The document discusses Nigeria's Child Rights Act of 2003, which consolidated laws around children's survival, protection, development and participation. However, the Act has not been domesticated by all Nigerian states, limiting its application. The Act incorporates many rights from Nigeria's constitution, making those rights justiciable even in non-domesticating states. While an important law, more work is needed for full protection of children's rights across Nigeria.
The document discusses the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act) in India. It provides an introduction to prenatal diagnostic techniques and the legal initiatives taken in India to prohibit sex selection. It describes the key aspects of the PCPNDT Act such as the establishment of the Central Supervisory Board, requirements for registration and regulation of clinics, prohibition of determining or communicating the sex of the fetus, and penalties for violations. It also discusses implementation challenges and the declining child sex ratio in India.
The document discusses normal child development and developmental screening. It covers the following key points:
- Normal growth and development is essential for preventing and detecting disease. Development includes increases in size and changes in function influenced by emotional and social environments.
- Child development is monitored by parents, health checks, and involves assessing gross motor, fine motor, language, social-emotional, and cognitive skills.
- Screening checks whole populations for delays, while assessment provides detailed analysis of specific developmental areas.
- Multiple factors like nutrition, stimulation, and diseases can influence motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional development. Standard tests are used to evaluate developmental progress and identify children who need further assessment.
The document discusses India's RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health Plus Adolescent) approach, which aims to provide integrated health services across different life stages through a continuum of care. Key aspects of the approach include reducing mortality and malnutrition, increasing immunization coverage, and strengthening service delivery through community health workers. Progress is monitored using indicators tracked in scorecards that measure coverage of important interventions like antenatal care, institutional deliveries, postnatal checks, and child nutrition. The approach emphasizes addressing the needs of vulnerable groups like adolescent mothers through new initiatives for maternal and newborn care, child health, family planning and adolescent health.
PID is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, and IUD insertion within 6 weeks. Symptoms include lower abdominal and pelvic pain. Treatment involves broad spectrum antibiotics as soon as possible to prevent long term complications like infertility. Sexual partners also need treatment to prevent reinfection. Follow up is needed to ensure clinical response and partner treatment.
The PCPNDT Act prohibits sex selection techniques before and after conception to protect the girl child. It restricts clinics, medical personnel, and machines that can be used for prenatal sex determination. Only registered genetic clinics using qualified practitioners can perform prenatal diagnostic techniques. The act aims to maintain sex ratio and promote the birth of the girl child by banning practices that determine the sex of the fetus. Violations of the act are considered cognizable offenses with non-bailable imprisonment. The Central Supervisory Board provides oversight and the code of conduct outlines proper procedures for clinics.
The document discusses the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act) in India. It provides an introduction to prenatal diagnostic techniques and the legal initiatives taken in India to prohibit sex selection. It describes the key aspects of the PCPNDT Act such as the establishment of the Central Supervisory Board, requirements for registration and regulation of clinics, prohibition of determining or communicating the sex of the fetus, and penalties for violations. It also discusses implementation challenges and the declining child sex ratio in India.
The document discusses normal child development and developmental screening. It covers the following key points:
- Normal growth and development is essential for preventing and detecting disease. Development includes increases in size and changes in function influenced by emotional and social environments.
- Child development is monitored by parents, health checks, and involves assessing gross motor, fine motor, language, social-emotional, and cognitive skills.
- Screening checks whole populations for delays, while assessment provides detailed analysis of specific developmental areas.
- Multiple factors like nutrition, stimulation, and diseases can influence motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional development. Standard tests are used to evaluate developmental progress and identify children who need further assessment.
The document discusses India's RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health Plus Adolescent) approach, which aims to provide integrated health services across different life stages through a continuum of care. Key aspects of the approach include reducing mortality and malnutrition, increasing immunization coverage, and strengthening service delivery through community health workers. Progress is monitored using indicators tracked in scorecards that measure coverage of important interventions like antenatal care, institutional deliveries, postnatal checks, and child nutrition. The approach emphasizes addressing the needs of vulnerable groups like adolescent mothers through new initiatives for maternal and newborn care, child health, family planning and adolescent health.
PID is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, and IUD insertion within 6 weeks. Symptoms include lower abdominal and pelvic pain. Treatment involves broad spectrum antibiotics as soon as possible to prevent long term complications like infertility. Sexual partners also need treatment to prevent reinfection. Follow up is needed to ensure clinical response and partner treatment.
The PCPNDT Act prohibits sex selection techniques before and after conception to protect the girl child. It restricts clinics, medical personnel, and machines that can be used for prenatal sex determination. Only registered genetic clinics using qualified practitioners can perform prenatal diagnostic techniques. The act aims to maintain sex ratio and promote the birth of the girl child by banning practices that determine the sex of the fetus. Violations of the act are considered cognizable offenses with non-bailable imprisonment. The Central Supervisory Board provides oversight and the code of conduct outlines proper procedures for clinics.
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
ADRA worked to scale-up ASRH programme in Kalikot District through its Strengthening Reproductive Health (SRH) project. I worked as a 'Training Officer' in ADRA from 2012-2013.
This document discusses female genital mutilation (FGM) in Egypt, including:
- The various types of FGM that are practiced and their physical effects. The most extreme type removes the clitoris and labia and stitches the vaginal opening closed.
- FGM is a cultural practice aimed at controlling women's sexuality, but has no basis in Islamic scripture. Opinions from religious scholars have varied over time.
- Laws banning FGM have been issued in Egypt since the 1950s but are not always enforced. Attitudes among medical professionals and the general public remain mixed.
- An estimated 97% of Egyptian women have undergone some form of FGM, though the rate may be decreasing among
Hormonal contraception (Combined Hormonal Contraceptives)Naji Majid Ahmed
Combined Hormonal Contraceptives :
includes:
Combined Oral Contraceptives (Pills)
Contraceptive vaginal ring
Transdermal patch
2. Progestogen Only Contraceptions(POC):
includes:
Progestogen-only pill(POP)
Implant
Progestogen-only injectable
Progestogen-releasing intrauterine system(LNG–IUS)
Missed pills:
If one pill is missed, anywhere in the pack (ie more than 24 and up to 48 hours late):
The last pill missed should be taken now, even if it means taking two pills in one day.
The rest of the pack should be taken as usual.
No additional contraception is needed.
The seven-day break is taken as normal.
