Define Database Management System (DBMS) and database
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS to file based system.
Analyses structure models in Database
This document defines key database concepts like databases, database management systems (DBMS), and database applications. It describes the purpose of using a DBMS over file systems, which had drawbacks like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access problems. A DBMS provides solutions to these issues through its data definition language, data manipulation language, storage management, query processing, transaction processing, and concurrency control functions.
dbms lecture 1.pptx , where traditional file system vs database management ar...dbmscse61
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses that a DBMS allows data to be stored, maintained, and retrieved in an organized manner. It also summarizes key DBMS components like data models, data definition and manipulation languages, database design approaches, and the storage manager. The document is an introductory overview of DBMS concepts.
It includes:
Introduction to Database Management System
DBMS vs File System
View of data
Data models
Database Languages: DML, DDL
Database users and administrators
Transaction Management
Database System Structure
Application architectures
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
This document provides an overview of CS8492 - Database Management Systems course objectives and content. The course aims to teach fundamental database concepts including data models, relational databases, SQL, transaction processing, and storage techniques. It covers topics such as the relational model, keys, normalization, database architecture, languages, and integrity constraints. The document also provides examples and definitions of relational database concepts.
The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the need for DBMS, different database architectures including centralized, client-server and distributed. It also covers data models, ER diagrams, relational models, and SQL. Key advantages of DBMS over file systems include reducing data redundancy, improving data integrity and security, and enabling concurrent access.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database is - a collection of interrelated data organized for efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion. It describes characteristics of the database approach like self-describing nature, insulation between programs and data, support of multiple views, and sharing of data. The document also discusses database management systems, advantages and disadvantages of DBMS, types of DBMS like hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented, database architectures, types of databases like centralized and distributed, data models, and defines what a database schema is.
This document defines key database concepts like databases, database management systems (DBMS), and database applications. It describes the purpose of using a DBMS over file systems, which had drawbacks like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access problems. A DBMS provides solutions to these issues through its data definition language, data manipulation language, storage management, query processing, transaction processing, and concurrency control functions.
dbms lecture 1.pptx , where traditional file system vs database management ar...dbmscse61
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses that a DBMS allows data to be stored, maintained, and retrieved in an organized manner. It also summarizes key DBMS components like data models, data definition and manipulation languages, database design approaches, and the storage manager. The document is an introductory overview of DBMS concepts.
It includes:
Introduction to Database Management System
DBMS vs File System
View of data
Data models
Database Languages: DML, DDL
Database users and administrators
Transaction Management
Database System Structure
Application architectures
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
This document provides an overview of CS8492 - Database Management Systems course objectives and content. The course aims to teach fundamental database concepts including data models, relational databases, SQL, transaction processing, and storage techniques. It covers topics such as the relational model, keys, normalization, database architecture, languages, and integrity constraints. The document also provides examples and definitions of relational database concepts.
The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the need for DBMS, different database architectures including centralized, client-server and distributed. It also covers data models, ER diagrams, relational models, and SQL. Key advantages of DBMS over file systems include reducing data redundancy, improving data integrity and security, and enabling concurrent access.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database is - a collection of interrelated data organized for efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion. It describes characteristics of the database approach like self-describing nature, insulation between programs and data, support of multiple views, and sharing of data. The document also discusses database management systems, advantages and disadvantages of DBMS, types of DBMS like hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented, database architectures, types of databases like centralized and distributed, data models, and defines what a database schema is.
The document discusses key concepts related to database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as a collection of related data used to solve an institution's data management needs. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. The document outlines the differences between data and databases, as well as the characteristics and components of a DBMS, including different views (physical, conceptual, external) of databases. It also discusses data modeling concepts such as entities, attributes, keys, and different types of data models (conceptual, logical, physical).
The document provides an overview of database systems and their components. It discusses the purpose of database systems in addressing issues with file-based data storage like data redundancy, integrity problems, and concurrent access. It also describes the major components of a database system including the data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. The relational and entity-relationship models are explained as examples of common data models.
