ABSTRACT
Background: Chemotherapy is a mainstay of tumor therapy, however, it is predominantly applied according to empiri- cally developed recommendations derived from statistical relapse rates occurring years after the treatment in the adju- vant situation and from progression-free interval data in the metastatic situation, without any possibility of individually determining the efficacy in the adjuvant situation and with loss of time and quality of life in the metastatic situation if the drugs chosen are not effective. Here, we present a method to determine the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs using tumor cells circulating in blood as the part of the tumor actually available in the patient’s body for chemosensitiv- ity testing. Methodology/Principal Findings: After only red blood cell lysis, omitting any enrichment (analogous to other blood cell enumeration methods, including rare CD34 cells), the white cells comprising the circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC) are exposed to the drugs in question in different concentrations and for different periods of time. Staining with a fluorescence-labeled anti-epithelial antibody detects both vital and dying tumor cells, distinguishing vital from dying cells through membrane permeability and nuclear staining with propidium iodide. Increasing percent- ages of dying tumor cells are observed dependent on time and concentration. The sensitivity can vary during therapy and was correlated with decrease or increase in CETC and clinical outcome. Conclusions/Significance: Thus, we are able to show that chemosensitivity testing of circulating tumor cells provides real-time information about the sensitivity of the tumor present in the patient, even at different times during therapy, and correlates with treatment success.
Molecular characterization of a patient’s tumor to guide treatment decisions is increasingly being
applied in clinical care and can have a significant impact on disease outcome. These molecular analyses,
including mutation characterization, are typically performed on tissue acquired through a biopsy at diagnosis.
However, tumors are highly heterogeneous and sampling in its entirety is challenging. Furthermore, tumors
evolve over time and can alter their molecular genotype, making clinical decisions based on historical biopsy
data suboptimal. Personalized medicine for cancer patients aims to tailor the best treatment options for the
individual at diagnosis and during treatment. To fully enable personalized medicine it is desirable to have an
easily accessible, minimally invasive way to determine and follow the molecular makeup of a patient’s tumor
longitudinally. One such approach is through a liquid biopsy, where the genetic makeup of the tumor can be
assessed through a bio fluid sample. Liquid biopsies have the potential to help clinicians screen for disease,
stratify patients to the best treatment and monitor treatment response and resistance mechanisms in the tumor. A liquid biopsy can be used for molecular characterization of the tumor and its non-invasive nature
allows repeat sampling to monitor genetic changes over time without the need for a tissue biopsy. This review will summarize three approaches in the liquid biopsy field: circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell free DNA (cfDNA) and exosomes. We also outline some of the analytical challenges encountered using liquid biopsy techniques to detect rare mutations in a background of wild-type sequences.
Molecular characterization of a patient’s tumor to guide treatment decisions is increasingly being
applied in clinical care and can have a significant impact on disease outcome. These molecular analyses,
including mutation characterization, are typically performed on tissue acquired through a biopsy at diagnosis.
However, tumors are highly heterogeneous and sampling in its entirety is challenging. Furthermore, tumors
evolve over time and can alter their molecular genotype, making clinical decisions based on historical biopsy
data suboptimal. Personalized medicine for cancer patients aims to tailor the best treatment options for the
individual at diagnosis and during treatment. To fully enable personalized medicine it is desirable to have an
easily accessible, minimally invasive way to determine and follow the molecular makeup of a patient’s tumor
longitudinally. One such approach is through a liquid biopsy, where the genetic makeup of the tumor can be
assessed through a bio fluid sample. Liquid biopsies have the potential to help clinicians screen for disease,
stratify patients to the best treatment and monitor treatment response and resistance mechanisms in the tumor. A liquid biopsy can be used for molecular characterization of the tumor and its non-invasive nature
allows repeat sampling to monitor genetic changes over time without the need for a tissue biopsy. This review will summarize three approaches in the liquid biopsy field: circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell free DNA (cfDNA) and exosomes. We also outline some of the analytical challenges encountered using liquid biopsy techniques to detect rare mutations in a background of wild-type sequences.
