memory tests and effects are discussed, including the distinction between recall and recognition.
This document summarizes different types of therapies and treatments for psychological disorders. It discusses insights therapies like psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies developed by Freud and Rogers. It also covers action therapies like behavior therapies based on classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive therapies aim to help clients recognize distorted thinking and replace it with more realistic thoughts. Therapies can be individual or in group settings, and involve talk therapy, conditioning techniques, or medications to treat disorders.
This document provides instructions for writing a 5-paragraph persuasive essay. It outlines the 6 key steps: 1) creating an outline, 2) conducting research, 3) writing a thesis statement, 4) writing an introduction, 5) writing the 3 main body paragraphs, and 6) writing a conclusion. Students are instructed to get peer and teacher feedback on their thesis statement, introduction, and full draft. The essay should answer the question "What was the most important event/battle/campaign of WWII?" and be submitted online through Turnitin.com by the due date.
This chapter overview discusses key topics in human development across the lifespan, including theories of development, prenatal development, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, later life, and death and dying. It provides a high-level summary of important milestones, changes, and theories related to physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development at each life stage.
Clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Common disorders addressed include depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, and learning disabilities. Mental health involves well-being, coping with stress, productivity, and community contributions. Mental illness refers to conditions affecting mood, thinking, and behavior. Major approaches to clinical psychology are psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family systems. Specific learning disabilities can include auditory processing disorder, dysgraphia, dyslexia, and language processing disorder.
This document provides an overview of the foundations and early influences that shaped the development of psychology. It discusses key figures like Wundt, James, Freud, and Skinner who established schools of thought in structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. The document also outlines the major perspectives that currently characterize the field, including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, biological, evolutionary, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial approaches. Each perspective focuses on different aspects of behavior and mental processes, from unconscious desires to learning and environment to biology and culture.
Technology in the early childhood classroomnueldavidwest
The use of technology in the early childhood classroom and how it affects children positively. Children are positively motivated to learn better with the use of technology in the classroom.
1. Jeannette was happy to go to a water sports show but was concerned when she heard a weather report predicting temperatures over 100 degrees.
2. Despite her concerns about the hot weather, Jeannette went to the show anyway to watch water skiers perform difficult routines.
3. The hot weather made the experience of watching the show difficult for Jeannette.
Educational Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of PsychologyTheresa Lowry-Lehnen
The document provides an overview of educational psychology and key theories that inform it. It discusses how educational psychology draws from theories related to observable behavior changes (behaviorism), thinking processes and memory (cognitivism), and social influences on learning (social learning theory). Specifically, it summarizes Piaget's stages of cognitive development, how schemas and processes like assimilation and accommodation allow transition between stages, and implications for education based on Piaget's theory of child development.
Unit 3 Freud and Consciousness Power PointMrTimBradley
According to Freud, dreams are a way for the unconscious mind to express wishes and desires that are censored from conscious thought. Dreams translate latent unconscious content into manifest content through processes like displacement, condensation, and the work of a censor. Analyzing dreams using free association could allow one to uncover the latent meaning behind the manifest dream narrative.
The Work Sampling System (WSS) is an observational assessment approach that uses guidelines, checklists, portfolios, and summary reports to help teachers document children's skills, knowledge, behaviors, and academic achievements from preschool to 6th grade. Research studies found that WSS provides a valid measure of student achievement and progress. It accurately identifies students at risk of academic difficulties and its teacher ratings correlate with standardized test scores. Parents and teachers expressed satisfaction with WSS and students in WSS classrooms experienced significant achievement gains.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in early childhood development psychology. It discusses the roles of nature and nurture in child development and covers topics like reflexes, critical periods, attachment theory, parenting styles, cognitive development theories from Piaget and Kohlberg, and more. The document is a study guide for an exam on early childhood psychology with vocabulary definitions, summaries of theories and studies, discussion questions, and activities to help students learn and apply the concepts.
