This document provides an overview of three literary influences on Christopher McCandless: Leo Tolstoy and realism, Jack London and naturalism, and Henry David Thoreau and transcendentalism. It discusses the key aspects of realism and naturalism as literary movements and examines the works and philosophies of Tolstoy, London, and Thoreau, focusing on Tolstoy's War and Peace, London's The Call of the Wild, and Thoreau's Walden.
Work done within the scope of English class (8th Grade / Class B), related to Unit 3 of the syllabus - "Food and Health". Students were asked to create and/or illustrate sentences and slogans connected to the topic (by means of one slide PPT presentation) and to present their work orally to the class. This work is also a contribution to the project "Educação para a Saúde" in the school year 2012/13, as demanded to all the different subjects / classes / grades of the Agrupamento de Escolas Gândara Mar - Tocha.
Work done within the scope of English class (8th Grade / Class B), related to Unit 3 of the syllabus - "Food and Health". Students were asked to create and/or illustrate sentences and slogans connected to the topic (by means of one slide PPT presentation) and to present their work orally to the class. This work is also a contribution to the project "Educação para a Saúde" in the school year 2012/13, as demanded to all the different subjects / classes / grades of the Agrupamento de Escolas Gândara Mar - Tocha.
Here is my second uploaded presentation, Marxist Approach in literary criticism. There are instructions herein. Should you need the activities, please contact me via my email address: fgbulusan_gmail@yahoo.com or my pm me via my FB account. I am always willing to lecture about this topic. Contact me via my cellular number 0935-918-3854. Thanks!
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
Here is my second uploaded presentation, Marxist Approach in literary criticism. There are instructions herein. Should you need the activities, please contact me via my email address: fgbulusan_gmail@yahoo.com or my pm me via my FB account. I am always willing to lecture about this topic. Contact me via my cellular number 0935-918-3854. Thanks!
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. An Introduction to Christopher
McCandless’ Literary Influences
Topics:
Leo Tolstoy and Realism
Jack London and Naturalism
Henry David Thoreau and Transcendentalism
3. Tolstoy and Realism
Realism:
– Broadly defined as "the faithful representation
of reality“
– Character is more important than action and
plot; complex ethical choices are often the
subject.
– Characters appear in their real complexity of
temperament and motive; they are in
explicable relation to nature, to each other, to
their social class, to their own past.
– Class is important; the novel has traditionally
served the interests and aspirations of an
insurgent middle class.
4. Realism Continued
– Events will usually be plausible. Realistic
novels avoid the sensational, dramatic
elements of naturalistic novels and romances.
– Diction is natural vernacular, not heightened or
poetic; tone may be comic, satiric, or matter-
of-fact.
– Objectivity in presentation becomes
increasingly important: overt authorial
comments or intrusions diminish as the
century progresses.
5. Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)
Russian author, essayist and moral philosopher
wrote the epic novel War and Peace (1865-69)
and Anna Karenina (1873 to 1877 ) .
Leo Tolstoy ranks as one of the world's great
writers, and his War and Peace has been called
the greatest novel ever written.
Tolstoy's War and Peace was also the peak of
Tolstoy's personal life.
– His characters represent almost everyone he had ever
met, including both sides of his family.
6. Tolstoy Continued
Personal Trials:
– In 1884 relations with his family were
increasingly strained.
– The more of a saint he became in the eyes of
the world, the more of a devil he seemed to his
wife.
– He wanted to give his wealth away, but she
would not hear of it. An unhappy compromise
was reached in 1884, when Tolstoy assigned to
his wife the copyright to all his works before
1881.
7. Tolstoy Continued
His Final Years:
– Filled with worldwide acclaim and great
unhappiness, as he was caught in the strife
between his beliefs, his followers, and his
family.
– Church leaders excommunicated him in 1901.
– Unable to deal with the family quarrels, in
1910 he set out on his last pilgrimage
accompanied by his youngest daughter and his
doctor.
– The trip proved too much, and he died in
Astapovo, Russia, on November 9, 1910.
9. Jack London and Naturalism
Naturalism:
– a type of literature that attempts to
apply scientific principles of objectivity
and detachment to its study of human
beings.
– Unlike realism, naturalism implies a
philosophical position; characters can be
studied through their relationships to
their surroundings.
10. Naturalism Continued
Naturalistic writers studied human beings
governed by their instincts and passions as well
as the forces of heredity and environment.