Objective: The association between telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation and outcome of melanoma is unclear and controversial. We aim to conduct a meta-analysis and investigate whether the TERT promoter mutation is a prognostic factor of melanoma.
Study Design: Appropriate studies were searched in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were counted through random effects model.
Results: Heterogeneity was moderate in overall survival (OS) (I2=43.7%, p=0.059) and low in disease-free survival (DFS) (I2=0.0%, p=0.587). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of any of the study did not affect the final results. Evidence for publication bias was not found (Begg’s test, p=0.281; Egger’s test, p=0.078). The pooled OS HRs from combined effects analysis was determined (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.83–1.39, p=0.585), together with the pooled HRs of DFS (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.02–2.66, p=0.042). TERT promoter mutation predicted a good outcome in meta-static melanoma patients (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46–0.96, p=0.042). The pooled HRs of combined mutation in TERT promoter and BRAF (HR 6.27; 95% CI 2.7–14.58, p=0.000) predicted a bad outcome in melanoma patients.
Conclusion: TERT promoter mutation significantly predicted poor DFS outcome but, on the contrary, predicted a good outcome in metastatic melanoma patients. The combined TERT promoter and BRAF mutation was a significant independent factor of OS in melanoma patients.
Keywords: melanoma; meta-analysis; mutation; prognosis; promoter regions, genetic; skin neoplasms; telomerase; TERT promoter mutation; TERT protein, human
Liquid biopsy quality control – the importance of plasma quality, sample prep...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Liquid biopsy is emerging as a non-invasive companion to traditional solid tumor biopsies. As next generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating cell-free nucleic acids (cfNA = cfDNA and cfRNA) becomes common, it’s important to understand the impact of sample preparation on quality, specificity, and sensitivity of liquid biopsy tests. Plasma samples are often limited, and may have undesirable characteristics such as lipemia or hemolysis that contribute unwanted genomic DNA (gDNA) to the sample. Low cfDNA concentration can also limit the amount available for NGS library prep. In this study, we explore the effects of suboptimal plasma and low library input on liquid biopsy NGS, and discuss various techniques for in-process quality control of cfNA samples isolated from plasma
Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression and tumor...UniversitasGadjahMada
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) has been observed as the predominant angiogenic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the assessment of microvessel density (MVD) has been used to quantify tumor neoangiogenesis. This study aimed to determine clinicopathological and prognostic significance of both angiogenic markers in the local CRC patients. We analyzed tissue samples obtained from 81 cases with CRC. VEGF-A expression and MVD counts were immunohistochemically detected using anti VEGF-A and CD31. The assessments of both markers were classified as low and high. Correlation between VEGF-A expression and MVD value and clinicopathological characteristics were examined using Chi-square test. The overall survival (OS) was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. The results indicated a high VEGF-A expression was found more frequently in the rectal location (P=0.042) and T4 tumors (P=0.041) compared to their counterparts. Older patients tended to show a higher MVD value compared to younger cases (P=0.062). In addition, survival analysis showed that males had a worse OS compared to females (P=0.029), and VEGF-A expression and MVD count did not correlate with patients’ survival. In conclusion, there were significant differences of VEGF-A expression according to tumor location and T invasion. Sex, but not angiogenic markers, had an influence on the survival of CRC patients.
Objective: The prognostic indictors of age-related poor outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are still controversial. The aim of this work was to provide comprehensive insights into the effect of different hemocytes and to investigate the association between age and clinical features in adult patients with AML.
Study Design: A retrospective study was performed to determine the role of age in the therapeutic outcomes of AML. A total of 166 newly diagnosed adult patients’ data from January 2015 to November 2019 in Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University were collected and analyzed.