This portfolio assesses the progress of a 3-year-old preschool student, Sashi, over one month in the five developmental domains of social/emotional, cognitive, physical/motor, communication, and adaptive behavior. Baseline assessments were conducted in each domain and goals/objectives were set. Over the month, anecdotal records, samples of work, checklists, and graphs were used to document Sashi's growth in meeting her goals, such as learning to interact with peers, sort objects, follow directions, and transition between activities. The portfolio provides a holistic view of Sashi's development and progress achieving her individualized goals.
The document provides a brief history of psychology, beginning with Aristotle who is considered the father of psychology and wrote one of the first books on the soul. It discusses key figures like Descartes who proposed mind-body dualism, Gall who developed phrenology, Locke's tabula rasa theory, Darwin applying psychology to animals, Wundt establishing introspection, William James changing views of emotion, Freud developing the id/ego/superego model of the psyche, Watson promoting behaviorism and his controversial Little Albert study.
The document discusses the purpose of early childhood assessment. It explains that assessment involves gathering information about children from various sources like observations and checklists. This information is then organized and interpreted. There are four main purposes of assessment: 1) to promote children's learning and development, 2) to identify children who need health or social services, 3) to monitor program trends and evaluate services, and 4) to measure academic achievement and hold students, teachers and schools accountable. The document outlines different assessment strategies like standardized tests, observations, checklists and portfolios that are used and how they benefit students, teachers, parents, and schools.
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its definition, history, and branches. It defines psychology as the scientific study of the human mind, behavior, and mental states. The history section notes that psychology emerged as a formal scientific discipline in the late 19th century with Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory. It also discusses several influential early female psychologists who helped establish the field despite facing social prejudices. Finally, it outlines the major pure and applied branches of psychology, such as cognitive psychology, clinical psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology.
Anecdotal records are brief accounts of important developmental events or behaviors that provide a comprehensive picture of a child's progress. They involve writing short stories about what a child does and says in different contexts to reveal their skills. Anecdotes should include details like setting, participants, and a sequence of events. While quick to conduct, anecdotes may also be subject to bias. Sociometric techniques allow teachers to understand peer dynamics by observing who plays together and assess social skills through child interviews. This information helps teachers support children struggling with social skills.
Theories of learning and early literacy (definition, characteristics, transit...Chinly Ruth Alberto
The document discusses the history and definition of emergent literacy. It notes that Marie Clay first used the term in 1996 to refer to the early literacy skills and knowledge that children acquire from birth before formal schooling. Several scholars further defined emergent literacy as the early reading and writing behaviors demonstrated by young children through activities with literate adults. Emergent literacy emphasizes that all children enter school with some literacy experience and competencies. The perspective of emergent literacy has transitioned over time from a focus on basic literacy skills to sociocultural literacy emphasizing social interactions, to functional literacy emphasizing technology use.
Rationale Supporting Early Childhood Educationsower
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of early childhood education. It discusses several influential European figures such as Comenius, Locke, Rousseau, and Froebel who made important contributions to the field. It then outlines key developmental and learning theories that inform the modern understanding of early childhood, including those proposed by Piaget, Vygotsky, Gardner, and Gesell. The document concludes by discussing how different educational approaches, such as Montessori and Reggio Emilia, apply these developmental theories.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology. It discusses the definition and goals of psychology, including description, explanation, prediction, and control. Early perspectives in psychology are reviewed such as structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Modern perspectives like the psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary perspectives are also summarized. The roles of different psychological professionals are defined. Finally, the scientific method and descriptive research methods like naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys are outlined.
This document is from a psychology textbook that introduces students to the field of psychology. It covers the history and evolution of psychology from its early structural and functional roots to modern perspectives like behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitivism. Some key figures discussed include Wilhelm Wundt, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. The document also defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and outlines its goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control.