Emergency contraception is not needed if just one pill has been missed. However, it should be considered if other pills have been missed recently, either earlier in the current packet, or at the end of the previous packet.
Missed pills:
If two or more pills are missed (ie more than 48 hours late):
The last pill missed should be taken now, even if it means taking two pills in one day.
Any earlier missed pills should be left.
The rest of the pack should be taken as usual and additional precautions (eg, condoms or abstinence) should be taken for the next seven days.
The next step then depends on where in the packet the pills are missed:
The next step then depends on where in the packet the pills are missed:
If the pills are missed in the first week of a pack (pills 1-7): emergency contraception should be considered if the patient had unprotected sex in the pill-free interval or the first week of the pill packet. She should finish the packet and have the usual pill-free interval.
If the pills are missed in the second week of a pack (pills 8-14): there is no need for emergency contraception as long as the pills in the preceding seven days have been taken correctly. The packet should be finished and the usual pill-free interval taken.
If the pills are missed in the third week of a pack (pills 15-21): the next pack of pills should be started without a break - ie the pill-free interval is omitted. If taking a packet with dummy/placebo pills, these should be discarded, and the new packet started. Emergency contraception is not required.
If more than seven pills are missed, the woman should start again as if starting for the first time. (Exclude pregnancy, and start a new pack on the first day of the next menstrual period.)
Although female feoticide is a topic beginning to gain more public awareness, the laws surrounding sex selective abortions remain unclear due to political and judicial jargon. The Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act was passed in 1994 banning prenatal sex determination as a means to prevent sex selective abortions.
According to the act, a prenatal diagnostic procedure includes any medical procedure such as ultrasonography, foetoscopy, or sampling of amniotic fluid, chorionic villi, blood, any tissue or fluid, which is sent to a genetic laboratory or clinic for pre-natal analysis or diagnostic tests for sex selection. Pre-natal analysis could include any tests conducted on pregnant women to detect genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital anomalies, haemoglobinopathies, and sex-linked diseases.
This document discusses disorders of menstruation including amenorrhea, cryptomenorrhea, primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea, and dysmenorrhea. It defines each condition and discusses their causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and management. Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation, cryptomenorrhea is menstruation with obstruction, and primary/secondary amenorrhea refer to the absence of menstruation in women who have/haven't reached puberty respectively. Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation that can be primary without pathology or secondary due to underlying issues. The document provides detailed information on evaluating and treating each condition.
NLEP is a centrally sponsored public health programme of
GOI
• It has evolved over a period of time with remarkable changes
from NLCP to NLEP
• Various milestones are there in the programme to reach the
ultimate goal of leprosy free India
• Multiple stakeholders in the programme
This document discusses the principles of managing ambiguous genitalia. It defines sex and gender, discusses human sexual differentiation and the classification of ambiguous genitalia. The key aspects of managing ambiguous genitalia in newborns include a thorough medical history, physical exam and investigations to determine sex assignment and any necessary surgical interventions. For adolescents presenting with intersex conditions, management may involve hormone replacement, corrective surgery, and maintaining or changing the individual's gender role based on diagnosis. A multidisciplinary team is important for properly diagnosing and treating individuals with intersex conditions at any age.
Jacob's syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects males. It is caused by the presence of an extra Y chromosome, so those affected have one X and two Y chromosomes rather than the typical one X and one Y. Those with Jacob's syndrome may experience learning problems, delayed emotional maturity, speech problems, and tall, thin physique with acne and reading difficulties. The condition occurs when a male inherits two Y chromosomes instead of the usual one from his father, making him an XYY male, rather than the more common XY male. The exact cause of this extra Y chromosome is unknown.
The document discusses ambiguous genitalia or intersex conditions. It defines ambiguous genitalia and provides classifications based on karyotype and etiology. Key causes include congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, and true gonadal intersex. The document outlines approaches to diagnosis, including family history, physical exam, imaging, hormonal testing, and biopsy. Determining the karyotype, presence of uterus, and hormone levels helps to differentiate between conditions like hermaphroditism versus disorders of sex development.
Diagnosis and surveillance of late onset fetal growth restriction 2018Võ Tá Sơn
By consensus, late fetal growth restriction is that diagnosed >32 weeks. This condition is mildly associated with a higher risk of perinatal hypoxic events and suboptimal neuro-development. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of uteroplacental vascular lesions (especially infarcts), although the incidence of such lesions is lower than in preterm fetal growth restriction.
1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness in boys. It is characterized by muscle degeneration and affects 1 in 3,600 male births.
2. Genetic counseling for DMD involves 5 steps - reaching a diagnosis through family history, examinations, and tests; assessing recurrence risks; communicating the condition; discussing options; and providing long-term support.
3. Prenatal diagnosis methods like amniocentesis and ultrasound can determine if a male fetus is affected to allow couples to prepare or consider alternatives like abortion or adoption.
This document discusses abnormalities of the female urogenital tract, including their embryological development and classification. It notes that the urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. Abnormalities can include defects in the development of the uterus, vagina, or urogenital sinus. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, imaging like ultrasound and MRI, and hormonal/genetic testing. Classification systems relate to the level of confluence between the urethra and vagina. Treatment is multidisciplinary and involves gender assignment and surgical reconstruction if needed.
Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) in NepalPublic Health
- CB-IMNCI in Nepal combines community-based programs for integrated management of childhood illness (CB-IMCI) and newborn care (CB-NCP) into a single program (CB-IMNCI) to address major illnesses for newborns and children under 5.
- It aims to improve health services and promote healthy practices at home and in the community through female community health volunteers.
- CB-IMNCI has been implemented in 77 districts across Nepal and has contributed to reduced rates of pneumonia, diarrhea, and improved care-seeking behaviors.
Approach to Macrocephaly / large head, Megalencephaly, Causes(Etiology), Work...Praveen Unki
1) Macrocephaly is defined as a head circumference (HC) more than two standard deviations above the mean for a patient's age and gender. HC is measured around the occiput and supraorbital ridges using a flexible tape.
2) Common causes of macrocephaly include hydrocephalus, megalencephaly, thickening of the skull, and brain edema from toxic or metabolic issues. Hydrocephalus is excess cerebrospinal fluid in the skull, while megalencephaly is enlargement of the brain.
