Child rights should be well known among the people to eradicate the social evils against children like child labor, child illiteracy etc. NGOs serve for the welfare and secure a bright future for such underprivileged children in India.
Child rights should be well known among the people to eradicate the social evils against children like child labor, child illiteracy etc. NGOs serve for the welfare and secure a bright future for such underprivileged children in India.
This powerpoint contains information about the Rights of a Child established by UNICEF. All information are not min but of property of UNICEF. No copyright infringement intended.
'Child Rights in India' Presented by Mr. Nandeesh Y D at an International Conference. You can request for a copy of the presentation at ydnandeesh@gmail.com
Information about child rights in the world. Why it is important to know for a teacher, because of a is the person who develops the personality of a student. Only a teacher can develop the concept in students how they can protect themselves and gets their rights from the socity.
This contains UNICEF's information on the advocacy on the right of a child, thus, information are of property of UNICEF. no infringement intended. Recommended settings for the powerpoint is Font: International Playboy
Economic rights are human rights that relate to our ability to live in dignity and participate fully in our society. They include rights related to the workplace, social security, and access to housing, food, water, health care and education. They include the right to fair wages and equal pay; the right to protection of income in the event of unemployment, sickness or old age; and the right to an adequate standard of living.
Presentation of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Youth Development Planning Group on June 6, 2007 at the Bicol Science and Technology Centrum, Naga City, in conjunction with their Naga Planning Studio Course.
This powerpoint contains information about the Rights of a Child established by UNICEF. All information are not min but of property of UNICEF. No copyright infringement intended.
'Child Rights in India' Presented by Mr. Nandeesh Y D at an International Conference. You can request for a copy of the presentation at ydnandeesh@gmail.com
Information about child rights in the world. Why it is important to know for a teacher, because of a is the person who develops the personality of a student. Only a teacher can develop the concept in students how they can protect themselves and gets their rights from the socity.
This contains UNICEF's information on the advocacy on the right of a child, thus, information are of property of UNICEF. no infringement intended. Recommended settings for the powerpoint is Font: International Playboy
Economic rights are human rights that relate to our ability to live in dignity and participate fully in our society. They include rights related to the workplace, social security, and access to housing, food, water, health care and education. They include the right to fair wages and equal pay; the right to protection of income in the event of unemployment, sickness or old age; and the right to an adequate standard of living.
Presentation of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Youth Development Planning Group on June 6, 2007 at the Bicol Science and Technology Centrum, Naga City, in conjunction with their Naga Planning Studio Course.
The presentation, "Toward full implementation of the Child’s Rights Law 2008: A Law to ‘provide and protect the Rights of the Child in the State’" is the author's original work.
The month of June this year marks the 11th anniversary of Benue State Child's Rights Law, enacted in November 2008 and gazetted on 18 November 2009. This year the UN has celebrated the 30th Anniversary of the UNCRC with fanfare since early this year; not so with Nigeria or Benue State, specifically. The objectives of this presentation are, to:
• Highlight and discuss provisions of the Benue
State Child’s Rights Law 2008;
• Identify implementation gaps that require to be
addressed; and,
• Provide a context for reflection on policy options
for better protection and safeguarding of children.
This presentation is a contribution toward better protection of the Nigerian child and better performance of Social Service in Nigeria. In 2018 CORAFID responded to the Call to Action by the Global Social Workforce Alliance (GSSWA). The call was for stakeholders to play their part toward strengthening the Social Service Workforce to Better Protect Children and Achieve the SDGs. CORAFID is one of 35 organisations that signed up to the Call.
Nathaniel is Executive Facilitator of Civil Organizations Research Advocacy and Funding Initiatives Development (CORAFID), a non-profit organization based in Benue State, Nigeria.
Human Trafficking in India and various laws prevailing in India dealing with indian legislations and telling about the people various rights and creating awareness in the society. This presentation basically deals with all aspects relating to human trafficking in India.