This document is an excerpt from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It provides an overview of the key topics covered in Chapter 1, which introduces psychology as a field of study. The chapter discusses the definition and goals of psychology, the early approaches of structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. It also covers the modern perspectives of psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive psychology. Important figures discussed include Wundt, Titchener, Freud, Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers. The chapter examines psychology as a science and the use of the scientific method in studying behavior and mental processes.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It aims to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes. The history of psychology began with the nativist and empiricist views. Important early figures included Wundt, who founded the first psychology lab, and William James. Major perspectives in psychology include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, biological, humanistic, and sociocultural approaches. These perspectives provide different views on topics like depression and emotions.
Educational Psychology- Brief History, introduction, meaning and concept of ...Dr. Manju N D
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to education. It is concerned with understanding learners and the learning process, with a focus on facilitating teaching and learning experiences. Some key aspects covered are:
- The development of students and their cognitive abilities.
- How students learn and retain information through different processes like perception, motivation, and memory.
- Creating effective learning environments and improving teaching methods based on psychological principles.
- Evaluating learning outcomes and the various factors that influence the learning experience.
The document discusses the origins and early history of psychology from the 17th century to the late 1800s. It explains that while psychology emerged as a scientific discipline in the late 1800s, its foundations can be traced back to early Greek philosophy. Two important early figures were Rene Descartes, who introduced the idea of dualism between mind and body, and Wilhelm Wundt, who opened the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 in Germany, marking the beginning of psychology as a separate science. The document also summarizes the structuralist and functionalist schools of thought that developed during this early period in psychology's history.
This lesson plan provides an introduction to psychology for first year students. It outlines the objectives of explaining the definitions, history, and scope of psychology. The plan details the content to be covered, including defining psychology, discussing key figures in the development of psychology like Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud, and explaining the basic areas of psychology such as developmental psychology, social psychology, and physiological psychology. It also lists the teaching methods of lecture and discussion and the assessment activities of essays and short notes.
This document provides an overview of the key figures and perspectives in the field of psychology. It discusses influential early philosophers and scientists such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Leonardo Da Vinci. Some of the major modern perspectives mentioned include biological psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and social psychology. The document also outlines some of the major careers one can pursue with a background in psychology, such as clinical psychology, counseling psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It uses scientific research methods to observe and explain behaviors through description, explanation, prediction, and control. Throughout history, views of psychology and its goals have developed from focusing on internal mental processes to emphasizing observable behavior and the purpose and function of thoughts and actions. Modern psychology incorporates many perspectives including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and social-cultural approaches.
The document provides an overview of an introductory psychology course. It discusses that students will learn many new terms and definitions. It outlines the chapter sections which cover why psychology is studied, what psychologists do, the history of psychology, and contemporary perspectives. The goals of psychology are to observe, describe, explain and predict behavior through scientific research methods. Psychologists specialize in various areas including clinical, counseling, school, and experimental fields. The study of psychology has developed over time from ancient Greek philosophers to modern schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. The seven main contemporary perspectives are biological, evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic, psychoanalytic, learning, and sociocultural.
This document provides an overview of psychology as an academic subject and profession. It begins with a brief introduction to psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It then discusses the historical approaches that helped establish psychology as a field, including structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis. Contemporary approaches like behaviorism, humanism, and cognitive psychology are also outlined. Finally, the document describes how to become a psychologist and some of the major fields of psychology as a profession, such as clinical, counseling, sports, developmental, and forensic psychology.
The document provides an introduction to the topic of psychology over 3 pages and 22 sections. It discusses the history of psychology, defining it as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Some key points covered include psychology emerging as a formal science in 1879 with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory, important historical figures like Aristotle and Freud who contributed to early understandings of the mind, and contemporary approaches like behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience that aim to systematically observe and study human behavior.
This document summarizes the evolution of psychology as a scientific field of study from its philosophical roots to modern perspectives. It describes early schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis. It then discusses behaviorism and major theorists like Watson, Skinner, and Maslow. More recent developments discussed include the return of cognitive psychology, biological and evolutionary perspectives, positive psychology, and the growth of psychology into a thriving science and profession.