The document provides an overview of database management systems and the entity-relationship model. It discusses the evolution of database systems, components of a DBMS, data models including relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It also covers topics like the ER model, entity types and relationships, and conceptual database design.
The document discusses physical database requirements and defines three stages of database design: conceptual, logical, and physical. It provides details on each stage, including that physical database design implements the logical data model in a DBMS and involves selecting file storage and ensuring efficient access. The document also covers database architectures, noting that a three-tier architecture separates the user applications from the physical database.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS) and database models. It defines key terms like data, database, DBMS, file system vs DBMS. It describes the evolution of DBMS from 1960 onwards and different database models like hierarchical, network and relational models. It also discusses the roles of different people who work with databases like database designers, administrators, application programmers and end users.
This document provides an introduction to database systems for a BS in IT degree. It discusses key concepts like the difference between data and information, the historical roots of databases in file systems, database management systems and their functions, different database models including hierarchical, network and relational models, and the evolution of database models over time. It also defines important terms and describes the roles of different users in a database system environment.
Database Management System IntroductionSmriti Jain
The document discusses key concepts in databases including:
- Data refers to raw facts and details, while entities are things that data describes with attributes.
- A record combines all details of an entity, files group related records, and a database collects logically related files and records.
- A database management system (DBMS) enables users to define, create and maintain databases and provides flexible data management.
- DBMS benefits include centralized data control, consistency, sharing, and independence from applications.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and related concepts. It discusses the three schema architecture including external, conceptual, and internal schemas. It also covers data models, data definition and manipulation languages, database administrators, keys such as primary keys and foreign keys, and integrity constraints including referential integrity, check constraints, and NOT NULL constraints. The goal of these concepts is to provide a structured and standardized way to define, manipulate, and manage database systems and data.
Unit 1: Introduction to DBMS Unit 1 CompleteRaj vardhan
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their advantages over traditional file-based data storage. It describes the key components of a DBMS, including the hardware, software, data, procedures, and users. It also explains the three levels of abstraction in a DBMS - the physical level, logical level, and view level - and how they provide data independence. Finally, it provides an overview of different data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models.
The document discusses database management systems and data modeling. It begins by defining key terms like data, databases, database management systems, and data models. It then provides a brief history of database development from the 1960s to the 1980s. The rest of the document discusses database concepts in more detail, including components of a DBMS, types of database users, database administration responsibilities, data modeling techniques, and the evolution of different data models.
The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses DBMS applications, why DBMS are used, different users of databases, data models and languages like SQL. It also summarizes key components of a DBMS including data storage, query processing, transaction management and database architecture.
The document discusses various data models, database system architectures, database languages, and components of database management systems. It provides details on hierarchical, network, and relational data models including their advantages and disadvantages. It also describes physical centralized and distributed database architectures. Key database languages covered are DDL, DML, DCL, and transaction control language. DBMS interfaces and utilities are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of database management systems. It defines key concepts like what is a database, database system components, and why databases are used. It describes drawbacks of using file systems to store data that databases address. It also explains the three architecture levels (external, conceptual, internal), database users and administrators, and classifications of DBMSs.
The document discusses several books on database management systems and their authors. It also provides an overview of key concepts in DBMS including what a database and DBMS are, the purpose of database systems, levels of abstraction, instances and schemas, data independence, different data models, database languages, the roles of database administrators and users.
This document discusses data, information, databases, database management systems (DBMS), and the architecture of DBMS. It defines data as raw unorganized facts and information as processed data that provides meaning. A database is a shared collection of interrelated data designed to meet an organization's information needs. A DBMS is a collection of programs used to create and maintain a database. The document then describes the components of a typical DBMS architecture including the query processor, file manager, data manager, and data dictionary. It also discusses database users such as administrators, designers, analysts, and various types of end users.