Characters are frequently but not invariably ill-
educated or lower-class characters whose lives
are governed by the forces of heredity, instinct,
and passion.
Their attempts at exercising free will or choice
are powerless by forces beyond their control;
social Darwinism and other theories help to
explain their fates to the reader
11. Jack London(1876-1916)
Novel The Call of the Wild believed to have been
the biggest impact on McCandless
The Call of the Wild:
– London intended to write about a dog who merely
reverts to the wild
– He states that he unconsciously wrote “the human
allegory in the dog's life-and-death struggle to adapt
himself to a hostile environment.”
Born in San Francisco
He was raised through infancy by an ex-slave,
Virginia Prentiss, who would remain a major
maternal figure while the boy grew up.
12. London Continued
As an adolescent, London worked at various hard
labor jobs, pirated for oysters on San Francisco
Bay, served on a fish patrol to capture poachers,
sailed the Pacific on a sealing ship, joined Kelly's
Army of unemployed working men, hoboed
around the country, and returned to attend high
school at age 19.
Always a prolific reader, he consciously chose to
become a writer as an escape from the horrific
prospects of a life as a factory worker.
London was among the most publicized figures of
his day, and he used this pulpit to endorse his
support of socialism, women's suffrage, and
eventually, prohibition
13. London Continued
Complicated figure:
– Clearly accepted the Social Darwinism and
scientific racism prevalent at this time
– Yet troubled that the "inevitable white man"
would destroy the rich cultures of various
native groups he had encountered.
– Supported women's suffrage and created some
of the most independent and strong female
characters in American fiction,
– Yet he was patriarchal toward his two wives
and daughters.
14. London continued
Complicated figure continued:
– His socialism was fervent.
– But countered by his strong drive
toward individualism and capitalist
success.
16. Transcendentalists and
historical context:
The Transcendentalists were a generation of well-
educated people who lived around the time of the
Civil War—a time of division.
Mainly New Englanders who wanted to create a
uniquely American body of literature.
Set out to create writing that was clearly different
from any European nation.
The Transcendentalists can be understood in one
sense by their context -- by what they were
rebelling against, what they saw as the current
situation and therefore as what they were trying
to be different from.
17. Transcendentalists and
spiritual context:
New Biblical Criticism due to literary
analysis led to
– New questions about the old
assumptions of religion
– Age of Enlightenment, based on
experimentation and logical thinking,
had come to new rational conclusions of
the natural world
Thesenew rational conclusions were
not enough
18. Transcendentalists and social
issues
Most were involved in social reform
movements: anti-slavery and civil
rights
Atthe level of the human soul, ALL
people had access to divine
inspiration and sought and loved
freedom and knowledge and truth.
19. Henry David Thoreau
The second son and third child of John
Thoreau, whose father Jean had emigrated
to America from the Isle of Jersey about
the time of the American Revolution.
Grew up in Concord, Massachusetts, home
to Nathaniel Hawthorne and Ralph Waldo
Emerson,
Attended Harvard College in nearby from
1833 to 1837
20. Thoreau Continued
For the remainder of his life he spent in
his home community, whose flora and
fauna he explored with a microscopic eye,
recording his observations
Early interpreters of Thoreau thought of
him as a naturalist, due to his
observations of botanical phenomena and
the amount of time roaming the environs
of Concord with spyglass, notebook, and
pencil, recording the seasonal changes
and life cycles of hundreds of plants.
21. Emerson’s Influence on Thoreau
Emerson had counseled his
generation to look through the
transparency of nature in order to
grasp the essential spirituality of the
universe
Thoreau, of all Emerson’s followers,
acted upon Emerson’s teachings
most consistently.
22. Thoreau and Walden
Walden- one of the most influential
books of the nineteenth century
Thoreau retired for two years, two
months, and two days in 1845,
1846, and 1847 to Walden Pond:
– he built a hut and studied nature to
discover what she had to teach of moral
and spiritual truth
23. Thoreau’s Response to
Transcendental premises
led him to take a negative view of the
dominant values of pre–Civil-War America.
He wrote disparagingly of the destruction
of the natural environment, of which
human beings were an integral part.
He deplored the implications of the rise of
industrialism, with its emphasis upon
materialistic values.
He condemned the institution of black
slavery and the government which
fostered and perpetuated the institution.