Presentation on schools of thought in psychology.pptxAkshayNaik919607
This document provides an overview of the major schools of thought in psychology. It discusses structuralism, which aimed to analyze the basic elements of consciousness, functionalism, which examined the purpose of consciousness, and Freud's theory of the unconscious mind. It also outlines behaviorism, founded by Watson, which studied only observable behaviors, and criticisms of it and psychoanalysis for being too focused on animal research. Finally, it describes the humanist movement led by Rogers and Maslow, which emphasized humans' potential for growth and criticized earlier approaches for not recognizing unique human qualities.
1) Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It involves theories, research, and practice to help understand and help people.
2) There are many fields of psychology including clinical, counseling, school, developmental, and industrial psychology. Psychologists work in areas like research, teaching, and applying knowledge to help people.
3) Modern psychology integrates perspectives like cognitive, biological, humanistic, psychodynamic, learning, and sociocultural approaches to understand human behavior and experience. The field has evolved from its philosophical roots to use scientific methods.
This document provides a history of the development of psychology from ancient times to modern times. It discusses how psychology emerged from philosophy and gained scientific roots in the late 19th century with Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory in Germany. It outlines some of the early theories and contributors in the pre-scientific era like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Descartes and how they viewed the mind and body. It then discusses some of the major figures and schools of thought in the post-scientific era like Wundt, James, Titchener, Freud, Watson, Skinner, Maslow and Rogers and the theories of structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalytic psychology and humanistic psychology they contributed to establishing modern
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
2. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Why study psychology?
Psychology not only helps you understand why people (and animals)do
the things they do, but it also helps you better understand yourself and
your reactions to others. Psychology can help you comprehend how
your brain and body are connected, how to improve your learning
abilities and memory, and how to deal with the stresses of life, both
ordinary and extraordinary. In studying psychology, an understanding
of the methods psychologists use is crucial because research can be
flawed, and knowing how research should be done can bring those
flaws to light. And finally, psychology and its research methods
promote critical thinking, which can be used to evaluate not just
research but also claims of all kinds, including those of advertisers and
politicians.
3. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Learning Objectives
• LO 1.1Definition and goals of psychology
• LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism
• LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
• LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow and Rogers
• LO 1.5 Psychiatrist, psychologist, and other professionals
• LO 1.6 Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method
• LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings
• LO 1.8 Case studies and surveys
• LO 1.9 Correlational technique
• LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms
• LO 1.11Placebo and the experimenter effects
• LO 1.12 Elements of a real-world experiments
• LO 1.13 Ethical concerns in conducting research
• LO 1.14 Principles of critical thinking
4. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
What is Psychology?
• The scientific study of behavior and
mental processes.
– Behavior
Overt actions and reactions
– Mental processes
Internal, covert activity of the mind
– Scientific
Prevent possible biases from leading to
faulty observations
Precise and careful measurement
LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology
5. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Goals of Psychology
• Description
– What is happening?
• Explanation
– Why is it happening?
– Theory
Explanation of a set of observations or
facts
LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology
6. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Goals of Psychology
• Prediction
– Will it happen again?
• Control
– How can it be changed?
LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology
7. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Structuralism
• Structuralism
– Focused on structure or basic elements
of the mind.
LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism
8. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt
– Established first psychology laboratory
Leipzig, Germany in 18 7 9
– Developed objective introspection
Examine and measure personal thought
and mental activities
LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism
9. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
German physiologist Wilhelm Wundt participates in an experiment in his laboratory as students look on. Courtesy
of General Information Center
10. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Structuralism
• Edward Titchener
– Wundt’s student
– Brought structuralism to America.
• Margaret Washburn
– Titchener’s student
– First woman to earn a Ph.D. in
psychology.
• Structuralism died out in early 19 0 0 s.
LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism
11. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Functionalism
• Functions in the real world
• How people to adapt, live, work, and
play
• Proposed by William James
• Influenced modern fields:
– Educational psychology
– Evolutionary psychology
– Industrial/organizational psychology
LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism
12. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Psychology
• Max Wertheimer
– Perception can only be understood as a
complete event.
