This document discusses health as a societal right. It begins by discussing how health has traditionally been viewed as an individual responsibility but argues that there are no biological reasons why entire populations cannot be healthy. It then explores how health can be considered a societal or human right. The document examines how determinants of health are influenced by societal factors like inequality and poverty rather than just individual behaviors or access to healthcare. Overall, it promotes a view of health as a societal issue that governments should aim to improve and protect for entire populations, rather than just an individual concern.
Posisi Indonesia di dalam Pembangunan Global memuat "pencapaian" Indonesia dalam isu Pembangunan Manusia, Pencegahan Korupsi, Kebebasan Pers, dan Daya Saing Ekonomi.
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Press Conference August 15, 2016 Rio Media Centersocprog
In the middle of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Social Progress Imperative CEO Michael Green presented the Social Progress Index to an audience of national and international journalists at the Rio Media Center. He discussed the results of the 2016 global Index, and joined with Pedro Massa of Coca-Cola Brasil to announce a Social Progress Index for Manguinhos, a neighborhood in the north zone of Rio, would be developed as part of the legacy work for the 2016 Olympic Games. The Index – based on the global Index - will guide the investment efforts of companies, government agencies, NGOs and social movements to generate collective social impact and drive local development. The initiative is part of Pacto do Rio, of which Coca-Cola Brasil is a signatory. Read more and watch the video of the press event here: http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/announced-today-new-partnership-with-coca-cola-to-map-social-progress-in-rio-de-janeiro/
Different media platforms – same consumers? (Maša Muster - Mediana)SEMPL
To satisfy the needs of their users, it is imperative the media know them well. Research already shows that the total is more than the sum of individual parts – users are moving from traditional to modern forms of media usage and also transfer among the latter, which consequently means, that they often use our medium from several different platforms.
The potential for reaching new and new users is expending and we can take advantage of that. At Mediana, they already know the answers to several questions regarding the new habits of media users – who are the exclusive users, viewers or listeners over the traditional platforms, how many of them combine different methods of following the media and who are those who no longer care about traditional platforms. By enabling insight into this topic, media planners will gain a better understanding of new media landscape in the region and their decision making about future investments will be made easier.
"What Will It Take To Control TB?" Richard Chaisson, MDUWGlobalHealth
Dr. Richard Chaisson, Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and International Health and Director of the Center for Tuberculosis Research at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore was the keynote Jan. 19 as part of the Washington Global Health Discovery Series. His talk was on ""What Will It Take To Control TB?"
Press Conference August 15, 2016 Rio Media Centersocprog
In the middle of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Social Progress Imperative CEO Michael Green presented the Social Progress Index to an audience of national and international journalists at the Rio Media Center. He discussed the results of the 2016 global Index, and joined with Pedro Massa of Coca-Cola Brasil to announce a Social Progress Index for Manguinhos, a neighborhood in the north zone of Rio, would be developed as part of the legacy work for the 2016 Olympic Games. The Index – based on the global Index - will guide the investment efforts of companies, government agencies, NGOs and social movements to generate collective social impact and drive local development. The initiative is part of Pacto do Rio, of which Coca-Cola Brasil is a signatory. Read more and watch the video of the press event here: http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/announced-today-new-partnership-with-coca-cola-to-map-social-progress-in-rio-de-janeiro/
Different media platforms – same consumers? (Maša Muster - Mediana)SEMPL
To satisfy the needs of their users, it is imperative the media know them well. Research already shows that the total is more than the sum of individual parts – users are moving from traditional to modern forms of media usage and also transfer among the latter, which consequently means, that they often use our medium from several different platforms.
The potential for reaching new and new users is expending and we can take advantage of that. At Mediana, they already know the answers to several questions regarding the new habits of media users – who are the exclusive users, viewers or listeners over the traditional platforms, how many of them combine different methods of following the media and who are those who no longer care about traditional platforms. By enabling insight into this topic, media planners will gain a better understanding of new media landscape in the region and their decision making about future investments will be made easier.
"What Will It Take To Control TB?" Richard Chaisson, MDUWGlobalHealth
Dr. Richard Chaisson, Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and International Health and Director of the Center for Tuberculosis Research at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore was the keynote Jan. 19 as part of the Washington Global Health Discovery Series. His talk was on ""What Will It Take To Control TB?"
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public HealthUWGlobalHealth
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Health as a SOCIETAL RIGHT
Stephen Bezruchka, MD, MPH
Department of Global Health & Health Services
School of Public Health
University of Washington
2. Agenda
First two sessions
– Spirit Level
– Rationing of health care
Health as a societal right?