Week 1 and 2 Getting started with DBMS.pptxRiannel Tecson
This document provides an introduction and orientation to the IM 101 Fundamentals of Database Systems course. It includes sections on the course description, topics, references, schedule, requirements, rules, expectations, and student profile information. The course will cover fundamentals of database systems including introductions to databases and transactions, data models, database design, relational algebra, and more. It will meet on Saturdays from 7-9 AM for lecture and 9 AM-12 PM for laboratory. Students will be graded based on performance, exams, quizzes, projects, and participation.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a DBMS is, its architecture and components. A DBMS allows for centralized control of data to reduce redundancy and inconsistencies. It also provides data sharing, integrity, security and recovery mechanisms. The document describes the entity-relationship, network, relational and object-oriented data models. It also discusses the three-tier architecture of a DBMS and the concept of data abstraction through the three schema architecture.
Attributes are properties or characteristics that describe entities. In the EMPLOYEE entity example, attributes could include:
- Employee ID
- Name
- Date of birth
- Address
- Salary
These attributes describe and provide information about each employee entity instance. Attributes help define and differentiate entity instances from each other.
DBMS introduction and functionality of of dbmsranjana dalwani
Database management systems (DBMS) allow for the storage and manipulation of large collections of related data. A DBMS includes software that provides efficient access to data and ensures data integrity. Key benefits of DBMS include data independence, efficient data access, data integrity and security, concurrent access and crash recovery. DBMS touch many aspects of daily life through applications in banking, transportation, education and more.
Bacterial Examination of Water of different sources.pptDr. Thippeswamy S.
Bacterial Examination of water is useful for:
(1) Detection of faecal pollution in potential water supply (very sensitive test).
(2) Assessment of water treatment plant performance.
(3) Confirmation of hygienic safety of final water entering supply.
(4) Surveillance of water quality throughout distribution.
(5) Indicator bacteria: give Quantitative results therefore used as basis for these standards:
(1) Raw Water Quality
(2) Treated Water Quality
(3) Distribution System Water Quality
(4) Bathing Water Quality
(5) Quality of Water for shellfish growing
(6) Quality of water for re-use in irrigation.
Developed to organize verbal data diagrammatically.
Basic 7 tools effective for data analysis, process control, and quality improvement (numerical data)
Used together increases TQM effectiveness.
The document discusses key concepts related to database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as a collection of related data used to solve an institution's data management needs. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. The document outlines the differences between data and databases, as well as the characteristics and components of a DBMS, including different views (physical, conceptual, external) of databases. It also discusses data modeling concepts such as entities, attributes, keys, and different types of data models (conceptual, logical, physical).
The document provides an overview of database systems and their components. It discusses the purpose of database systems in addressing issues with file-based data storage like data redundancy, integrity problems, and concurrent access. It also describes the major components of a database system including the data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. The relational and entity-relationship models are explained as examples of common data models.
The document provides an overview of database management systems and the entity-relationship model. It discusses the evolution of database systems, components of a DBMS, data models including relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It also covers topics like the ER model, entity types and relationships, and conceptual database design.
The document discusses physical database requirements and defines three stages of database design: conceptual, logical, and physical. It provides details on each stage, including that physical database design implements the logical data model in a DBMS and involves selecting file storage and ensuring efficient access. The document also covers database architectures, noting that a three-tier architecture separates the user applications from the physical database.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS) and database models. It defines key terms like data, database, DBMS, file system vs DBMS. It describes the evolution of DBMS from 1960 onwards and different database models like hierarchical, network and relational models. It also discusses the roles of different people who work with databases like database designers, administrators, application programmers and end users.
This document provides an introduction to database systems for a BS in IT degree. It discusses key concepts like the difference between data and information, the historical roots of databases in file systems, database management systems and their functions, different database models including hierarchical, network and relational models, and the evolution of database models over time. It also defines important terms and describes the roles of different users in a database system environment.