– Understanding patterns, whole figures
• Gestalt
– German translated as “organized whole”
LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
13. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Psychology
• Ideas are now part of modern
cognitive psychology
– Field focuses on perception, learning,
memory, thought processes, and
problem solving
LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
14. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Figure 1.1 A Gestalt Perception
The eye tends to “fill in” the blanks hereand sees both of these figures as circles rather than as a series of dots or
a broken line.
15. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Psychoanalysis
• Developed by Sigmund Freud
– Trained as a physician
– Worked with patients with nervous
disorders
LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
17. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Psychoanalysis
• Main Ideas
– Unconscious (unaware) mind
Where threatening impulses and desires
are repressed
– Repressed urges create nervous
disorders
LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
18. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Psychoanalysis
• Freud’s concepts
– Stressed importance of early childhood
experiences
– Formed the basis for modern therapy
LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
19. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Behaviorism
• Ivan Pavlov
– Russian physiologist
– Studied digestive processes
– Reflex can occur with new and unrelated
stimulus
– Conditioned dogs to salivate to
metronome
LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
21. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Behaviorism
• John B. Watson
– Developed the “science of behavior”
– Psychology should focus on observable
behavior
Must be directly seen and measured
Ignore notion of unconscious
– Believed phobias were learned through
conditioning.
Case of “Little Albert”
–Child conditioned to fear a white rat
LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism
22. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
American psychologist John Watson is known as the father of behaviorism. Behaviorism focuses only on
observable behavior. Courtesy of Underwood & Underwood/Bettmann/Corbis
23. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Psychodynamic perspective
– Modern version of psychoanalysis
– Focus on development of a sense of self
– Discover motivations behind behavior
No emphasis on sexual motivations
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
24. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Behavioral perspective
– B. F. Skinner
Developed theory of how voluntary
behavior is learned
Introduced concept or reinforcement
– Perspective was major force in the
twentieth century
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
25. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Behaviorist B. F. Skinner puts a rat through its paces. What challenges might arise from applying information
gained from studies with animals to human behavior? Courtesy of Nina Leen/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
26. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Humanistic perspective
– People have free will to choose destiny
– Early contributors:
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
– Self-actualization
Achieving one’s full potential or actual
self
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
27. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Humanistic perspective
– Modern Humanism
Used in psychotherapy
Assists in self-understanding
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
28. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Cognitive perspective
– Major force emerging in 1960’s
– Focus on memory, intelligence,
perception, problem-solving, and
learning.
– Cognitive neuroscience
Physical workings of brain and nervous
system
Use imaging techniques
–MRI, PET
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
29. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
These scans show loss of gray matter in the brains of individuals with very early-onset, adolescent schizophrenia
over a five-year period, highlighting one focus of the biological perspective. Courtesy of The University of
California, Los Angeles
30. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Sociocultural perspective
– Examines relationship between social
behavior and culture
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
31. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Biopsychological perspective
– Behavior is a result of biological events
in the body
Genetic influences, hormones, and the
activity of the nervous system
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
32. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Modern Perspectives
• Evolutionary perspective
– Examines biological bases of universal
mental characteristics that all humans
share
Seeks to explain mental strategies and
traits
Mind is seen as set of information-
processing machines
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
33. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Psychologists with an evolutionary perspective would be interested in how this couple selected each other as
partners. Photo credit: Bill Aron/PhotoEdit
34. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Types of Psychological Professionals
• Psychiatrist
– Medical doctor (M.D.)
– Specializes in the diagnosis and
treatment of psychological disorders.
• Psychoanalyst
– Psychiatrist or a psychologist
– Special training in Freudian theory and
psychoanalysis.
LO 1.5 Psychiatrist, psychologist, and other professionals
35. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Types of Psychological Professionals
• Psychiatric social worker
– Social worker trained in therapy
methods
– Focus on the environmental conditions
impacting mental disorders
Poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug
abuse.