Results: Older patients presented a poorer prognosis (p=0.001) with shorter overall survival, which is served as age-related outcomes. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that cytogenetic risk (OR=4.508, 95% CI 2.733–7.435), leukocyte (OR=7.410, 95% CI 1.139–5.910), and bone marrow blast cells (OR=3.261, 95% CI 1.075–5.615) were independent indictors for age-related prognosis. In addition, Kaplan-Meier curve also revealed that the above factors were associated with overall survival (all p values <0.001).
Conclusion: Cytogenetic risk, leukocyte, and bone marrow blast cells are dominant factors which account for the age-related poor outcomes and shorter overall survival in AML.
Keywords: acute myeloid leukemia, adult, cytogenetic risk, hemocyte, leukemia, overall survival
Connexin-43 can delay early recurrence and metastasis in patients with hepati...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
We studied the relationships among Cx43, CD105, and VEGF in specimens of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with different serum AFP levels with respect to recurrence and metastasis.
Clinical and experimental studies regarding the expression and diagnostic val...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a multifunctional Ig-like cell adhesion molecule that has a wide range of biological functions. According to previous reports, serum CEACAM1 is dysregulated in different malignant tumours and associated with tumour progression. However, the serum CEACAM1 expression in nonsmall-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) is unclear. The different expression ratio of CEACAM1-S and CEACAM1-L isoform has seldom been investigated in NSCLC. This research is intended to study the serum CEACAM1 and the ratio of CEACAM1-S/L isoforms in NSCLC.
The Role of Osteopontin Expression in the Prognosis of Malignant Melanoma_Cri...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, and its prevalence is gradually increasing worldwide [1]. Despite the significant steps taken towards understanding the mechanism of progression of melanoma, non-surgical treatment options are limited. New therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools are required for cases of malignant melanoma, considering its poor prognosis.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic malignancy with a dismal outcome in the majority of cases. A detailed understanding of the genetic alterations and gene expression changes that contribute to its pathogenesis is important to improve prognostication, disease monitoring, and therapy. In this context, leukemia-associated misexpression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been studied, but no coherent picture has emerged yet, thus warranting further investigations.
La présentation sur Nancytomique faite lors de la réunion scientifique sur le Laboratoire sans murs organisée avec le consulat de France dans le cadre de la Filière Médicale Francophone Nancy-Wuhan à la Faculté de Médecine de Wuhan et à l'Hôpital Zhongnan.
Overexpression of YAP 1 contributes to progressive features and poor prognosi...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP 1), the nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway, is a key regulator of organ size and a candidate human oncogene in multiple tumors. However, the expression dynamics of YAP 1 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) and its clinical/prognostic significance are unclear.
Chair & Moderator, Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, Mark M. Awad, MD, PhD, and Jonathan D. Spicer, MD, PhD, FRCSC, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Cancer Immunotherapy for this CME/MOC/CC activity titled “Parsing the Practicalities of Pathologic Response Assessment After Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy to Facilitate Progress in Early-Stage Cancers.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/CC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3uRHyjk. CME/MOC/CC credit will be available until May 9, 2023.
Objective: The association between telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation and outcome of melanoma is unclear and controversial. We aim to conduct a meta-analysis and investigate whether the TERT promoter mutation is a prognostic factor of melanoma.
Study Design: Appropriate studies were searched in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were counted through random effects model.
Results: Heterogeneity was moderate in overall survival (OS) (I2=43.7%, p=0.059) and low in disease-free survival (DFS) (I2=0.0%, p=0.587). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of any of the study did not affect the final results. Evidence for publication bias was not found (Begg’s test, p=0.281; Egger’s test, p=0.078). The pooled OS HRs from combined effects analysis was determined (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.83–1.39, p=0.585), together with the pooled HRs of DFS (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.02–2.66, p=0.042). TERT promoter mutation predicted a good outcome in meta-static melanoma patients (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46–0.96, p=0.042). The pooled HRs of combined mutation in TERT promoter and BRAF (HR 6.27; 95% CI 2.7–14.58, p=0.000) predicted a bad outcome in melanoma patients.