The State of Child Rights in Nigeria Twenty Years After the Emergence of the ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Purpose - This article examines the state of child rights in Nigeria twenty years after the
adoption of the Child Rights Act. The adoption of the Child Rights Act 2003 was the result of the domestication
of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.Prior to the domestication of the
international legal instruments, Nigeria relied on the constitutional provision on human rights protection to
assert the rights of children.
Design/Methodology/Approach -The approach taken is a textual analysis based on evaluating the
achievements of the authorities, the law enforcement agencies, as well as other stakeholders in protecting and
promoting child rights in Nigeria. The critical analysis of the existing literature and the actions taken towards
the protection and promotion of child rights in Nigeria.
Findings – This research found that after twenty years of the emergence of the Child Rights Act 2003, there is
still no major progress made toward the protection and promotion of child rights in Nigeria. The existence of
challenges to the achievement of goals in terms of child rights protection requires that new approaches be taken
by law and policymakers, and other stakeholders.
Originality/ Values -The valueof this article resides in the deconstruction of the mechanisms put in place by
Nigerian authorities to achieve the goals in terms of child rights protection. The enduring issues of child
trafficking, Child labour, child abuse and inefficacy of the education system are evidence of the ineffective
implementation and enforcement of the Child Rights Act 2003.
KEY WORDS: Child rights, child abuse, Law implementation, Law enforcement,
Partnerships: A Panacea to end Child Marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin Di...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Child marriages have become a thorny issue in Zimbabwe even though the country‟s 2013
Constitution has clauses which try to curtail such abuses. Zimbabwe‟s Mashonaland Central province is no
exception, as the phenomenon is rampant in the province‟s two districts of Bindura and Mount Darwin. This
research is an effort to establish the reasons why children engage in marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin
districts of Mashonaland Central province. Using the phenomenological research design, the study sought to:
establish the causes of child marriages; analyze the gender and ages of children most affected by child
marriages; and to analyze the current mechanisms in place to protect children against child marriages in the two
districts. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches with interviews and questionnaires
administered to a sample of 66 participants. The findings were that the causes of child marriages included
harmful religious practices, poor policies, poverty, lack of access to education, and death of a child‟s
parents.The study further found that on gender basis, females are affectedmore by child marriages as compared
to males. In addition, there was lack of partnership between the government and other organizations in the fight
to end child marriages. The major recommendation of the study is that the government should enter into
partnership with other organizations in the province to deal with the problem of child marriages. Also, income
generating projects and civic education should be put in place to empower children and promote their rights.
Sound guidance and counselling services should beproffered to assist the affected children.
CHILD HAWKING AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.docxResearchWap
There is no generally accepted definition for the term ‘Child Hawking’. But it could simply be referred to as the abuse of a child by his parents or guardian or any other adult. Edu and Edu (1990), describe child abuse as willful maltreatment of a child below eighteen years of age in street sales. Such treatment according to them can include acts of commission (abuse) and omission (neglect). A narrow definition of child hawking is united to life-threatening, physical violence including severe beating, and rape (sexually harassed) which are inflicted on the children by the adult member of the community. A broader definition however lays emphasis on any treatment other than the most favourable care and includes neglect sexual and or emotional abuse and exploitation .which ever this social problem is been defined the question that comes to mind is “are children who are God’s given gifts granted freedom, comfort and peace by adults in the society?
In Nigeria, for example, the rights of citizens in chapter 4 sections 30, 40 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria guarantee every citizen’s basic and fundamental human rights. Here, the constitution does not make any destination between the rights of adults and children to trade. Thus, children are expected to enjoy these rights. With the menace of child hawking (abuse) in the country, children are being exposed to all kinds of societal hazards. This study, therefore, examines street hawking in Nigeria, with a view to identifying its consequences on children.
Street trading and child hawking have become a global phenomenon and a global concern. The United Nations International Children Education Fund (NCICEF) has estimated that there are 100 and 200 million child labourers across both industrial and developing countries. Estimates for Nigeria shows that 20% of children between the age of 10 and 14 are involved in child labour and street trading. Nigeria alone is estimated to have between 12 and 15 million child hawkers.