Determinants of Health in Rich
Countries
Global Health today
A theory of Global Health
3. Agenda
First two sessions UNFAMILIAR IDEAS
– Spirit Level – Intergenerational
– Rationing of health care transmission of health
Health as a societal right? – Biology underlying
inequality
Determinants of Health in Rich
Countries
Global Health today
A theory of Global Health
4. (first paragraph)
"There is no known
biological reason wh
every population
should not be as
healthy as the best."
10. SOCIETAL RIGHT
..
Social Right
..
Human right
EARTH/GLOBAL RIGHTS
"rights are context bound"
11. GLOBAL HEALTH
Spatial-temporal spectrum of
human health around the globe
– cut across political and cultural units
– very little non-national data exist
Human health measured by mortality indicators
– IMR, life expectancy,
• healthy life expectancy, disability adjusted life expectancy
– Quality of life and well-being related to mortality
World systems analysis
12. Health Olympics 2004 UNDP HDR 2006
Japan 82.2 Denmark Palestine Thailand Tajikistan Uganda
Switzerland Cuba Colombia Peru India 63.6 Mali
Australia United States Lithuania Egypt Kazakhstan Burkina Faso
Sweden Portugal Bulgaria Nicaragua Pakistan Ethiopia
Canada Korea, Lebanon Morocco Bangladesh Kenya
Italy Czech Republic Saudi Arabia Turkey Turkmenistan South Africa
Israel Uruguay China 71.9 Belarus Nepal Tanzania
Spain Mexico Armenia Moldova, Yemen Côte d'Ivoire
Norway Croatia Jordan Honduras Myanmar Cameroon
France Panama Romania Guatemala Ghana Niger
New Zealand Argentina Algeria Dominican Republic Cambodia Rwanda
Austria Poland Paraguay Indonesia Sudan Burundi
Belgium Ecuador El Salvador Kyrgyzstan Senegal Chad
Germany Slovakia Brazil Azerbaijan PNG Congo (DR)
Singapore Bosnia Herzegovina Viet Nam Uzbekistan Madagascar Nigeria
Finland Sri Lanka Philippines Ukraine Lao Eq Guinea
Netherlands Macedonia, Iran, Russian Federation Togo Mozambique
United Kingdom Albania Georgia Bolivia 64.4 Eritrea Angola
Greece Libya Benin Sierra Leone
Costa Rica Syria Guinea Malawi
UAE Tunisia Mauritania CAR
Chile Malaysia Djibouti Zambia
Ireland Hungary Congo Zimbabwe
Venezuela 73 Haiti Swaziland 31
1629 million 2693 million 2256 million
LIFE EXPECTANCY RANGE
9.2 YEARS 8.3 YEARS 32 YEARS
17. How healthy is the US?
Health Olympics
Number one Gold 16-20 _______
1-5 _______ 21-25 _______
6-10 _______ 26-30 _______
11-15 _______ 31+ _______
18. HEALTH OLYMPICS 2007
5
10
15
20
25
30
United Nations Human Development Report 2009
19. 35.0
34.5
Health Olympics Age 50 (2006)
34.0
33.5 5
33.0 10
32.5 15
32.0 20
31.5 25
30
31.0
30.5
30.0
years
WHO 2009
24. TEEN BIRTHS
A fifth of 20-yr old women who gave birth
in the US gave birth did so in their teens
In Phillips County,Arkansas,
the birth rate among teenage girls
in 2000 was 127 births per 1,000 w
omen aged 15 to 19
- a rate higher than in 94 developing countries.
SCF State of the World's Mothers 2004
25. Youth violence Olympics—Homicide rates among youth aged 10-29 (most
recent year available) from the World Health Organizations’ World Report on
Violence and Health, 2002*
US A
New Zealand
Korea
Canada
Poland
Australia
Netherlans
YOUTH HOMICIDE
Denmark
Italy
Hungary
Belgium
Portugal
Czech Republic
UK
Greece
S pain
Germany
France
Japan
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
*Austria, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had fewer than 20 deaths reported and therefore
rates were not calculated.
27. 1st & 4th yr US medical student
knowledge of Population Health
(2002)
Question First Year Fourth Year
INCORRECT INCORRECT
US has higher life 28.3% 34.4%
expectancy than any
other nation?
US has lower infant 40.6% 30.2%
mortality than any other
nation?