3) Evaluation of macrocephaly involves obtaining a medical history, physical exam including head size and neurological assessment, and imaging tests such as MRI or CT of the brain
This document discusses prenatal diagnosis techniques including screening tests and diagnostic tests. Screening tests include ultrasonography, maternal serum screening which tests biomarkers, and alpha-fetoprotein. Diagnostic tests include invasive techniques like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, as well as non-invasive techniques using cell-free fetal DNA in the mother's bloodstream which can be used to detect genetic disorders as early as 6 weeks into the pregnancy. Cell-free fetal DNA is isolated from maternal plasma through size fractionation methods and can be used for applications like fetal sex determination and rhesus blood grouping.
Pericles successfully led the government of Athens for over 30 years using direct democracy. In direct democracy, all citizens can vote on laws and policies, whereas in a representative democracy citizens elect others to make laws. Direct democracy worked in Athens because of its small population of around 34,000 citizens, of which only 6,000 typically participated. Pericles' funeral speech inspired Athens by reminding them of the power of democracy and encouraging them to continue fighting in the Peloponnesian War, though this war ultimately weakened all of Greece and left the city-states unable to unite against future invaders.
Mohammad Khadim is a materials inspector with over 17 years of experience in the UAE and Iraq. He has worked on various infrastructure projects for several major construction companies. His responsibilities have included supervising material testing, inspecting for quality control, preparing mix designs, and maintaining testing records. He holds a 3-year diploma in associate engineering and seeks a challenging position utilizing his expertise in materials engineering.
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
ADRA worked to scale-up ASRH programme in Kalikot District through its Strengthening Reproductive Health (SRH) project. I worked as a 'Training Officer' in ADRA from 2012-2013.
This document discusses female genital mutilation (FGM) in Egypt, including:
- The various types of FGM that are practiced and their physical effects. The most extreme type removes the clitoris and labia and stitches the vaginal opening closed.
- FGM is a cultural practice aimed at controlling women's sexuality, but has no basis in Islamic scripture. Opinions from religious scholars have varied over time.
- Laws banning FGM have been issued in Egypt since the 1950s but are not always enforced. Attitudes among medical professionals and the general public remain mixed.
- An estimated 97% of Egyptian women have undergone some form of FGM, though the rate may be decreasing among
Hormonal contraception (Combined Hormonal Contraceptives)Naji Majid Ahmed
Combined Hormonal Contraceptives :
includes:
Combined Oral Contraceptives (Pills)
Contraceptive vaginal ring
Transdermal patch
2. Progestogen Only Contraceptions(POC):
includes:
Progestogen-only pill(POP)
Implant
Progestogen-only injectable
Progestogen-releasing intrauterine system(LNG–IUS)
Missed pills:
If one pill is missed, anywhere in the pack (ie more than 24 and up to 48 hours late):
The last pill missed should be taken now, even if it means taking two pills in one day.
The rest of the pack should be taken as usual.
No additional contraception is needed.
The seven-day break is taken as normal.
Emergency contraception is not needed if just one pill has been missed. However, it should be considered if other pills have been missed recently, either earlier in the current packet, or at the end of the previous packet.
Missed pills:
If two or more pills are missed (ie more than 48 hours late):
The last pill missed should be taken now, even if it means taking two pills in one day.
Any earlier missed pills should be left.
The rest of the pack should be taken as usual and additional precautions (eg, condoms or abstinence) should be taken for the next seven days.
The next step then depends on where in the packet the pills are missed:
The next step then depends on where in the packet the pills are missed:
If the pills are missed in the first week of a pack (pills 1-7): emergency contraception should be considered if the patient had unprotected sex in the pill-free interval or the first week of the pill packet. She should finish the packet and have the usual pill-free interval.
If the pills are missed in the second week of a pack (pills 8-14): there is no need for emergency contraception as long as the pills in the preceding seven days have been taken correctly. The packet should be finished and the usual pill-free interval taken.
If the pills are missed in the third week of a pack (pills 15-21): the next pack of pills should be started without a break - ie the pill-free interval is omitted. If taking a packet with dummy/placebo pills, these should be discarded, and the new packet started. Emergency contraception is not required.
If more than seven pills are missed, the woman should start again as if starting for the first time. (Exclude pregnancy, and start a new pack on the first day of the next menstrual period.)
Although female feoticide is a topic beginning to gain more public awareness, the laws surrounding sex selective abortions remain unclear due to political and judicial jargon. The Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act was passed in 1994 banning prenatal sex determination as a means to prevent sex selective abortions.
According to the act, a prenatal diagnostic procedure includes any medical procedure such as ultrasonography, foetoscopy, or sampling of amniotic fluid, chorionic villi, blood, any tissue or fluid, which is sent to a genetic laboratory or clinic for pre-natal analysis or diagnostic tests for sex selection. Pre-natal analysis could include any tests conducted on pregnant women to detect genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital anomalies, haemoglobinopathies, and sex-linked diseases.
This document discusses disorders of menstruation including amenorrhea, cryptomenorrhea, primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea, and dysmenorrhea. It defines each condition and discusses their causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and management. Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation, cryptomenorrhea is menstruation with obstruction, and primary/secondary amenorrhea refer to the absence of menstruation in women who have/haven't reached puberty respectively. Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation that can be primary without pathology or secondary due to underlying issues. The document provides detailed information on evaluating and treating each condition.
NLEP is a centrally sponsored public health programme of
GOI
• It has evolved over a period of time with remarkable changes
from NLCP to NLEP
• Various milestones are there in the programme to reach the
ultimate goal of leprosy free India
• Multiple stakeholders in the programme
This document discusses the principles of managing ambiguous genitalia. It defines sex and gender, discusses human sexual differentiation and the classification of ambiguous genitalia. The key aspects of managing ambiguous genitalia in newborns include a thorough medical history, physical exam and investigations to determine sex assignment and any necessary surgical interventions. For adolescents presenting with intersex conditions, management may involve hormone replacement, corrective surgery, and maintaining or changing the individual's gender role based on diagnosis. A multidisciplinary team is important for properly diagnosing and treating individuals with intersex conditions at any age.
Jacob's syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects males. It is caused by the presence of an extra Y chromosome, so those affected have one X and two Y chromosomes rather than the typical one X and one Y. Those with Jacob's syndrome may experience learning problems, delayed emotional maturity, speech problems, and tall, thin physique with acne and reading difficulties. The condition occurs when a male inherits two Y chromosomes instead of the usual one from his father, making him an XYY male, rather than the more common XY male. The exact cause of this extra Y chromosome is unknown.