According to Human Right Watch (2004), Nigerians have the largest child labour force in the world. The dramatic increase in child labour and street hawking in Nigeria can be attributed to several factors. The rapid population growth of less developed countries, high rates of unemployment, inflation, low wages and deplorable working conditions have contributed to incidents of child hawking and child labour, as children attempt to help support their families (Charles and Charles 2004, Deth 1993). According to Arat (2002), the proliferation of industries can also be linked to an increase in child hawking and child labour. Social ills affecting children have been an area of active empirical investigation.
Indeed numerous studies exist on children who, along with their parents are and on weekends and holidays. This study will bring to light the dangers associated with street trading and child hawking as reported by children who engage in these practices
25 Years of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Is the World a better ...UNICEF Publications
A collection of essays and viewpoints marking the 25th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. There is much to celebrate since the Convention was adopted in 1989, from declining infant mortality to rising school enrolment. But this milestone must serve as an urgent reminder of the millions of children not yet reached – and an opportunity to find new ways of reaching them.
A capstone project in fulfillment of the IEDP requirements at Penn GSE. The policy brief discusses the ongoing juvenile justice reform in Vietnam and provides suggestions to attain success.
CHILD EXPLOITATION IN INDIA
The modernist phase in world culture has marked many tracks in the understanding, analysis and relevance of world affairs. The present article entitled “CHILD EXPLOITATION IN INDIA '' has its terrace in the development of socio-political sensibility on the global scale since the decade of the twentieth century. Law, Politics, and Governance are the offshoots of the eternal urge for betterment of civil life.
The indignities, cruelties, and horrors that people so frequently inflict against one another have only sometimes been spared upon children throughout the history of mankind. Children have been left behind, starved to death, abused, sold into slavery, sexually raped, and abandoned at various points in history. Even if it happens rarely or never in many countries around the world, child abuse has become a serious social concern in many societies. A clear-cut set of prognostic factors has not yet been found, but child abuse seems to rise in settings of rapid socio-cultural change, urban migration, family disintegration, and the like. In fact, it appears that the same characteristics that predict child abuse in one civilization may not do so in another.
If we talk about the exploitation of child it can be take place anywhere: at school, home, coaching institutions, childcare institutions, work, community or by anyone mostly by the person who is known to the child for instance the teacher, employer, tutors, seniors, relatives even either of his/her parents & many others.
As a reaction of a radical UN proposal about youth and sex, a group of young people present a document that emphasizes human dignity and the right of parents to act as the primary educators of their children. Everybody is urgently asked to read this document, and if one agrees, to sign it.
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
1. CHILD RIGHTS IN ZAMBIA
INTRODUCTION
This study seeks to height the history of the child’s right and how Zambia has positioned
herself in the promotion of the rights of the child in accordance with UNCRC resolution.
All children have a right to survive, to develop to the full, and to enjoy a safe, healthy
and happy childhood. They have a right to healthy physical and emotional.
Development, and to live, learn and be full and respected members of the society. As
infants, young children or teenagers, in Zambia and throughout the world, all children
share these rights which in turn will shape their future, the future of their country, and
indeed the global future.
Yet in poor countries, children face significant hurdles in securing even the most basic
standards of survival and development. Compromised by poverty and ill- healthy even
before birth, many children suffer the successive blows of malnutrition, inadequate
schooling, poor housing and exposure to danger and harm. Such deprivation has a
strong tendency to reproduce itself, as the disadvantages faced by chronically poor girls
and boys reduce their opportunities and capacities as adults to provide a better start for
their own children.
While the various cycle of poverty, vulnerability and deprivation can be described in
general terms, however, it is important to remember that in any context, it is caused and
entrenched by specific and identifiable factors. In order to improve the lives of children,
children have been included, either directly or indirectly, in most of the nearly. 80
treaties and decrees on human rights.