Agrawal et. al. (2005)
28. Population Health Concepts
Health has been improving most of the
last century
Health improvements are not shared
equally
Poorer people have poorer health
Early life is most critical period for
health
29. Female Life Expectancy by County 1990 C. Murray, Harvard, 1998
Female Life Expectancy
70.0 to 77.1
77.1 to 78.1
78.1 to 78.6
78.6 to 79.1
79.1 to 79.6
79.6 to 80.1
80.1 to 80.8
80.8 to 90.0
Where is our health?
33. Population Health Concepts
Health has been improving most of the
last century
Health improvements are not shared
equally
Poorer people have poorer health
Early life is most critical period for
health
34. Health and Social Problems are not Related to Average
Income in Rich Countries
Index of:
• Life expectancy
• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality
• Homicides
• Imprisonment
• Teenage births
• Trust
• Obesity
• Mental illness – incl.
drug & alcohol
addiction
• Social mobility
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
35. Health and Social Problems are Worse in More Unequal Countries
Index of:
• Life expectancy
• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality
• Homicides
• Imprisonment
• Teenage births
• Trust
• Obesity
• Mental illness – incl.
drug & alcohol
addiction
• Social mobility
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
36.
37. Davidson's textbook of
Medicine 2006, pg 97
"Recent research suggests that
uneven distribution of wealth
is a more important
determinant of health than
the absolute level of wealth
as measured by the GDP;
Countries that have a narrower
or more even distribution of
wealth enjoy longer life
expectancies than countries
with similar or higher GDPs
but wider distributions of
wealth.
The mechanism is not
understood."
38. Population Health Concepts
Health has been improving most of the
last century
Health improvements are not shared
equally
Poorer people have poorer health
Early life is most critical period for
health
51. Intergenerational Stress
Cytokine production in women
Prenatal psychosocial offspring (34 subjects and 28
stress comparison) mean age 24, healthy
Pregnancy stress:
divorce, breakup, paternity
denial, marital
infidelity, death of
partner, parent, child, illnes
s in other
(cancer, MI, stroke), financi
al problems (loss of house
by flooding, husband
unemployed, foreclosure, M
VA, unmarried (father not
accepted by
family), political refugee
(Entringer et.al. 2008)
52. IMMUNE SYSTEM TESTING of lymphocytes:
Production: no difference
Activation
in vitro phytohemaglutinin (PHA)
induced cytokine production
Efficacy not tested
PS = Prenatal Stress
PS
CG
Entringer et. al. 2008
IFN interferon
55. "As dramatic and
consequential as medical
care is for individual cas
and for specific condition
much evidence suggests
that such care is not and
probably never has been
the major determinant of
levels or changes in
population health." Pg 4.
57. There walk the earth now both the richest peo
who ever lived and the poorest. Clark 2007
58. WORLD INCOME TRENDS LAST 3000 YEARS
There walk the earth now both the richest people
who ever lived and the poorest. Clark 2007
59. Distribution of length of life for males in Niger, Brazil and Japan in 20
Smits & Monden 2009
60. BIG PICTURE
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
communities, SOCIETIES, global
BASIC NEEDS (food, water, shelter)
Nature of caring and sharing
relationships or
quality of SOCIETAL relationships
health care
62. Health Declined with agriculture
“Agriculture has long been regarded as an
improvement in the human condition: Once
Homo sapiens made the transition from
foraging to farming in the Neolithic, health and
nutrition improved, longevity increased, and
work load declined. Recent study of
archaeological human remains worldwide by
biological anthropologists has shown this
characterization of the shift from hunting and
gathering to agriculture to be incorrect.
Contrary to earlier models, the adoption of
agriculture involved an overall decline in
oral and general health.” (Larsen, C. S. (1995). "Biological
changes in human populations with agriculture." Annual Review of Anthropology)
63.
64. 80 Japan
Life Expectancy Trends: Paleolithic On
70 USA
60
Russia
50
40 Paleolithic
Sub-Saharan
30 Afr ica
Rome
20
Present (1990) (1900) 1000 10000 100,000
Y e a r s b e f o r e p r e s e n t ( l o g sc a l e )
67. Countries ranking in health
WHY?
Theory of Global Health
1. Where they ranked when the race
started
2. When did health begin to improve
3. Mix of factors influencing health
improvements
68. GLOBAL HEALTH
HISTORY
World health
by colonial troop
mortality
72. HEALTH HISTORY TRANSITIONS
End of Global
Euro- End of Euro- Cold Economic
Colonialism Colonialism War Collapse
Military Tropical International GLOBAL ?Population
Medicine Medicine health HEALTH health
1500s 1960s 1990s 2010s
75. CHILDHOOD
"The history of childhood is a
nightmare from which we
have only recently begun to
awaken. The further back
in history one goes the
lower the level of child
care, and the more likely
children are to be
killed, abandoned, beaten, t
errorized and sexually
abused."