Database Management System IntroductionSmriti Jain
The document discusses key concepts in databases including:
- Data refers to raw facts and details, while entities are things that data describes with attributes.
- A record combines all details of an entity, files group related records, and a database collects logically related files and records.
- A database management system (DBMS) enables users to define, create and maintain databases and provides flexible data management.
- DBMS benefits include centralized data control, consistency, sharing, and independence from applications.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and related concepts. It discusses the three schema architecture including external, conceptual, and internal schemas. It also covers data models, data definition and manipulation languages, database administrators, keys such as primary keys and foreign keys, and integrity constraints including referential integrity, check constraints, and NOT NULL constraints. The goal of these concepts is to provide a structured and standardized way to define, manipulate, and manage database systems and data.
Unit 1: Introduction to DBMS Unit 1 CompleteRaj vardhan
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their advantages over traditional file-based data storage. It describes the key components of a DBMS, including the hardware, software, data, procedures, and users. It also explains the three levels of abstraction in a DBMS - the physical level, logical level, and view level - and how they provide data independence. Finally, it provides an overview of different data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models.
The document discusses database management systems and data modeling. It begins by defining key terms like data, databases, database management systems, and data models. It then provides a brief history of database development from the 1960s to the 1980s. The rest of the document discusses database concepts in more detail, including components of a DBMS, types of database users, database administration responsibilities, data modeling techniques, and the evolution of different data models.
The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses DBMS applications, why DBMS are used, different users of databases, data models and languages like SQL. It also summarizes key components of a DBMS including data storage, query processing, transaction management and database architecture.
The document discusses various data models, database system architectures, database languages, and components of database management systems. It provides details on hierarchical, network, and relational data models including their advantages and disadvantages. It also describes physical centralized and distributed database architectures. Key database languages covered are DDL, DML, DCL, and transaction control language. DBMS interfaces and utilities are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of database management systems. It defines key concepts like what is a database, database system components, and why databases are used. It describes drawbacks of using file systems to store data that databases address. It also explains the three architecture levels (external, conceptual, internal), database users and administrators, and classifications of DBMSs.
The document discusses several books on database management systems and their authors. It also provides an overview of key concepts in DBMS including what a database and DBMS are, the purpose of database systems, levels of abstraction, instances and schemas, data independence, different data models, database languages, the roles of database administrators and users.
This document discusses data, information, databases, database management systems (DBMS), and the architecture of DBMS. It defines data as raw unorganized facts and information as processed data that provides meaning. A database is a shared collection of interrelated data designed to meet an organization's information needs. A DBMS is a collection of programs used to create and maintain a database. The document then describes the components of a typical DBMS architecture including the query processor, file manager, data manager, and data dictionary. It also discusses database users such as administrators, designers, analysts, and various types of end users.
Week 1 and 2 Getting started with DBMS.pptxRiannel Tecson
This document provides an introduction and orientation to the IM 101 Fundamentals of Database Systems course. It includes sections on the course description, topics, references, schedule, requirements, rules, expectations, and student profile information. The course will cover fundamentals of database systems including introductions to databases and transactions, data models, database design, relational algebra, and more. It will meet on Saturdays from 7-9 AM for lecture and 9 AM-12 PM for laboratory. Students will be graded based on performance, exams, quizzes, projects, and participation.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a DBMS is, its architecture and components. A DBMS allows for centralized control of data to reduce redundancy and inconsistencies. It also provides data sharing, integrity, security and recovery mechanisms. The document describes the entity-relationship, network, relational and object-oriented data models. It also discusses the three-tier architecture of a DBMS and the concept of data abstraction through the three schema architecture.
Attributes are properties or characteristics that describe entities. In the EMPLOYEE entity example, attributes could include:
- Employee ID
- Name
- Date of birth
- Address
- Salary
These attributes describe and provide information about each employee entity instance. Attributes help define and differentiate entity instances from each other.