DEFINITION OF A CHILD
According to the convection on the right of the child (1989) defines a child as any
person aged 18 years and below. The 2004 orphans and vulnerable children in Zambia
situation analysis (OVCSA), the national child policy and the medium – term strategic
plan (MTP) 2005 to 2007 on OVC, indicate that the majority of Zambia children suffer
from numerous socio – economic problems that negatively affects their growth and
development. the children mostly suffer from poverty , hunger, lack of access to safe
drinking water and proper sanitation , lack of decent shelter, destitution , exposure to
numerous epidemics and illiteracy .(FNDP, 2006 - 2010)
HISTORY OF THE CHILD’S RIGHT
In the early 20th
century, moves began to promote the idea of children’s rights as distinct
from those of t adults and as requiring explicit recognition. The polish educationalist
2. Janusz Korczak wrote of the rights of children in his book How to love a child
(warsaw,1919); a later book was entitled. The Child’s Rights to Respect (warsaw,1919).
In 1917, following the Russian Revolution, the Moscow Branch of the organization
Proletkult produced a declaration of the children’s Rights.
However, the first effective attempt to promote children’s rights was the Declaration of
the Rights of the child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb in 1923 and adopted by the league of
Nations in 1924. This was accepted by the united Nations on it’s formation and updated
in 1959, and replaced with a more extensive UN convention on the Rights of the child in
1989. (http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/children’s rights movement). However, from the
formation of the United Nations in the 1940s and extending to present day, the
children’s Rights movement has become global in focus. While the situation of children
in the United states has become grave, children around the world have increasingly
become engaged in illegal, forced child labor, genital mutilation, military service, and
sex trafficking. Several international organizations have rallied to the assistance of
children. They include save the children, free the children, and the children’s Defense
fund (Mally, 1990).
According to Englantyne Jebb (1923) he believes that the rights of a child should be
especially protested and enforced, thus drafting the stripulations for child’s rights.
Jebb’s initial 1923 document consisted of the following criteria:
The child must be given the means requiste for it’s normal development, both
material and spiritually.
The child that is hungry must be fed, the child that is sick must be nursed, the
child that is backward must be helped, the delinquent child must be reclaimed,
and the orphan and the waif must be sheltered and succored.
The child must be the first to receive relief in times of distress.
The child must be put in a position to earn a livelihood, and must be protected
against every form of exploitation.
The child must be brought up in the consciousness that it’s talents must be
devoted to the service of it’s fellow men (Hawes, 1991).
According to the Child Rights Information Network (1983) the group of 1,600 non-
governmental organizations from around the world which advocate for the
implementation of the convention on the Rights of the child. Organization report on their
3. countries’ progress towards implementation, as do governments that have ratified the
convention.
Every 5 years reporting to the United Nations committee on the Rights of the child is
required for government (CSO, 2000).
ZAMBIA’S PROMOTION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD IN
ACCORDANCE WITH UNCRC RESOLUTION
i. Scope of Instrumental Obligations
According to commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2008) indicated that in it’s
pledge to the council, Zambia pledged to “accelerate the processes” to adhere to the
two optional protocols to CRC and the optional protocol to CEDAW. Zambia is yet to
fulfill this pledge. Children in need Network, Zambia civic Education Association,
Plan- International, save the Children Norway and Sweden and other organizations
(Child Rights Organizations) recommended the Government to immediately ratify the
two CRC optional protocols to offer full protection of children in Zambia. The
protocols will also be useful as the Government revises child related legislation in
line with international instruments (CRC, 1989)
ii. Constitutional and legislative framework.
CRO (2008) reveals that two specific policies related to the protection of children
and women are the National Gender Policy (2000). The National Child policy was
revived to take account of the adoption of the CRC and emerging issues related to
poverty, Child labor, trafficking, HIV and AIDS and child abuse. It makes the child
the focus for development so as to ensure that children live to their full potential
where their rights and responsibilities are fulfilled. It aims to consolidate all existing
and proposed legislation pertaining to children into one easily accessible and
comprehensive statute and provide a watch dog on child exploitation. The National
Gender policy outlines measures to Address GBV and forms the basis of the
Gender- Based violence Bill. (situation Analysis of children and women 2008)
4. The Zambian constitution establishes the right to gender equality, and recognizes
the rights of children to identity, nationality, education and legal protection. The
constitution protects persons, including children, from slavery and servitude, torture
or inhuman are degrading punishment and guarantees young persons from all forms
of exploitation, neglect, trafficking or cruelty. Subject to ongoing debate, the
constitution currently recognizes civil and political rights, but does not guarantee
economic, social or cultural rights (CSO, 2006).