The document discusses ambiguous genitalia or intersex conditions. It defines ambiguous genitalia and provides classifications based on karyotype and etiology. Key causes include congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, and true gonadal intersex. The document outlines approaches to diagnosis, including family history, physical exam, imaging, hormonal testing, and biopsy. Determining the karyotype, presence of uterus, and hormone levels helps to differentiate between conditions like hermaphroditism versus disorders of sex development.
Diagnosis and surveillance of late onset fetal growth restriction 2018Võ Tá Sơn
By consensus, late fetal growth restriction is that diagnosed >32 weeks. This condition is mildly associated with a higher risk of perinatal hypoxic events and suboptimal neuro-development. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of uteroplacental vascular lesions (especially infarcts), although the incidence of such lesions is lower than in preterm fetal growth restriction.
1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness in boys. It is characterized by muscle degeneration and affects 1 in 3,600 male births.
2. Genetic counseling for DMD involves 5 steps - reaching a diagnosis through family history, examinations, and tests; assessing recurrence risks; communicating the condition; discussing options; and providing long-term support.
3. Prenatal diagnosis methods like amniocentesis and ultrasound can determine if a male fetus is affected to allow couples to prepare or consider alternatives like abortion or adoption.
This document discusses abnormalities of the female urogenital tract, including their embryological development and classification. It notes that the urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. Abnormalities can include defects in the development of the uterus, vagina, or urogenital sinus. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, imaging like ultrasound and MRI, and hormonal/genetic testing. Classification systems relate to the level of confluence between the urethra and vagina. Treatment is multidisciplinary and involves gender assignment and surgical reconstruction if needed.
Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) in NepalPublic Health
- CB-IMNCI in Nepal combines community-based programs for integrated management of childhood illness (CB-IMCI) and newborn care (CB-NCP) into a single program (CB-IMNCI) to address major illnesses for newborns and children under 5.
- It aims to improve health services and promote healthy practices at home and in the community through female community health volunteers.
- CB-IMNCI has been implemented in 77 districts across Nepal and has contributed to reduced rates of pneumonia, diarrhea, and improved care-seeking behaviors.
Approach to Macrocephaly / large head, Megalencephaly, Causes(Etiology), Work...Praveen Unki
1) Macrocephaly is defined as a head circumference (HC) more than two standard deviations above the mean for a patient's age and gender. HC is measured around the occiput and supraorbital ridges using a flexible tape.
2) Common causes of macrocephaly include hydrocephalus, megalencephaly, thickening of the skull, and brain edema from toxic or metabolic issues. Hydrocephalus is excess cerebrospinal fluid in the skull, while megalencephaly is enlargement of the brain.
3) Evaluation of macrocephaly involves obtaining a medical history, physical exam including head size and neurological assessment, and imaging tests such as MRI or CT of the brain
This document discusses prenatal diagnosis techniques including screening tests and diagnostic tests. Screening tests include ultrasonography, maternal serum screening which tests biomarkers, and alpha-fetoprotein. Diagnostic tests include invasive techniques like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, as well as non-invasive techniques using cell-free fetal DNA in the mother's bloodstream which can be used to detect genetic disorders as early as 6 weeks into the pregnancy. Cell-free fetal DNA is isolated from maternal plasma through size fractionation methods and can be used for applications like fetal sex determination and rhesus blood grouping.
Pericles successfully led the government of Athens for over 30 years using direct democracy. In direct democracy, all citizens can vote on laws and policies, whereas in a representative democracy citizens elect others to make laws. Direct democracy worked in Athens because of its small population of around 34,000 citizens, of which only 6,000 typically participated. Pericles' funeral speech inspired Athens by reminding them of the power of democracy and encouraging them to continue fighting in the Peloponnesian War, though this war ultimately weakened all of Greece and left the city-states unable to unite against future invaders.
Mohammad Khadim is a materials inspector with over 17 years of experience in the UAE and Iraq. He has worked on various infrastructure projects for several major construction companies. His responsibilities have included supervising material testing, inspecting for quality control, preparing mix designs, and maintaining testing records. He holds a 3-year diploma in associate engineering and seeks a challenging position utilizing his expertise in materials engineering.
The chant expresses universal loving kindness and good will through repetitive blessings and prayers for freedom from suffering, danger, enmity and mental distress for oneself, loved ones, community members, donors, guardians, all beings and creatures throughout all realms of existence. It is recited to cultivate compassion and spread peace.
Este documento proporciona información sobre evaporadores, incluyendo su definición, componentes principales, clasificación, tipos de efectos y alimentación. Los evaporadores son equipos que utilizan vapor latente para concentrar soluciones mediante la evaporación de parte del disolvente. Se componen principalmente de un ebullidor tubular y un separador líquido-vapor. Pueden ser de efecto simple o múltiple, y la alimentación en evaporadores de múltiples efectos puede ser directa, inversa, mixta o paralela.
Este documento apresenta verbos regulares conjugados no presente simples em português. Apresenta duas listas de verbos com suas conjugações no presente simples para a primeira pessoa do singular e do plural, segunda pessoa do singular e do plural e terceira pessoa do singular e do plural. As listas incluem verbos comuns como "sentir, rir, seguir" e "ler, saber, crer".
The document summarizes several key themes, motifs, and symbols in Anne Frank's diary:
1) The theme of loneliness and isolation is explored, as Anne feels misunderstood and alone despite having friends. Living in hiding during wartime heightens these feelings of isolation.
2) Anne struggles with presenting two selves - her lively public self and her private, sentimental self that she hides from others.
3) The diary demonstrates how war brings out both generosity and greed in people, as seen in the actions of those who help the hiding group and those who are more selfish.
4) Anne's coming of age and questioning of sexuality as she matures is a motif, as she turns to
Este documento presenta las instrucciones para dos juegos que tienen como objetivo conquistar la luna. El Juego 1 trata sobre arte y estética y contiene preguntas sobre conceptos culturales como categorías estéticas, sensibilidad y semiótica. El Juego 2 trata sobre la importancia de la forma en el cine. Al responder incorrectamente una pregunta, el juego se reinicia.
Books for preparation of mathematical olympiadsrohitkumar2468
The document lists books that are useful resources for preparing for mathematical olympiads. It provides 13 books that cover topics addressed at different olympiad levels and contain many practice problems. It also lists additional books organized by topic, such as geometry, number theory, and general problem books. These resources cover elementary to advanced mathematical concepts and provide a comprehensive selection of materials for olympiad preparation.