Conclusion: TERT promoter mutation significantly predicted poor DFS outcome but, on the contrary, predicted a good outcome in metastatic melanoma patients. The combined TERT promoter and BRAF mutation was a significant independent factor of OS in melanoma patients.
Keywords: melanoma; meta-analysis; mutation; prognosis; promoter regions, genetic; skin neoplasms; telomerase; TERT promoter mutation; TERT protein, human
Liquid biopsy quality control – the importance of plasma quality, sample prep...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Liquid biopsy is emerging as a non-invasive companion to traditional solid tumor biopsies. As next generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating cell-free nucleic acids (cfNA = cfDNA and cfRNA) becomes common, it’s important to understand the impact of sample preparation on quality, specificity, and sensitivity of liquid biopsy tests. Plasma samples are often limited, and may have undesirable characteristics such as lipemia or hemolysis that contribute unwanted genomic DNA (gDNA) to the sample. Low cfDNA concentration can also limit the amount available for NGS library prep. In this study, we explore the effects of suboptimal plasma and low library input on liquid biopsy NGS, and discuss various techniques for in-process quality control of cfNA samples isolated from plasma
Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression and tumor...UniversitasGadjahMada
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) has been observed as the predominant angiogenic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the assessment of microvessel density (MVD) has been used to quantify tumor neoangiogenesis. This study aimed to determine clinicopathological and prognostic significance of both angiogenic markers in the local CRC patients. We analyzed tissue samples obtained from 81 cases with CRC. VEGF-A expression and MVD counts were immunohistochemically detected using anti VEGF-A and CD31. The assessments of both markers were classified as low and high. Correlation between VEGF-A expression and MVD value and clinicopathological characteristics were examined using Chi-square test. The overall survival (OS) was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. The results indicated a high VEGF-A expression was found more frequently in the rectal location (P=0.042) and T4 tumors (P=0.041) compared to their counterparts. Older patients tended to show a higher MVD value compared to younger cases (P=0.062). In addition, survival analysis showed that males had a worse OS compared to females (P=0.029), and VEGF-A expression and MVD count did not correlate with patients’ survival. In conclusion, there were significant differences of VEGF-A expression according to tumor location and T invasion. Sex, but not angiogenic markers, had an influence on the survival of CRC patients.
Objective: The prognostic indictors of age-related poor outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are still controversial. The aim of this work was to provide comprehensive insights into the effect of different hemocytes and to investigate the association between age and clinical features in adult patients with AML.
Study Design: A retrospective study was performed to determine the role of age in the therapeutic outcomes of AML. A total of 166 newly diagnosed adult patients’ data from January 2015 to November 2019 in Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University were collected and analyzed.
Results: Older patients presented a poorer prognosis (p=0.001) with shorter overall survival, which is served as age-related outcomes. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that cytogenetic risk (OR=4.508, 95% CI 2.733–7.435), leukocyte (OR=7.410, 95% CI 1.139–5.910), and bone marrow blast cells (OR=3.261, 95% CI 1.075–5.615) were independent indictors for age-related prognosis. In addition, Kaplan-Meier curve also revealed that the above factors were associated with overall survival (all p values <0.001).
Conclusion: Cytogenetic risk, leukocyte, and bone marrow blast cells are dominant factors which account for the age-related poor outcomes and shorter overall survival in AML.
Keywords: acute myeloid leukemia, adult, cytogenetic risk, hemocyte, leukemia, overall survival
Connexin-43 can delay early recurrence and metastasis in patients with hepati...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
We studied the relationships among Cx43, CD105, and VEGF in specimens of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with different serum AFP levels with respect to recurrence and metastasis.