According to CRO (2008) there are several pieces of legislation, backed up the
penal code, that aim to protect children and women. These are complemented by
national policies, discussed below.
The legislation impacting most on children and women are:
• Adoption Act, Cap 54
• Affiliation and maintenance of children Act, Cap 54
• Juvenile Act Cap 53
• Employment of young persons and children’s Act, Cap 274.
• Will and administration of Estate Act, Cap 60
• Intestate succession Act, Cap 59
• Zambian Police (Amendment) Act No. 14 of 1999, amends the Zambia Police Act
Cap 107
• Births and Deaths Registrative Act, Cap 51
• Day Nurseries Act, cap 313
• Probation of offenders Act, Cap 93.
5. According to Child Rights organizations (2008), the Zambian Government, through the
Ministry of community Development and social services (MCDSS) has embarked on a
law reform process to compare hensively review various aspects of child related
legislation in order to ensure their compatibility with provisions of the United Nations
convention on the Right of the child. However, the process is slow, has on occasion
stalled and there is still lack of clarity regarding the process and the mandate of MCDSS
to review all child related legislation. They also noted that the law reform process needs
to be anchored in the right structure of Government (specifically the Zambia law
development commission supported by the ministry of Justice) so that it can be
comprehensively and effectively and effectively addressed. Child Rights Organizations
recommended the Government to take advantage of goodwill shown by children’s rights
non government organizations to speed up the law reform process and within the next
three years have a comprehensive children’s Act (component report for the situation
analysis of children and women in Zambia, 2008).
iii. Institutional and human rights infrastructure
According to commonwealth Human Rights initiative (2006) indicated that it received
information that the Zambian Human Rights Commission was severely understaffed
and lacked the technical capacity needed to carry out effective investigation and
inspection visits. The commission reported to have an enormous backlog of cases.
World Organization Against Torture 2008 indicated that the commission is not in a
position to take any further action once the recommendations are issued, especially
in the case where a recommendation issued is not implemented by the “appropriate
authority”. Additionally, it further indicated that the commission is not competent to
initiate legal proceedings on behalf of the complainants. The dependence by the
commission on other authorities to take action does not give assurance to the
complainant for redress. This procedure also unduly prolongs the proceedings.
According to Child’s Rights Organizations (2008) stated that the children’s Rights
committee within the commission, created to strengthen the convention monitoring
and implementation of the convention on the Rights of the Child, has not performed
according to expectations due to inadequate resources. Child Rights Organizations
reported however, that there is a new process to strengthen the independent
monitoring of children’s rights under the commission through the establishment of
the commissioner for children. Child Rights Organizations recommended the
Government to progressive scale up the human and financial resources to the
commission to promote the establishment of institutions such as the office of the
6. commissioner for children vested with the relevant power and authority to effectively
protect children and to uphold their rights.
iv. Policy Measures
According component report for the situation analysis of children and women in
Zambia (2008) apart from the Ministry of Education mainstreaming the teaching of
human rights and specifically children’s rights in the high school civic Education
curriculum, Child Rights Organizations noted that there is still no effort by the
Government to undertake systematic awareness training of professional groups,
children, parents and the general public on the convention on the Rights of the child
and the rights- based approach. Child Rights organizations recommended the
Government to systematically train and disseminate the provisions of the CRC
especially at local level (component report for the situation analysis of children and
women in Zambia, 2008).
According to Child Rights Organizations, although there is now a new National child
policy (2006) that has taken into account the worsening situation of orphans and
vulnerable children in the country, there is still only a draft National Plan Action to
translate the policy into programs. Child Rights Organizations recommended the
Government to finalize the National plan of Action and allocate progressively
sufficient human and financial resources in line with other planning documents such
as the Fifth National Development plan to elaborate a comprehensive national
program for children that stakeholders can work and support.