DBMS introduction and functionality of of dbmsranjana dalwani
Database management systems (DBMS) allow for the storage and manipulation of large collections of related data. A DBMS includes software that provides efficient access to data and ensures data integrity. Key benefits of DBMS include data independence, efficient data access, data integrity and security, concurrent access and crash recovery. DBMS touch many aspects of daily life through applications in banking, transportation, education and more.
Bacterial Examination of Water of different sources.pptDr. Thippeswamy S.
Bacterial Examination of water is useful for:
(1) Detection of faecal pollution in potential water supply (very sensitive test).
(2) Assessment of water treatment plant performance.
(3) Confirmation of hygienic safety of final water entering supply.
(4) Surveillance of water quality throughout distribution.
(5) Indicator bacteria: give Quantitative results therefore used as basis for these standards:
(1) Raw Water Quality
(2) Treated Water Quality
(3) Distribution System Water Quality
(4) Bathing Water Quality
(5) Quality of Water for shellfish growing
(6) Quality of water for re-use in irrigation.
Developed to organize verbal data diagrammatically.
Basic 7 tools effective for data analysis, process control, and quality improvement (numerical data)
Used together increases TQM effectiveness.
Soil erosion is the movement and transport of soil by various natural processes and is responsible for the loss of an average of 30 tons per hectare of agricultural soils per year. The soil that is most affected by erosion is the topsoil layer. Soil erosion is accelerated by a sloped landscape, the removal of vegetation to create land space, soil tillage for agriculture, and drought. Wind and water play a monumental role in soil erosion.
Third normal form (3NF) requires that there are no functional dependencies of non-key attributes on something other than a candidate key.
A table is in 3NF if all of the non-primary key attributes are mutually independent
That is, there are NO transitive dependencies
The document discusses using cloud computing for protein structure prediction and gene expression data analysis. Protein structure prediction is a computationally intensive task that helps design new drugs, but determining protein structures manually is difficult. Cloud computing enables scientists to submit protein structure prediction tasks to a cloud service without worrying about the complex predictions. It also discusses using gene expression profiling and classification algorithms like eXtended Classifier System (XCS) on cloud infrastructure to analyze large cancer and medical diagnosis datasets.
This document provides an overview of data intensive computing and some of the challenges it presents. It discusses how data intensive applications deal with large datasets ranging from terabytes to petabytes in size across various domains. Some of the key challenges in data intensive computing include developing scalable algorithms, metadata management technologies, and distributed file systems that can handle petabytes of data efficiently. Frameworks like MapReduce and cloud computing technologies help address these challenges by providing computation and storage at large scales.
djypllh5r1gjbaekxgwv-signature-cc6692615bbc55079760b9b0c6636bc58ec509cd0446cb...Dr. Thippeswamy S.
This document discusses task-based distributed computing and the Aneka framework. It defines tasks as distinct units of code that can be executed remotely. Aneka uses a task programming model where tasks implement an interface and are wrapped in AnekaTask objects. Developers create application classes to control task submission and monitoring. Aneka supports various task types including embarrassingly parallel, parameter sweep, and workflows. It integrates with cloud infrastructures and provides APIs for developing distributed applications.
deploymentmodelsofcloudcomputing-230211123637-08174981.pptxDr. Thippeswamy S.
The document discusses the different deployment models of cloud computing:
- Private cloud is owned and operated by a single organization for its own use and is not shared. It provides security and customization but is less scalable and more costly than public clouds.
- Public cloud is owned by third parties and available to the general public over the internet in a pay-as-you-go model. It has minimal investment but is less secure and customizable.
- Hybrid cloud combines private and public clouds to meet specific needs, providing flexibility and enabling organizations to use the best solution for each workload.
- Community cloud is for specific communities and offers security and cost savings while maintaining private infrastructure control.