LO 1.5 Psychiatrist, psychologist, and other professionals
36. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Types of Psychological Professionals
• Psychologist
– Academic degree and specialized
training in psychology
– Work in counseling, teaching, and
research
– Specialization can include clinical,
counseling, developmental, social,
personality theory
LO 1.5 Psychiatrist, psychologist, and other professionals
37. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Figure 1.2 Work Settings and Subfields of Psychology
(a) There are many different work settings for psychologists. Although not obvious from the chart,many
psychologists work in more than one setting. For example, a clinical psychologist may work in a hospital setting
and teach at a university or college. (Tsapogas et al., 2006) (b) This pie chart shows the specialty areas of
psychologists who recently received their doctorates. (Hoffer et al., 2007)
38. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Scientific Methodology
• Scientific Method
– System of gathering data
– Bias and error in measurement are
reduced
LO 1.6 Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method
39. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Scientific Methodology
• Steps in the Scientific Method:
1. Perceive the question
2. Form hypothesis
–Tentative explanation of a phenomenon
based on observations
1. Test the hypothesis
2. Draw conclusions
3. Report results
–Allows for replication
• Demonstrate reliability of results
LO 1.6 Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method
40. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Scientific Method
LO 1.6 Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method
41. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Naturalistic Observation
– Watch animals or humans behave in
their normal environment
– Advantage:
Realistic picture of behavior
LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings
42. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Naturalistic Observation
– Disadvantages:
Observer effect
–People or animals behave differently when
they know they are being observed
–May reduce observer effect through
participant observation
LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings
43. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Naturalistic Observation
– Disadvantages:
Observer bias
–Observers see what they expect to see
–May reduce observer bias through use of
blind observers
Each naturalistic setting is unique
–Observations may not hold
LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings
44. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
This researcher is studying the behavior of a group of lemurs. Is this naturalistic observation? Why or why not?
Photo credit: Cyril Ruoso/Photolibrary
45. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Laboratory Observation
– Watching animals or humans in a
laboratory setting
• Advantages:
– Control over environment
– Allows use of specialized equipment
– Can lead to the development of
hypotheses
LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings
46. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Disadvantage:
– Artificial situation that may result in
artificial behavior
LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings
47. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The researcher in the foreground is watching the children through a one-way mirror to get a description of their
behavior. Observations such as these are just one of many ways that psychologists have of investigating
behavior. Why is it important for the researcher to be behind a one-way mirror? Photo credit Jeff Greenberg/The
Image Works
48. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Case study
– Study of one individual in great detail
– Advantages:
Tremendous amount of detail
Good for studying rare conditions
– Disadvantages:
Cannot apply results easily
to similar individuals
Vulnerable to bias of researcher
LO 1.8 Case studies and surveys
49. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
After a gunpowder explosion, Phineas Gage ended up with a steel rod in his head. A model of Gage's head is
shown next to his actual skull. Visible above the left side of his mouth is the entry point of the steel rod, and the
exit point is at the top of the skull. Courtesy of The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine
50. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Survey
– Researcher asks a series of questions
about the topic under study
Given to a representative sample
Population
– Randomly selected sample of subjects
from a larger group
LO 1.8 Case studies and surveys
51. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Descriptive Methods
• Survey
– Advantages:
Data from large numbers of people
Study covert behaviors
– Disadvantages:
Have to ensure representative sample (or
results not meaningful).
People not always accurate (courtesy
bias)
LO 1.8 Case studies and surveys
52. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Finding Relationships
• Correlation
– Measure of the relationship between two
variables
– Variable
Anything that can change or vary
LO 1.9 Correlational technique
53. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Finding Relationships
• Correlation
– Correlation coefficient (r)
Mathematical calculation
Measures
–Direction of the relationship
–Strength of the relationship
– Knowing the value of one variable allows
prediction of the value of the other
variable
LO 1.9 Correlational technique
54. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Finding Relationships
• Correlation coefficient ranges from –
1.00 to +1.00.
• Closer to 1.00 or -1.00, the stronger
the relationship
– No correlation = 0.0.
– Perfect correlation = -1.00 OR +1.00.
LO 1.9 Correlational technique
55. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Finding Relationships
• Positive correlation
– Variables are related in the
same direction.