Child Rights organizations (2008) noted that, since 2005, the Government has allocated
resources to areas which were not considered before in the national budget such as the
resettlement of street child, child Development and coordination program, Juvenile
Justice and child welfare program, mainstreaming of children’s rights, under the child
Affairs’ Department in 2005, and the sensitization program on children’s rights and
rehabilitation of disadvantaged children, adults and youth. However, the lack of
disaggregated makes it difficult to plan adequately and to monitor whether the funds
actually benefit the intended target. Furthermore, according to Child Rights
organizations recommended the Government to prioritize birth registration and to
completely overhaul and decentralize the system of birth registration, particularly in rural
areas. Child Rights organizations are recommended to put in place data collection
mechanisms that are comprehensive, with indicators that can be used to measure
7. implementation of the convention on the rights of the child; the Government should be
consistent in the amount of funding allocations to children’s programmes. If it cannot
increase funding, it should at least maintain the same allocation: the Government
should narrow the funding gap between authorized expenditure and the actual
expenditure. Child Rights organizations further recommended the Government to
develop clear guidelines for mainstreaming child participation at all levels of
programming and to ensure that such structures as the National Youth council and
children’s council (once established) are used effectively for this purpose. Child Rights
organizations recommended the Government to take measures including, legislative,
financial, and institutional to efficiently provide for the needs of children with disabilities
and; to adopt and provide an integrated and well coordinated response for disability
prevention and disability management for children, especially in rural areas (CSO,
2006).
PROMTION AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS
Education:
The CRC established that children have a right to free, compulsory basic education.
The realization of this right does not only entail being registered at a school, but far
more- all children must attend, learn, and progress through a complete course of
education, in a safe environment that offers equitable opportunities to boys and girls,
rich and poor, in urban and rural areas, and meets the needs of the 10 to 15% of
children will special physical or learning requirements. (Component report for the
situation Analysis of children and women in Zambia, 2008).
Further, the National Policy of Education was developed in 1996, and has since
been put into practice through a series of implementation framework. By far the most
significant measure in this period has been the introduction of the free basic
education policy of 2002. Since that time, enrolment of children at primary school
has increased by an average of 9% annually and net attendance has improved from
57% in 2004 to 76% in 2006 at primary level and 18% to 37% at secondary level.
Water and sanitation
8. According to UNICEF(2007) Child survival and development significantly depend on
access to clean water and adequate sanitation- these are critical to the well- being
and health of children and woman. Diarrhea, often resulting from poor water supply,
sanitation and hygiene, is a leading cause of child mortality and the immediate
cause of nearly 20% of child deaths. Further, diarrhea contributes to the malnutrition
and physical weakness that greatly increases susceptibility to other causes of death
(component report for the situation analysis of children and women in Zambia,
2008).
CSO. Census (2000) reveals that in 2006, 58% of households had access to safe
drinking water, 43% in rural areas and 88% in urban locations. Only 13% of rural
residents have access to adequate sanitation. In urban areas, access to safe water
rises to 88%, but there is concern over issues of quality and overcrowding. Only
40% of small scale rural households, which consist predominantly of women, were
accessing safe water (UNICEF,2007).
The National water policy of 1994- a progressive policy currently being updated-
seeks to provide sustainable access to water facilitating equitable provision of
adequate quantity and quality of water for all competing users at acceptable costs,
and ensuring the security of supply under varying conditions(CRO,2008).
According to UNICEF (2007) efforts to improve water and sanitation in rural areas
are guided by the National Rural water supply and sanitation program (NRWSSP).
The local authorities are responsible for rural water and sanitation and hygiene
education (WASHE) approach as the basis for participation at the community, area,
and district, provincial and national levels. At village level, the WASHE committee is
intended to encourage community leadership and ownership in improving water
suppliers. Although the WASHE approach has demonstrable merit, challenges
remain in ensuring that the poorest and most remote communities are aware of the
requirements and able to respond them. Recent work on the “community led total
sanitation” which mobilizes local commitment to the elimination of poor sanitary
practices, is showing good results. Further, in view of the significance of access to
water to the wall- being of women, the requirements that community committees
have at least 30% women members seems to act as a limit to their participation.