- Multi-cloud uses multiple
The purpose of normailization
Data redundancy and Update Anomalies
Functional Dependencies
The Process of Normalization
First Normal Form (1NF)
Second Normal Form (2NF)
Third Normal Form (3NF)
The document describes the steps of the normalization algorithm to normalize a relational database schema into BCNF. The key steps are:
1. Identify functional dependencies to determine candidate keys.
2. Normalize to 1NF by removing non-atomic values.
3. Normalize to 2NF by removing non-prime attributes that are dependent on part but not all of a candidate key.
4. Normalize to 3NF by removing non-prime attributes dependent on non-candidate keys.
5. Normalize to BCNF by removing relations where determinants are not candidate keys. The process may require repeatedly splitting relations.
Considering Company as a Mini world Problem we need to design the Database.
Company Database consists of:
Company Info
Employee Info
Project Info
The Formulated Requirements are:
The company is organized into departments. Each department has a unique name, a unique number, and a particular employee who manages the department. We keep track of the start date when that employee began managing the department. A department may have several location
A department controls a number of projects, each of which has a unique name, a unique number, and a single location
We store each employee’s name, Social Security number, address, salary, sex (gender), and birth date. An employee is assigned to one department, but may work on several projects, which are not necessarily controlled by the same department. We keep track of the current number of hours per week that an employee works on each project. We also keep track of the direct supervisor of each employee (who is another employee).
We want to keep track of the dependents of each employee for insurance purposes
This document discusses database systems and SQL. It begins by defining key database concepts like data models, schemas, and instances. It then provides an introduction to SQL, explaining what SQL is used for and some of its main functions. The document goes on to describe database system architecture, languages, and interfaces. It discusses the three-schema architecture and concepts of data independence. It also covers database management system components, utilities, and classifications.
Module-2, Arithmetic and Logic information
Unsigned numbers are defined as data in which all the bits are used to represent data.Operand can be between 00 and FFH(0to255decimal)for 8-bitdata.
Between 0000 and FFFFH(0 to 65535decimal)for 16-bitdata.
The x86 uses internal adder circuitry to perform the subtraction command.
Hence,the 2'scomplement method isused by the microprocessor to perform the subtraction. The steps involved are–
Take the 2'scomplement of the subtrahend(source operand)
Add it to the minuend(destination operand)
Invert the carry.
This document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, and program status register instructions. It describes the basic types of ARM instructions and how they manipulate data in registers and memory. Examples are provided to illustrate key instruction types like data movement, arithmetic, logical operations, and loading constants using the barrel shifter. The summary focuses on the major topics and instruction categories covered in the document.
This document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, and program status register instructions. It describes the basic types of ARM instructions and how they manipulate data in registers and memory. Examples are provided to illustrate key instruction types like data movement, arithmetic, logical operations, and loading constants using the barrel shifter. The summary focuses on the major topics and instruction types covered in the document.
This document provides an overview of arithmetic and logic instructions in x86 assembly language. It discusses unsigned and signed addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also covers logic instructions like AND, OR, XOR, shift, compare, and conversions between binary-coded decimal and ASCII. Finally, it explains interrupts and rotation instructions in x86, specifically covering ROR, ROL, RCR, and RCL.
This document contains summaries of multiple studies related to fungi and plant pathogens. The first study characterized 11 isolates of Trichoderma virens using morphological and molecular techniques, finding a good correlation between the identification methods. The second studied the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of Albiziaamara leaf extracts against bacteria and fungi. The chloroform extract showed the highest activity. A third study evaluated the compatibility of the fungus Nomuraea rileyi with various pesticides, finding several insecticides and fungicides that were most compatible.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
1. Learning Objective
⚫Define Database Management System (DBMS) and
database
⚫ Describe theadvantagesand disadvantagesof DBMS
to file based system.
⚫ Analyses structure models in Database
2. Definitions
Database:
⚫ A very large, integrated collection of data.
⚫ Models real-world enterprise.