DeMause The History of
Childhood 1974
77. Factors influencing health
improvements
Colonizing country or not
Type of colonialism experienced
Societal and political policies
Economic issues: rapid growth or not
Cultural factors
78. Global Health Determinants
Where countries were in the health olympics
starting blocks
Colonial history 3 groups:
1 few Europeans settled (PEASANT COLONIES)
– societies were peasant colonies with Europeans as
administrators or tax collectors or exploiters
• plantations dominated economy in some places
– Europeans didn't stay in power after independence
– Outcomes depended on how much Europeans
helped local elites to plunder
– India, Nigeria, Sri Lanka
79. Global Health Determinants
Where countries were in the health olympics starting blocks
Colonial history:
2 Europeans settled as a minority (SETTLER
COLONIES)
– Tended to expropriate land and resources
– Used indigenous peoples labor, imported slaves
• Plantations, mining in Americas
• Locals often not allowed to own land
– After independence Europeans remained in power
• Colonial system prevailed with elite exploitation
– South Africa, Zimbabwe, Latin America
80. Global Health Determinants
Where countries were in the health olympics starting blocks
Colonial history:
3 Europeans settled as a majority (NEW
EUROPE COLONIES)
– Wiped out local peoples
– Adopted systems similar to homeland Europe
– Where there was more slavery, there was a greater
hierarchy and worse health outcomes
82. Health Outcomes Map 2000
(Hegyvary, Berry, & Murua, Journal of Public Health Policy, 2008)
1
Child Mortality (log scale)
2
How do child mortality
and life expectancy 3
vary throughout the
world?
Life Expectancy
85. PRECOLONIAL:
– Centralized (politically not fragmented) ethnic
groups where chiefs accountable to traditional
authority
• Can modernize better
• Less tyranny, disorder halting modernization
86. PRECOLONIAL CENTRALIZATION:
– In modern era, benefits public goods provision in
stratified more than in egalitarian gorups
– High Geographic Spillover: roads, immunization
benefits both stratified & egalalitarian groups
– Education, IMR benefits stratified but not egalitarian
(where already have less local tyranny)
90. Health Determinants of nations
Where countries were in the health olympics starting blocks
History of poor health affects cohort & subsequent
generations
How well they provided basic needs (food)
How much they support early life
How much they support ALL (social welfare systems)
Sense of community, social capital
Culture, values, ethos
Political systems: especially redistributive policies
– "educated, capable, and demanding public" (Caldwell 1986)
Economic growth (up to ~1850 ↑living standards), then whether
rapid & shared or not, if not shared, can worsen health
Hierarchy details: economic, social
Access to health care
Public health programs
91. GLOBAL HEALTH
Spatial-temporal spectrum of
human health around the globe
– cut across political and cultural units
– very little non-national data exist
Human health measured by mortality indicators
– IMR, life expectancy,
• healthy life expectancy, disability adjusted life expectancy
– Quality of life and well-being related to mortality
World systems analysis
92. BIG PICTURE
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
communities, nations, global
BASIC NEEDS
Nature of caring and sharing
relationships or
quality of social relationships
health care
93. Life course approach CHRONIC
DISEASE RISK
Timely
intervention
Life course
CONCEPTION DEATH
94. PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
HEALTH approach
CHRONIC
DISEASE RISK
Timely
intervention
Trans-generational
Conception DEATH
EARLY LIFE LASTS MANY LIFETIMES
95. Factors influencing health
improvements
Colonizing country or not
Type of colonialism experienced
Societal and political policies
Economic issues: rapid growth or not
Cultural factors
96. Health Determinants of nations
Where countries were in the health olympics starting blocks
Provided basic needs (food) Forager-Hunters, UK (WWII)
How much they support early life SWEDEN
How much they support ALL (societal welfare systems)
CUBA
Sense of community, social capital OKINAWA
Culture, values, ethos JAPAN
Political systems: especially redistributive policies
NORDIC, KERALA, USA
– "educated, capable, and demanding public"
Economic growth (up to ~1850 ↑living standards), then whether
rapid & shared or not, if not shared, can worsen health
Hierarchy details: economic, societal
Access to health care, Public health programs
99. (first paragraph)
"There is no known
biological reason wh
every population
should not be as
healthy as the best."
(last paragraph) "The primary determinants of disease
mainly economic and social, and therefore its remedi
must also be economic and social. Medicine and poli
cannot and should not be kept apart."