Acupuncture can effectively treat several health issues according to the document. It can reduce depression by relieving tension and helping one lead a happy life. It can also cure migraines and treat headaches by stimulating the nervous system. Additionally, acupuncture encourages fertility in women and has been shown to increase fertility rates by 50%. It is also effective for permanently treating chronic back pain by stimulating chemical releases in the muscles and spine to relieve pain.
Este sermón habla sobre el andar del cristiano según la Biblia. Explica que el apóstol Pablo usa repetidamente el verbo "andar" para referirse a cómo vive una persona, no solo a cómo camina físicamente. Antes de convertirse, los cristianos "andaban" en pecado, pero ahora deben "andar" de acuerdo a su nueva naturaleza en Cristo. Cita una historia donde un pastor no ayudó a un mendigo porque estaba ocupado, pero luego se arrepintió cuando Dios le recordó que
Steve Jobs fue un empresario estadounidense y cofundador de Apple Inc. Nació en 1955 en San Francisco. En 1976 fundó Apple junto a Steve Wozniak y lideró su rápido crecimiento hasta convertirse en una empresa de 4.000 empleados cuando Jobs tenía solo 27 años. Padeció cáncer de páncreas desde 2003 hasta su fallecimiento el 5 de octubre de 2011 en California a los 56 años.
El documento habla sobre la biomasa y la energía de la biomasa. Explica que la biomasa se clasifica en diferentes tipos y que podemos obtener varios tipos de energía a partir de ella, como también sus ventajas e inconvenientes. Además, describe cómo funciona una central de biomasa y menciona algunas centrales en España, la situación actual de la energía de biomasa y curiosidades sobre el tema.
This document provides a critical review of firm-level innovation models based on research from developed countries and discusses implications for firms in developing countries. It summarizes five generations of innovation models from the 1950s to the present: 1) technology push models of the 1950s-1960s, 2) market pull models of the 1960s-1970s, 3) coupling models of the 1970s incorporating feedback loops, 4) integrated models of the 1980s emphasizing cross-functional integration, and 5) systems integration and networking models post-1990 emphasizing external partnerships and IT systems. While the models provide insights, they often oversimplify innovation processes and lack empirical validation. The document suggests how firms can best apply innovation models while addressing their limitations
This document provides a critical review of firm-level innovation models based on research from developed countries and discusses implications for firms in developing countries. It summarizes five generations of innovation models from the 1950s to the 1990s, showing increasing integration of research and development, marketing, manufacturing, and suppliers. However, the models often lack empirical evidence and do not sufficiently account for diversity in innovation processes. The document suggests how firms can best apply innovation models while overcoming limitations in future research.
The document discusses microservices architecture. It begins with an overview of the evolution of application infrastructure from mainframes to distributed systems and cloud applications. It then describes common web application models from monolithic to service-oriented to microservices. A microservice is defined as a small, independent service that focuses on completing a single task. It owns its own data and communicates through well-defined interfaces. The document provides an example of how a patent research platform was reengineered from a legacy monolithic architecture to a microservices architecture, improving performance.
A Case Study On Children In Conflict With The Law In Caloocan CityFelicia Clark
This document provides a case study on children in conflict with the law in Caloocan City, Philippines. It begins with an introduction stating that children make up 39% of the Philippine population but often live in poverty with limited access to services, putting them at risk. It then outlines the research problem, objectives, and significance of studying this issue. Key terms are defined, and the document reviews international instruments like the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and national policies like the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 which established the juvenile justice system in the Philippines and recognizes restorative justice.
Report on Girl Children: A Rapid Assessment of their SituationDwight Sabio
The document provides an overview of the human rights situation of girl children in the Philippines based on consultations conducted by the Commission on Human Rights. It finds that the most common issues girl children face are teenage pregnancy, sexual abuse, and bullying. It also notes that discrimination and poverty have a greater impact on girl children in rural areas. The document examines the rights of girl children under international treaties and Philippine laws, and aims to surface issues girl children face and promote their human rights.
This document provides an overview of adoption practice in Nigeria. It discusses what adoption is, who may be adopted, who may adopt, and the adoption procedure. Some key points:
- Adoption is the legal process where a child's rights and duties towards their natural parents are terminated and similar rights and duties towards adoptive parents are substituted.
- Usually only juveniles under 18 who have never been married can be adopted. The definition of "juvenile" varies by state law.
- Any person may apply to adopt, though in most cases one applicant must be at least 21 years older than the child. Joint applications by married couples are allowed.
- The adoption procedure involves an application, investigation
This document summarizes key sections of Article II of the Philippine Constitution. It outlines the Philippines' democratic and republican form of government, with sovereignty residing in the Filipino people. It also establishes supremacy of civilian authority over the military and declares the prime duty of government is to serve and protect the people. Additionally, it covers policies on foreign relations, nuclear weapons, poverty alleviation, human rights, and roles of key groups in nation-building like youth, women, laborers, and local governments. The document provides an overview of foundational principles and policies established in the Article.
The presentation, "Toward full implementation of the Child’s Rights Law 2008: A Law to ‘provide and protect the Rights of the Child in the State’" is the author's original work.
The month of June this year marks the 11th anniversary of Benue State Child's Rights Law, enacted in November 2008 and gazetted on 18 November 2009. This year the UN has celebrated the 30th Anniversary of the UNCRC with fanfare since early this year; not so with Nigeria or Benue State, specifically. The objectives of this presentation are, to:
• Highlight and discuss provisions of the Benue
State Child’s Rights Law 2008;
• Identify implementation gaps that require to be
addressed; and,
• Provide a context for reflection on policy options
for better protection and safeguarding of children.
This presentation is a contribution toward better protection of the Nigerian child and better performance of Social Service in Nigeria. In 2018 CORAFID responded to the Call to Action by the Global Social Workforce Alliance (GSSWA). The call was for stakeholders to play their part toward strengthening the Social Service Workforce to Better Protect Children and Achieve the SDGs. CORAFID is one of 35 organisations that signed up to the Call.
Nathaniel is Executive Facilitator of Civil Organizations Research Advocacy and Funding Initiatives Development (CORAFID), a non-profit organization based in Benue State, Nigeria.
