#Skin cleansers generally come in one of two types: soap-based and synthetic detergents, or syndets. While the latter can effectively maintain the native skin structure, function and integrity, the former tends to negatively affect the skin by causing barrier disruption, lipid dissolution and pH alteration. #Importance of cleansing,General mechanism of soap and syndet bars,Properties of soap and syndet bars,Difference between soap and syndet bars,Manufacturing methods,Types of soaps,Advantages and disadvantages

1. SOAP AND SYNDET BAR’S
Sagar K. Bagde*, Mohit M. Rahangdale*, Pankaj M. Maske
Subject:- Cosmetic Science, B. Pharm Final Year
Guide : Chandrashekhar M. Chakole
Bajiraoji Karanjekar College of Pharmacy, Sakoli, Dist.
Bhandara, M.S- 441802
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University

2. Content :
 Introduction
 Importance of cleansing
 General mechanism of soap and syndet bars
 Properties of soap and syndet bars
 Difference between soap and syndet bars
 Manufacturing methods
 Types of soaps
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Conclusion
 Reference

3.  Usually, cleansing is the activity mainly done by the salt of fatty acid also
known as soap.
 In general use, soap is a surfactant used for bathing, washing and other
type of housekeeping.
 We can use a vast array of oils in our soap manufacturing. Like, coconut oil
and palm oil.
 The word 'syndet’ derives from the word ‘synthetic’ combined with
‘detergent’.
 These detergents, which have an affinity for oil and repel water surround
dirt with small structures that are then removed from water.
 Saponification also known as hydrolysis of oil or fat.
 E.g. When fat and sodium hydroxide react the product glycerol and sodium
salt of fatty acid should obtain.
Introduction :

4.  The main goal of cleansing and maintaining hygiene is to protect the surroundings
to avoid illness and prevent disease. Cleansing is not a short-term process.
 Before discovering the soap, the civilization used the piece of stone to cleaning
our body. After the long time the water and stone use simultaneously.
 According to evidence the soap is making around early as 2800 BC. Archeologists
have found cylinders of clay from this time.
 Mainly the soap or other beautifying product are made by the chemical agents.
That’s may be harmful or irritation cause to the body.
 Syndet bar is the cleansing bar or liquid made by the binding of synthetic
detergents. Syndet bar will dissolve the natural protective oil layer on our skin as
they clean .
Importance of Cleansing :

5. General mechanism of Soap/Syndet bars :
Oil/Fat/Grease on Surface
Non-polar tail is directed towards central oily
drop while polar head is directed to wards
water
Micelles of soap molecule are formed around
Oil /Fat/Grease
Micelles get removed on washing the surface
Hydrophobic non-polar tail
dissolves in Oil/Fat/Grease
Hydrophilic polar and dissolves
in water
Soap dissolve in water

6. Fig. Surfactant mildness Comparison
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/QTTJthQ6ZcnuetTa7

7. Properties of Soap and Syndet Bars :
 Soaps
1. They are metal salt of long chain
higher fatty acid
2. Prepare from vegetable oil and
animal fat.
3. Can not be used effectively in hard
water as they produce scum.
 Syndet Bars
1. These are the Sodium salts of long-
chain hydrocarbons like alkyl sulphates
or alkyl benzene sulphonates.
2. Prepared from hydrocarbons of
petroleum or coal.
3. Not produce insoluble precipitation in
hard water.
https://images.app.goo.gl/Xj4U6bmvxCAdCotB6

8. Difference Between Soap and Syndet Bars :
SOAP
 Vegetable based, natural, organic
 Offers oil benefits
 High glycerin content
 Skin additives may be incorporated
 Less foam production
 Alkaline in pH
 Drying on the skin
 Mild on skin
 Poor colour
 Easy processing
 Economical
SYNDET BAR'S
 Synthetic or chemical
 Not offer oil benefits
 Glycerin may or may not be present
 A wider range of additives may be
incorporated
 High foam production
 Neutral in pH
 Minimum drying effect
 Relatively stronger on skin
 Low colour
 Offers processing challenges
 Expensive

9. Manufacturing Methods
Mainly there are two types of methods use for making soap today by soap
manufacturing companies.
 Kettle method :
Boiling
Salting
Strong Change
Pitching
 Continuous Process :
Splitting
Mixing
Cooling and Finishing
Milling
Note:
[ In Kettle saponification Method ]
1) Mainly used for small manufacturing Companies.
2) 4-11 days are required for 1 batch to complete.
[ In Continuous Process Method ]
1) Mainly used for large manufacturing companies.
2) 6 Hrs required for 1 batch complete.

12. Types of Soap :
Cleaning Soap
Laundry Soap
Personal Soap
Novelty Soap
Guest Soap
Medicated Soap
Perfumed Soap
Glycerin Soap
Liquid Soap
Beauty Soap
Transparent Soap

13. Soap :
Advantage :
 Easy to use.
 Economical and easily available.
 Use for multiple purposes like,
dirt, Oil, makeup and other
impurities removal.
 Multiple use like antibacterial,
beauty, etc.
Disadvantage :
 Dissolve easily in water.
 Less foaming Properties in hard
water.
 Scum formation makes washing of
clothes difficult and also affect
colour of fabrics.
 Not suitable for certain fabrics like
silks, wools.

14. Syndet bar’s :
Advantage
 In a hard water syndet bar
performance is great
 It’s in a neutral in nature.
 Surfactant used in a syndet bar is
more soft than other surfactants
used in soap.
 Many people have sensitive skin
against soap. Thus, they can use
syndet bar in daily life.
Disadvantage
 They lack of lubricity.
 They are more slippery.
 They are not as popular as toilet
soap.
 They easily become slippery.

15.  In daily life the soap is mainly used for cleansing purposes.
 The process of formation of soap is also called saponification or basic hydrolysis.
 Sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and
convert it to salt/soap.
 The kettle method or continuous process is used for manufacturing in small and
large soap manufacturing companies simultaneously.
 The syndet is the soap which is made by combining the features of different soap.
 They are attractive and mainly used for shower purposes.
 Due to balanced pH, it’s avoided skin irritation.
 The best example of a syndet bar is Dove soap.
Conclusion

16. Reference :
 Goutam D. Mehetre, Concise Course in Cosmetic Science, PV publication
Edition [2022]
 https://www.slideshare.net/STEFFITHOMAS11/soap-and-syndet-bars-
evolution-and-skin-benefits
 Dr. Aijaz A. Sheikh, a Textbook of Cosmetic Science, Pvt. Publication.
 Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan Derrickson, Principles of anatomy and physiology, 5th
Edition
 B.M Mittal and R.N Saha, A Handbook of Cosmetics, Delhi Vallabh Prakashan.
 https://www.stephensonpersonalcare.com/blog/2014-12-09-soap-vs-syndet