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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.

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The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a massive black-hole binary system with negligible binary interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass (≈10M⊙) and near-circular orbit (e ≈ 0.02) of VFTS 243 suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete collapse, with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos. VFTS 243 enables us to constrain the natal kick and neutrino-emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68% confidence level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is ≲10 km=s (≲1.0M⊙), with a full probability distribution that peaks when ≈0.3M⊙ were ejected, presumably in neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal kick of 4 km=s. The neutrino-emission asymmetry is ≲4%, with best fit values of ∼0–0.2%. Such a small neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is in agreement with theoretical predictions.

Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243

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In this work, we assess the potential detectability of solar panels made of silicon on an Earth-like exoplanet as a potential technosignature. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells have high reflectance in the UV-VIS and in the near-IR, within the wavelength range of a space-based flagship mission concept like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Assuming that only solar energy is used to provide the 2022 human energy needs with a land cover of ∼ 2.4%, and projecting the future energy demand assuming various growth-rate scenarios, we assess the detectability with an 8 m HWO-like telescope. Assuming the most favorable viewing orientation, and focusing on the strong absorption edge in the ultraviolet-to-visible (0.34 − 0.52 µm), we find that several 100s of hours of observation time is needed to reach a SNR of 5 for an Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star at 10pc, even with a solar panel coverage of ∼ 23% land coverage of a future Earth. We discuss the necessity of concepts like Kardeshev Type I/II civilizations and Dyson spheres, which would aim to harness vast amounts of energy. Even with much larger populations than today, the total energy use of human civilization would be orders of magnitude below the threshold for causing direct thermal heating or reaching the scale of a Kardashev Type I civilization. Any extraterrrestrial civilization that likewise achieves sustainable population levels may also find a limit on its need to expand, which suggests that a galaxy-spanning civilization as imagined in the Fermi paradox may not exist.

Detectability of Solar Panels as a Technosignature

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We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors 42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory, as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of 12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.

Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...

Sérgio Sacani

PESTS OF GREEN MANURE CROPS AND FORAGE CROPS SESBANIA BORERS 1. Sesbania stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris, Cossidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of sesbania plants. Nature of damage: Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole. Egg: Laid in masses attached to the leaflets. Larva: Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head. Pupa: Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem. Adult: Sluggish yellowish brown moth. 2. Stem weevil, Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of the terminal branches or whole plant, lodging of the plants during monsoon seasons; affected stem with numerous bore holes and swelling symptoms. Presence of apodous grub inside the stem. Nature of damage: Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent. Egg: Laid on the stem. Grub : Apodous whitish grub. Adult: Reddish brown weevil with white transverse markings on the elytra. LEAF FEEDERS 3. Green semilooper, Pericyma glaucinans, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves. Larva : Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes. Adult: Dark brown with black lines 4. Green looper, Semiothisa pervelgata, Semiothisa emersaria, Geometridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves. Egg: Oval greenish eggs laid singly on leaves. Larva : Pale green looper with white lines and when full grown becomes pink with horizontal bands of violet patches dorsally on the abdominal segments. Pupa: Pupates in the soil. Adult: White colour with three dark lines and spots on the wings.

Pests of Green Manures_Bionomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox (1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans) and fpt (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by demonstrating that the product of foc and fpt is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on exoplanets with primitive life.

The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...

Sérgio Sacani

Normal Cell Metabolism: Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function. Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP. The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process. Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP. The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos). It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation. If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use. IN CANCER CELL: Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA: WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside. Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.

Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway

AADYARAJPANDEY1

Introduction: RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression. It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences. dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants. This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes. What are small ncRNAs? micro RNA (miRNA) short interfering RNA (siRNA) Properties of small non-coding RNA: Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts. Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long. Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered). Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA. Discovery of siRNA? The first small RNA: In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the development of the worm C. elegans. Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14. Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions. Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA) MiRNA Length (23-25 nt) Trans acting Binds with target MRNA in mismatch Translation inhibition Si RNA Length 21 nt. Cis acting Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence Piwi-RNA Length ; 25 to 36 nt. Expressed in Germ Cells Regulates trnasposomes activity MECHANISM OF RNAI: First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces. Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands. The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it. THE RISC COMPLEX: RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA. DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III) Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute ARGONAUTE PROTEIN : 1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA 2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity. MiRNA: The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .

RNA INTERFERENCE: UNRAVELING GENETIC SILENCING

AADYARAJPANDEY1

PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION

ChetanK57

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Health Advances

The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.

Sérgio Sacani

Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days. The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of 3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric (TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.

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