As one increases, the other
increases
As one decreases,
the other decreases
LO 1.9 Correlational technique
57. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Finding Relationships
• Negative correlation
– Variables are related in
opposite directions
– As one increases, the other
decreases
• Correlation does not prove
causation
LO 1.9 Correlational technique
58. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Figure 1.3 These scatterplots show direction and strength of correlation.
It should be noted that perfect correlations, whether positive or negative, rarely occur in the real world.
59. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Experiment
• Allows researchers to determine cause
and effect
• Deliberate manipulation of variables
• Holding constant other variables
LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms
60. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The act of hitting each other with toy swords could be part of an operational definition of aggressive behavior.
Photo credit Bill Aron/PhotoEdit
61. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Features of the Experiment
• Operational definition
– Specifies steps or procedures used to
control or measure the experimental
variables
• Independent variable (IV)
– Variable manipulated by experimenter
• Dependent Variable (DV)
– Represents measured response of the
experimental manipulation
LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms
62. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Features of the Experiment
• Experimental Group
– Receives the manipulation
• Control Group
– Not subjected to the independent
variable
– Controls for other factors (confounds)
that may affect the outcome
LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms
63. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Features of the Experiment
• Random Assignment
– Participants are assigned randomly to
control or experimental group
– Each participant has equal chance of
assignment to experimental or control
groups
LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms
64. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Placebo and Experimenter Effects
• Placebo effect
– Expectations of the participants can
influence their behavior
– Classic control-give placebo to control
group
• Experimenter effect
– Experimenter’s expectations
unintentionally influence study
LO 1.11 Placebo and the experimenter effects
65. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Placebo and Experimenter Effects
• Single-blind study
– Subjects do not know if they are in the
experimental or the control group
– Reduces placebo effect
• Double-blind study
– Neither experimenter or participants
know if in experimental or control group
– Reduces placebo and experimenter
effects
LO 1.11 Placebo and the experimenter effects
66. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Experimental Example
• Stereotypes, athletes and college test
performance
– High stereotype threat question asked
before intellectual assessment
(experimental group)
– High stereotype threat question asked
after intellectual assessment
– Before test group scored lower on
intellectual assessment than after group
LO 1.12 Elements of a real world experiment
67. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Experimental Example
• Stereotypes, athletes and college test
performance
– Questions to consider:
What extraneous variables might be
affecting the students’ test performance?
What might educators do to try to
prevent the effect of the “dumb jock”
negative stereotype on college athletes?
LO 1.12 Elements of a real world experiment
68. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Ethics in Psychological Research
• Institutional review board
– Professional group that reviews the
safety, consideration of participants
LO 1.13 Ethical concerns in conducting research
69. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Ethics in Psychological Research
• Common ethical guidelines:
1. Rights and well-being of participants
must be weighed against the study’s
value to science.
2. Participants must be allowed to make
an informed decision about
participation.
3. Deception must be justified.
4. Participants may withdraw from the
study at any time.
LO 1.13 Ethical concerns in conducting research
70. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Ethics in Psychological Research
• Common ethical guidelines:
5. Participants must be protected from
risks or told explicitly of risks.
6. Investigator must debrief participants,
telling the true nature of the study and
expectations of results.
7. Data must remain confidential.
LO 1.13 Ethical concerns in conducting research
71. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Ethics in Psychological Research
• Animal research
– Attempt to answer questions not
obtainable with human research
– Avoid exposure to unnecessary pain or
suffering
– Animals are used in approximately 7%
of psychological studies
LO 1.13 Ethical concerns in conducting research
72. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Critical Thinking
• Is making reasoned judgments about
claims.
LO 1.14 Principles of critical thinking
73. Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Critical Thinking
• Four Basic Criteria:
1. There are very few “truths” that do not
need to be subjected to testing.
2. All evidence is not equal in quality.
3. Just because someone is considered to
be an authority or to have a lot of
expertise does not make everything
that person claims automatically true.
4. Critical thinking requires an open mind.
LO 1.14 Principles of critical thinking