Previous demonstrate that the creation of women’s active leadership strengthens the
role of participation of women in development projects and improves likelihood of
9. success and sustainability (component report for the situation analysis of children
and women in Zambia, 2008).
According to UNICEF (2007) public spending on water and sanitation has been low,
but increases are planned. A comprehensive sector support fund has been
established by government and cooperating partners (led by SIDA and JICA) to
finance per- urban water supply project. However, there is as yet no overarching
plan and budget for improving urban water and sanitation, and ongoing activities fall
far short what would be required to meet basic needs. Current commitments to rural
water supply cover the majority of rural districts, although the scale of available
resources is still less than half of what was budgeted in the NRWSSP. Further,
investments in the water sector is heavily donor- dependent, with justice 8% of
expenditure in the sector coming from the Government budget (CSO, 2006).
Health
According to CRC (1989) the first and most basic right of children is the right to life.
Poor women and children are the most exposed to high health risks. In Zambia,
unacceptable number of children die. About 20% of children born in Zambia do not
live past their fifth birthday, while 10% of children die before they reach their first
birthday. Close to 1% of the women who are pregnant in any given year will die in
child birth, with a life time risk that 1 in 16 of all women will die resulting from
maternal health problems. Adult mortality is also high. The leading causes death in
Zambia is AIDS (1, 236/ 100, 000), respiratory infections in children, malaria,
diarrheal diseases and T.B. while both under- 5 and infant mortality rates have fallen
in recent years, estimates suggest that Zambia ranks 176th
out of 189 countries in
the world reporting figures on infant and child mortality. (CSO reports: 1980, 1990,
1991, 1992)
Component report for the situation analysis of children and women in Zambia (2008)
reveals that the quality of services in partly determined by staff- numbers, qualifications
and experience. Government recognizes that staffing levels in the health sector are low:
the number of available staff in 2005 was less than 50% of the recommended
establishment, in spite of recent growth in per capita expenditure on health care since
2000. Concerned efforts have made to develop a long term strategy to train and retain
health service staff. Resource allocations to the health sector are not based on
deprivation and health status, and urban centers receive nearly twice that of rural
provinces. The poorest, most remote and least urbanized districts and provinces receive
10. the lowest per capita allocation, restricting health outcomes for children and women
living in rural areas.(component report for the situation analysis of children and women
in Zambia, 2008)
CONCLUSION
It is clear from the foregoing that Zambia has promoted the rights of the child in
accordance with UNCRC Resolution through numerous sectors. Among the sectors are
scope of international obligations, constitutional and legislative framework, institutional
and human rights infrastructure and policy measures.
It further highlights the promotion and protection of children’s rights through Education,
water and sanitation, Health e.t.c
11. REFERENCES
1) Child rights organizations (2008) Lusaka, Zambia
2) Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2008) New Delhi, India.
3) Component report for the situation Analysis of children and women in Zambia (2008)
public service Delivery: Health, Education, water and sanitation, social protection
and food security- A cross sectional Analysis: Lusaka: whydah consulting Ltd.
4) Component report for the situation Analysis of children and women in Zambia,
(2008). Epidemics and overall disease Burden. Burden: Lusaka: Cosmas Musamali
5) “Convention on the Rights of the child” (1989) United Nations. Retrieved 2/23/08
6) CSO. Census (2000) Lusaka; central statics office.
7) CSO reports: census 1980: priority survey 1, 1991: priority survey 11, 1993; Living
conditions monitoring survey 1996; 1998; 2004; 2006. Lusaka: central statics office.
8) Joseph. M. Hawes, The Children’s Rights movement: A History of Advocacy and
protection (Boston: Twayne publishers, 1991).
9) Mally, Lynn (1990).culture of the future: The proletkult movement in Revolutionary
Russia
10)UNICEF, (2007) working document on sanitation and Hygiene interventions. New
York: UNICEF