This document discusses several key health issues and concerns for adolescents in the Philippines. It covers reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, tobacco use, cybercrime, child pornography, and hazing. It also outlines several laws passed by the Philippine government to address these issues, such as the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act, the Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act, the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act, the Tobacco Regulation Act, the Cybercrime Prevention Act, and the Anti-Child Pornography Act.
YouthhubAfrica's Policy Brief on Child Rights ActYouthHubAfrica
This policy brief is based on a perception survey commissioned by Youthhubafrica titled “Societal Perception and Non-Domestication of the Child Rights Act in Kano, Kebbi and Sokoto States”. After years of working on the Child Rights Act across Nigeria, it became imperative to investigate the slow pace of domestication in Northern Nigeria.
The State of Child Rights in Nigeria Twenty Years After the Emergence of the ...AJHSSR Journal
After 20 years since the passage of the Child Rights Act of 2003 in Nigeria, there has been little meaningful progress in protecting children's rights. Key issues like child labor, trafficking, marriage, and access to education remain serious problems. The act was meant to enshrine children's rights in line with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, but implementation and enforcement of the law have been ineffective. Many of the challenges to children that existed before the passage of the act, such as poor access to education, child labor, and lack of protection from exploitation, are still prevalent issues today according to reports and statistics. More work is still needed to realize the goals of the Child Rights Act and uphold children's welfare in Nigeria.
SECURITY IN NIGERIA AND ITS INFRINGEMENT ON HUMAN RIGHTS.pptGeorginaSule
This document summarizes a report on security in Nigeria and its infringement on human rights. It begins with an abstract and introduction defining key terms like security. It then reviews related literature on infringement and Nigeria's constitution and international treaties regarding human rights. Several cases of security infringing on rights like freedom of assembly and expression are examined, like the killing of protesters in 2020. The report analyzes these cases under international laws and covenants to assess Nigeria's protection of civil and political rights.
This document discusses children's rights and protections. It outlines that children have the right to parental care, health, education, and protection from abuse, sexual harassment, quality medical care, shelter, clothing, and participation in decision making. It also discusses the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which recognizes that children need specific human rights protections. The convention aims to protect children's rights universally rather than as a privilege. The UK agreed to abide by the convention in 1991. The document also briefly discusses the UK's Human Rights Act of 1998, which draws from the European Convention on Human Rights and allows human rights issues to be addressed in UK courts.
A Review of the History and Theories Surrounding the Concept of Children’s Ri...AkashSharma618775
Children’s rights as set out in national and international instruments outline the fundamental obligations
of society that are essential in meeting the needs of children. In Nigeria, the policies on the rights of children and
young persons have been guided by the principles set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, as well as those in the Child’s Rights Act of
2003. Despite this, there are still challenges to the protection of children’s rights. Using a doctrinal methodology,
the paper examines the history of the development of children’s rights before discussing some of the theories and
approaches to children’s rights. The paper considers that the concept of children’s rights has been appreciated in
Nigeria, as children are recognised as an important part of the society. However, there are differences from the
western concept of children’s rights as well as societal issues which may lead to challenges in the acceptance and
implementation of internationally recognised standards. Ultimately, to make children’s rights a reality, the existing
theories need to be merged with the unique cultural norms in Nigeria.
The document discusses laws related to child marriage in India. It provides details on the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 which was later amended in 1978 to raise the minimum age of marriage. In 2006, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was passed to further address the issue. The Act defines a child as anyone under 18 for girls and 21 for boys. It aims to prevent child marriages through prohibitions and punishments, protect children by annulling marriages and providing support, and prosecute offenders. Key authorities tasked with enforcement include Child Marriage Prohibition Officers and courts which can issue injunctions against underage marriages.
2013 uncrpd parallel report of the philippine coalitionAkkapp Pasig
What: (UNCRPD 2014) Persons With Disabilities Sensitivity Dialogue With Media Practitioners...
Where: Luxent Hotel (51 Timog Avenue, South Triangle 1103 Quezon City, Philippines)...
When: June 30, 2014 - Monday...
What Time: 8:00 A.M. - 5:00 P.M. ...
The document discusses legislations related to adolescents in India. It summarizes the Juvenile Justice Act and the Child Labor Prohibition Act. The Juvenile Justice Act established Child Welfare Committees and Juvenile Justice Boards to care for children in need and handle juvenile offenders. The Child Labor Act prohibits employment of children under 14 and regulates work conditions of adolescents 14-18 by limiting work hours and types of hazardous occupations permitted.
This document defines key terms related to juvenile crime law. It explains that juvenile crime law deals with minors under 18 who commit crimes and are typically treated differently than adults in criminal courts. It outlines that juvenile offenders may be classified as delinquents or status offenders. The juvenile justice system focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Juvenile courts hear cases involving delinquent minors or those with status offenses. The goal is to rehabilitate offenders and deter future crimes through social and coping skills training.
Existing National Laws Related to Health trends,.pptxMartinGeraldine
This document summarizes two Philippine laws:
1) The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act (R.A. 10354) which provides universal access to contraception, sex education, and maternal care. It was controversial but later revised and passed under a new name.
2) The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (R.A. 9211) which regulates how tobacco is packaged, sold, and advertised to promote public health while also protecting tobacco farmers' livelihoods. It aims to inform the public of tobacco's health risks and restrict youth access and advertising.
This document provides an overview of children's rights in Kenya. It discusses key international and regional treaties that inform children's rights in Kenya like the UNCRC and ACRWC. It also outlines some of the key national laws that protect children's rights in Kenya, such as the Constitution, Children Act, Sexual Offences Act, and Penal Code. The Children Act of 2022 is the primary legislation governing children's rights. It defines important terms and sets out rights for children to protection, survival, development, and participation.
This document discusses several health trends, issues, and concerns in the Philippines. It covers topics like reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, peer influence issues among adolescents, pollution, road safety, and various health-related laws. The four pillars of reproductive health are defined as integrating sexual education in schools, recognizing abortion as illegal, respecting individual choices in family planning, and equipping parents with family and reproductive health information. Substance abuse can lead to risky behaviors like unprotected sex. Several laws are mentioned that address issues like consumer protection, traditional medicine, reproductive health, AIDS prevention, dangerous drugs, tobacco control, cybercrime, child pornography, anti-hazing, blood donation
1. CHILD RIGHTS IN NIGERIA: HOW JUSTICIABLE?
Nigeria, following the global attention on the rights of the child, ratified the
InternationalConvention on Rights of Child and consequentially enacted Child
Rights Act No. 26 of 2003. Itis noteworthy that the passageof the law is a turning
point in Nigerian legal jurisprudence.