⚫ Entities (e.g., students, courses)
⚫ Relationships (e.g., Madonna is taking CS564)
Database Management System (DBMS)
⚫ a software package designed to store and manage databases.
Examples of Database Applications:
• Banking: all transactions
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
3. Purpose of Database Systems
⚫ In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of
file systems
⚫ Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
⚫ Data redundancy and inconsistency
⚫ Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
⚫ Difficulty in accessing data
⚫ Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
⚫ Data isolation — multiple files and formats
4. ⚫ Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
⚫ Integrity problems
⚫ Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become
“buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly
⚫ Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
⚫ Atomicity of updates
⚫ Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with
partial updates carried out
⚫ E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either
complete or not happen at all
5. ⚫ Concurrent access by multiple users
⚫ Concurrent accessed needed for performance
⚫ Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
⚫ E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the
same time
⚫ Security problems
⚫ Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
6. Why Use a DBMS?
⚫ Separation of the Data definition and the Program
⚫ Abstraction into a simple model
⚫ Data independence and efficient access.
⚫ Reduced application development time – ad-hoc queries
⚫ Data integrity and security.
⚫ Uniform data administration.
⚫ Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.
⚫ Support for multiple different views
7. Why Study Databases??
⚫ Shift from computation to information
⚫ at the “low end”: scramble to webspace (a mess!)
⚫ at the “high end”: scientific applications
⚫ Datasets increasing in diversity and volume.
⚫ Digital libraries, interactive video, Human Genome project, EOS
project
⚫ ... need for DBMS exploding
⚫ DBMS encompasses most of CS
⚫ OS, languages, theory, “AI”, multimedia, logic
?
8. Levels of Abstraction
⚫ Many views, single conceptual
(logical) schema and physical
schema.
⚫ Views describe how users see
the data.
⚫ Conceptual schema defines
logical structure. Sometime we
separate between conceptual
level and logical level
⚫ Physical schema describes the
files and indexes used.
* Schemas are defined using DDL (Data Definition Language)
*data is modified/queried using DML (Data Manipulation Language)
Physical Schema
Conceptual Schema
View 1 View 2 View 3
9. Levels of Abstraction
⚫ Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.
⚫ Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships
among the data.
type customer = record
customer_id : string;
customer_name : string;
customer_street : string;
customer_city : string;
end;
⚫ View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can
also hide information (such as an employee’s salary) for security
purposes.
10. Instances and Schemas
⚫ Schema – the logical structure of the database
⚫ Example: The database consists of information about a set of
customers and accounts and the relationship between them)
⚫ Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
⚫ Physical schema: database design at the physical level
⚫ Logical schema: database design at the logical level
⚫ Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in
time
⚫ Analogous to the value of a variable
11. ⚫ Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical
schema without changing the logical schema
⚫ Applications depend on the logical schema
⚫ In general, the interfaces between the various levels and
components should be well defined so that changes in some
parts do not seriously influence others.
12.
13. Data Models
⚫ A collection of tools for describing
⚫ Data
⚫ Data relationships
⚫ Data semantics
⚫ Data constraints
⚫ Relational model
⚫ Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design)
⚫ Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational)
⚫ Semistructured data model (XML)
⚫ Other older models:
⚫ Network model
⚫ Hierarchical model
14. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
⚫ Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the
appropriate data model
⚫ DML also known as query language
⚫ Two classes of languages
⚫ Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get
those data
⚫ Declarative (nonprocedural) – user specifies what data is
required without specifying how to get those data
⚫ SQL is the most widely used query language
15. Data Definition Language (DDL)
⚫ Specification notation for defining the database schema
Example: create table account (
account_number char(10),
branch_name char(10),
balance integer)
⚫ DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data
dictionary
16. ⚫ Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)
⚫ Database schema
⚫ Data storage and definition language
⚫ Specifies the storage structure and access methods used
⚫ Integrity constraints
⚫ Domain constraints
⚫ Referential integrity (e.g. branch_name must correspond to a
valid branch in the branch table)
⚫ Authorization
17. SQL
⚫ SQL: widely used non-procedural language
⚫ Example: Find the name of the customer with customer-id
192-83-7465
select
from
where
customer.customer_name
customer
customer.customer_id = ‘192-83-7465’
⚫ Application programs generally access databases through one
of
⚫ Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
⚫ Application program interface (e.g., ODBC/JDBC) which
allow SQL queries to be sent to a database
18. Database Design
The process of designing the general structure of the database:
⚫ Logical Design – Deciding on the database schema. Database design
requires that we find a “good” collection of relation schemas.