Reasons are abound; firstthis promulgation is a progressivearticulation of
protection and participatory rights. Before this enactment was the body of laws
on children which essentially bothered on the welfare of children. Nevertheless,
Child Right Act, effectively, consolidates all laws that incorporaterights of the
children and navigates all generation of rights stemming fromthe survival,
protection, and development and participatory which are founded on the “Best
interest principles”.
Apart fromthis, the act is a progression fromthe western liberal tradition of
rights as encapsulated by the Chapter 4 of 1999 Constitution as amended. This is
attested by the limitation of Chapter 4 of the 1999 Constitution (supra) on the
political and civil rights as opposed to the economic, socialand cultural rights
which have been made non justiciableby the provision of Section 6 (6) (c) of the
Constitution. Therefore, it is a significantimprovement fromthe other laws
protecting the interest of children. For example, the law has made provisions for
certain innovation such as the establishment of family court, division, specialized
unit within the police, child Justice Administration, prohibition of capital and
corporalpunishmentfor children, the useof scientific test in paternity cases
decision. The list is interminable.
However, the law savefor its ratification by the Federalgovernment, some state
have not domesticated it. For this reason, and in spite of the landmark innovation
broughtin by the ratification and the enactment by the federal government, it
has not been widely legislated by all the states. This is a set back to the
application of the laws in those state and Nigeria in particular.
WHY THE CHILD RIGHTS ACT?
The promulgation of the law is a child of necessity in Nigeria. Apartfromthe
global call and the consequenceratification by the Nigerian state upon the
pronounced abuseand suffering children and women experienced as a vulnerable
2. entities worldwide. Nigeria as a developing nation with diverseethnic and cultural
background deserves a legal regime as a safeguard for Nigerian children who are
the direct victims of social, economic and political crises. The incessantkillings,
and violence going on as a result of the insurgency in the north, attacks and
counter attack by the Fulani herdsmen and farmers virtually across the country,
cattle rustling, the list is interminable. The poverty and disease ravaging the rural
and urban communities in Nigeria are principal contribution that necessitated
unprecedented interventions and protection on the children and women in
Nigeria.
In the furtherancejustification of this position, UNICEF, in its report titled
Situation Assessment and Analysis of the State of Women and Children
2007(SITAN) identified various manifestations and causes of the situation of
children’s and women’s rights in Nigeria. SITANanalysis categorized the causes
into three major compartments responsiblefor the four categories of rights such
as survival, development, protection and participatory rights.
Therefore, the causes are categorized as causes, underlying causes immediate
causes. Under the underlying causes, UNICEF has identified the following causes:
(a) stresses on the family and caring capacity; unequal distribution of household
roles, household poverty and food distribution,(b) poor living conditions ,water,
and sanitation, weak protection under the law, (c) erroneous beliefs; poor
knowledge, attitudes and practice, illiteracy and poor access to information, weak
social services, (health, education, child welfare, etc) inputs, policy, institution
and financing.
The immediate causes rangefrom(a) disease, nutritional deficiencies,
complication in pregnancy and childbirth, (b) inadequate early childhood care,
inadequate access to quality of education, etc (c) family stress, weak coping
capacity, harmful tradition, ignorance, moraldecay, inadequate welfare services,
inadequate and non-enforcementof laws, communal conflicts and disasters,
failure in the juvenile system, (d) parental attitudes, heavy domestic duties
(especially for girl female) female seclusion etc.
Nevertheless, the abovecauses based on UNICEF reportas indicated culminated
into infant and maternal mortality, morbidity and disability within the scopeof
the survivalrights of the children and women. Under the development rights;
3. there are influences of the combination of causes on (a) physical, mental and
cognitive development of young children educational attainment, literacy and
skills, etc. While in the protection rights, there are manifestations of children with
disabilities, child abuse, violence againstwomen, orphans; children in institutions,
street children, child labour, trafficking in children and women, sexual
exploitation, child marriage, children in courtand custodial institutions, etc and
finally under the participatory rights, there is inadequate access to information
and participation by women and children, exclusion of girls, the economic policies
and governance.
CHILD RIGHTS ACT, THEAPPLICATIONOF CHAPTERIV OF 1999 CONSTITUTION
AND THE RATIONALEFORITS PROTECTIONINALL STATES OF THE FEDERATION.
To start with, the ratification and the consequential enactment of the Act by the
National Assembly does not confer automatically the operation of the law in the
states of the federation. This as a result of constitutional democracy and
federalism as practiced in Nigeria. The effect of enacting the International
Convention of Child Rights into law by the Federal Governmentis restrictiveand
operative in the Federal Capital Territory only. Itfurther helps the consequential
domestication in the states of federation as they so desired.
Nevertheless, the provisions of the Child Rights Act particularly part II of the law
are copious reproduction of Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution. Section 3 (1) of
the Act expressly provides as follows ‘Theprovisions in Chapter IV of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria, or any successiveconstitutional provisions relating to
Fundamental Rights shallapply as if thoseprovisions areexpressly stated in the
Act’. The subsection 2 further provides differentcategories of rights as addition
to the Fundamental rights principles. This is by adding Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights often regarded as second generation rights to the rights for
protection of the child. These are Section 4 – Right to survivaland development,
Section 8 right – Right to private and family life, Section 12 – Right to leisure,
recreational and cultural activities, Section 13 – Right to health and health
services, Section 14 – Right to parental care, protection and maintenance, Section
15 – Right of a child to free, and compulsory and universalprimary education etc,
Section 16 – Right of a child in need of special protection measure, Section 17 –
Right of unborn child to protect againstharm etc.
4. The protection of the Rights of child is provided for in Part III as relating to
prohibition of child marriage, exposureto use, production and trafficking of
narcotic drugs, useof the children in other criminal activities, abduction removal
and transfer fromlawfulcustody, prohibition of exploitative labour, prohibition of
buying, selling hiring or otherwise dealing in children for the purposeof hawking
for alms or , unlawful sexual intercoursewith a child, other formof sexual abuse
and exploitation, etc. See Sections 21,22,23, 24, 25, 26,27,28,29,30, 31 and 32
for details of the above referred protection.
Having stated all these, the enforcement of the rights as captured by the
provisions of the Act appears to be limited to the states of domestication.