⚫ Business decision – What attributes should we record in the
database?
⚫ Computer Science decision – What relation schemas should we have
and how should the attributes be distributed among the various
relation schemas?
⚫ Physical Design – Deciding on the physical layout of the database
19. The Entity-Relationship Model
⚫ Models an enterprise as a collection of entities and relationships
⚫ Entity: a “thing” or “object” in the enterprise that is distinguishable
from other objects
⚫ Described by a set of attributes
⚫ Relationship: an association among several entities
⚫ Represented diagrammatically by an entity-relationship diagram:
21. Database Users
⚫ Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the
system
⚫ Application programmers – interact with system through DML calls
⚫ Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language
⚫ Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do
not fit into the traditional data processing framework
⚫ Naïve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs that
have been written previously
⚫ E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers,
clerical staff
22. Database Administrator
⚫ Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the
database administrator has a good understanding of the
enterprise’s information resources and needs.
23. ⚫ Database administrator's duties include:
⚫ Schema definition
⚫ Storage structure and access method definition
⚫ Schema and physical organization modification
⚫ Granting user authority to access the database
⚫ Specifying integrity constraints
⚫ Acting as liaison with users
⚫ Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements
25. Storage Management
⚫Storage manager is a program module that provides the
interface between the low-level data stored in the
database and the application programs and queries
submitted to the system.
⚫The storage manager is responsible to the following
tasks:
⚫interaction with the file manager
⚫efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data
26. Concurrency Control
⚫ Concurrent execution of user programs is essential for good DBMS
performance.
⚫ Because disk accesses are frequent, and relatively slow, it is
important to keep the cpu humming by working on several user
programs concurrently.
⚫ Interleaving actions of different user programs can lead to
inconsistency: e.g., check is cleared while account balance is being
computed.
⚫ DBMS ensures such problems don’t arise: users can pretend they
are using a single-user system.
27. Transaction Management
⚫ A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single
logical function in a database application
⚫ Transaction-management component ensures that the database
remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g.,
power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction
failures.
⚫ Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the
concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database.
28. History of Database Systems
⚫ 1950s and early 1960s:
⚫ Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage
⚫ Tapes provide only sequential access
⚫ Punched cards for input
⚫ Late 1960s and 1970s:
⚫ Hard disks allow direct access to data
⚫ Network and hierarchical data models in widespread use
⚫ Ted Codd defines the relational data model
⚫ Would win the ACM Turing Award for this work
⚫ IBM Research begins System R prototype
⚫ UC Berkeley begins Ingres prototype
⚫ High-performance (for the era) transaction processing
29. History (cont.)
⚫ 1980s:
⚫ Research relational prototypes evolve into commercial systems
⚫ SQL becomes industry standard
⚫ Parallel and distributed database systems
⚫ Object-oriented database systems
⚫ 1990s:
⚫ Large decision support and data-mining applications
⚫ Large multi-terabyte data warehouses
⚫ Emergence of Web commerce
⚫ 2000s:
⚫ XML and XQuery standards
⚫ Automated database administration
⚫ Increasing use of highly parallel database systems
⚫ Web-scale distributed data storage systems
30. Learning outcome
⚫Differentiate between Database Management System
(DBMS) and database
⚫Brieflyexplain advantagesand disadvantages of DBMS
to file based system.
⚫Discuss Database Models