Therefore, it follows that other states outside the domestication cannot enjoy the
rights and protection of the Child Rights Acts. Itis our position that the rights of
the child as stipulated by the Act can be enforced under Fundamental Rights
provisions in all the federation, including states that are yet to pass it as law.
Itis without equivocation, that the express provisions of Section 3 (1) and (2) have
made it possibleand justiciable for the enforcementof those rights strictly under
the FundamentalRights and Enforcement Procedurein all the states of the
federation. By virtueof this, the state high courts or federal high courts can
exercise jurisdiction concurrently with the family court.
Arguing this further is the consequences of application of Chapter IV as a direct
provisions of the Child Rights Act. In this context, savethe saving provision of
Section 3 (1), the Act reenacted someof the provisions in the Act. These are S.4 –
Right to survivaland development. This is similar to Right to life under S.33 of the
Constitution. S. 6 of the Act providing for freedomof association and peaceful
assembly, with the supportand guidance of parent or guardians. See S. 40 of the
Constitution. S.7 - freedomof thought, conscience and religion, with the
necessary guidanceby the parents or guardians. SeeS. 38 of the Constitution. S.8
– Right to private and family life with parental or guardian supervision. SeeS.37 of
the Constitution. S.9 –Right to freedom of movement with the guidance of the
parents or guardians. SeeS. 41 of the Constitution S.10 – Right to freedom from
discrimination. Seee S.42 of the Constitution and S. 11 – Right to dignity of the
child. See S.34 of the Constitution.
5. Itcan be further stressed thatother provisions in Chapter IV of the Constitution
are applicable as well, notwithstanding of direct and express provisions in the
Child Rights Act. Following this reason, the intention of the legislature is clear on
the applicability of the Chapter IV of the Constitution on the Child Rights Act
which in our opinion can be enforced in all the states of the federation.
Parker CB in Mitchell v. Torrup (1766 Part277 said:
‘Itis expounding Acts of Parliament wherewords areexpress, plain and clear, the
words oughtto be understood according to their plain and natural signification
and import unless by such exposition a contradiction or inconsistency would arise
in the Act by reason of some subsequentclausefrom whenceit might be inferred
the intent of the parliament was otherwise’.
While the law is made subjectto the constitution, it is then follows that such law
is not only consistentwith its provisions of the said constitution but equally
manifests the exact provisions of the constitution in formand content. For
example, a specific provision of the Police Act on its prosecution power is made
subjectto Section 174 of the 1999 Constitution. Itis on this premise, the Supreme
Court observed through the words of Belgore JSC in FRN V,OSAHON(2006) 24
WRN page 48, paragraph 17 -40, that: ‘…..The Constitution cannot be trivialized or
be in terrorem of any law. The use of phrase‘subjectto’ is a very clear
manifestation of the provisions of the constitution.’
Be that as it may, it is submitted here that the Chapter IV of 1999 Constitution is
not only applicable to the Child Rights Act but can also be enforced in all the state
of the federation. Appraising the Acts are other categories of rights infused into
the Act which are laudable provisions. Thoseprovisionsare notexpressly capured
in Chapter IV but can also be enforced in all the states as (i) the provisions of
Chapter IV of the Constitution and (ii) under other Act of National Assembly that
covers the field in all federation.
Ithad been argued in our previous article published in issue 4 of Law Digest, 2013,
Winter Edition titled Justiciability of Chapter II of the 1999 Constitution is key to
governmentaccountability. Where it is posited that Nigerian Courts should take a
cue fromIndian and South African judiciary. Itis the attitude of the courts to
elevate the directive principles which otherwisenon – justiciable to the level of
fundamental rights which are justiciable as captured under Chapter IV of 1999.
6. For example, S. 13 of Child Rights Act which provides for Rights to health and
health services can be elevated to rightto life as in Section 33 of the 1999
Constitution. See Bandhsa V.Union of India. SC(1984)5SCC. 164. TheCourtheld
that the Art 12 of the InternationalCovenant of Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights which stipulates right to health as be interpreted as right to live.
Itis equally instructivewhere difficulty is posed to the protection of the rights
outside the Chapter IV in the Act, recoursecan be made to African Charter on
Human and Peoples Rights. By virtue of Section 12 of the 1999 Constitution the
treaty has been domesticated as part of our law and also can be regarded as
statute of general application to all states in Nigeria. Finding recourseto the
Charter is relevant, in as much as there is provision for causeof action under
Fundamental Rights EnforcementProcedureRules 2009.
The Rules, by the provisions of Order II RuleI provides that ‘Any person who
alleges that any of the Fundamental Rights provided for in the Constitution or
AfricaCharter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Ratification and Enforcement) Act
and to which he is entitled, has been, is being, or is likely to be infringed may
apply to courtin the state wherethe infringement occurs or is likely to occur.’
Article 18 (3) of the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights provides that ‘
The state shall ensurethe elimination of every discrimination against women and
also ensurethe protection of the rights of women and the child as stipulated in
international declarations and conventions. In this context, it safer to enforce all
conventions on the child rights, Declaration of the Discrimination againstWomen,
ILO Convention 182 on the Elimination of WorstForms of Child Labour, the list is
interminable. For example, Art 6 (3) of the Declaration on the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women, Resolution 2263 (XXII) of November 1967
provides that ‘Child marriageand betrothal of young people beforepuberty shall
be prohibited. This is of copious provisions in Sections 21 and 22 of the Child
Rights Act.
CONCLUSION
The enforcement of Child Rights Act and domestication of the law in all the states
of federation is sinequa non. Our position here is to underscoretheseriousness
of child abusewhich is gaining prominencein Nigeria. Recently, the Federal
Government, through the Ministry of Women Affairs kick started a campaign
7. against child marriage. While the action of the governmentis salutary, creating
awareness on this, there is need to work on the enforcement of our laws to stem
the tide of gross abuseand the exploitation of child. Itis not enough relying on
the FundamentalRights Procedureto seek redress on the protection of the Child
Rights as it is provided limited injunctive remedy and monetary compensation.
The domestication and the enforcement of the Act in all federation gives impetus
to an expansive remedies in civil and criminal administration of justice. Itis going
to provide legal and administrative structures for effective protection of child and
in the best interest of the child.
LEKAN OLADAPO ESQ (LLB, IFEBL)
LEKAN OLADAPO AND COMPANY
(SOLICITORS, ADVOCATES & NOTARYPUBLIC)
SUITE109 ANBEEZ PLAZA WUSEZONE 5