Clinical and experimental studies regarding the expression and diagnostic val...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a multifunctional Ig-like cell adhesion molecule that has a wide range of biological functions. According to previous reports, serum CEACAM1 is dysregulated in different malignant tumours and associated with tumour progression. However, the serum CEACAM1 expression in nonsmall-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) is unclear. The different expression ratio of CEACAM1-S and CEACAM1-L isoform has seldom been investigated in NSCLC. This research is intended to study the serum CEACAM1 and the ratio of CEACAM1-S/L isoforms in NSCLC.
The Role of Osteopontin Expression in the Prognosis of Malignant Melanoma_Cri...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, and its prevalence is gradually increasing worldwide [1]. Despite the significant steps taken towards understanding the mechanism of progression of melanoma, non-surgical treatment options are limited. New therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools are required for cases of malignant melanoma, considering its poor prognosis.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic malignancy with a dismal outcome in the majority of cases. A detailed understanding of the genetic alterations and gene expression changes that contribute to its pathogenesis is important to improve prognostication, disease monitoring, and therapy. In this context, leukemia-associated misexpression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been studied, but no coherent picture has emerged yet, thus warranting further investigations.
La présentation sur Nancytomique faite lors de la réunion scientifique sur le Laboratoire sans murs organisée avec le consulat de France dans le cadre de la Filière Médicale Francophone Nancy-Wuhan à la Faculté de Médecine de Wuhan et à l'Hôpital Zhongnan.
Overexpression of YAP 1 contributes to progressive features and poor prognosi...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP 1), the nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway, is a key regulator of organ size and a candidate human oncogene in multiple tumors. However, the expression dynamics of YAP 1 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) and its clinical/prognostic significance are unclear.
Chair & Moderator, Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, Mark M. Awad, MD, PhD, and Jonathan D. Spicer, MD, PhD, FRCSC, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Cancer Immunotherapy for this CME/MOC/CC activity titled “Parsing the Practicalities of Pathologic Response Assessment After Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy to Facilitate Progress in Early-Stage Cancers.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/CC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3uRHyjk. CME/MOC/CC credit will be available until May 9, 2023.
Co-Chairs, Nasser Altorki, MD, and Jonathan D. Spicer, MD, PhD, FRCSC, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to NSCLC for this CME/MOC activity titled “How to Integrate Perioperative Immunotherapy Into Multimodal Treatment Plans to Improve Outcomes in Resectable NSCLC.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3xb6WS1. CME/MOC credit will be available until June 14, 2023.
maintrac liquid biopsy on circulating epithelial tumor cells Peter Pachmann
maintrac liquid biopsy on circulating epithelial tumor cells. Microscope based semi-automated discrimination of cancer cells, effectiveness testing of cancer drugs (before treatment) andtherapy monitoring
Assessing the efficacy of targeted therapy using circulating epithelial tumor...Peter Pachmann
Abstract
Purpose In malignant tumors, predictive markers have been developed with respect to targeted therapies. One of the Wrst targeted therapies was the hormone-blocking treatment of tumors of the male and female reproductive system. A typical therapy in breast cancer is the use of the selective estrogen receptor modulator, tamoxifen. However, only some of the patients, positive for the target molecules, respond to the selected therapy. It would, therefore, be highly desirable to have a tool to promptly assess the therapeutic eYcacy of the applied agent in the individual patient.
Methods Longitudinal observation of CETC provides a unique tool for monitoring therapy response. About 178 patients with breast cancer were followed prospectively during hormone therapy, requiring only 1 ml of peripheral blood, using a Xuorochrome-labeled antibody against surface- epithelial antigen. Image analysis allowed CETC numbers to be calculated in relation to blood volume and monitoring over the entire course of treatment. Results A more than tenfold increase in CETC during therapy was a strong indicator of looming relapse (P = 0.0001 hazard ratio 5.5; 95% conWdence interval 1,297–23,626), and a Cox regression analysis of age, tumor size, receptor expression, nodal status and previous treatment resulted in a regression model, in which CETC behavior was the parameter with the highest independent correlation to relapse-free survival. Conclusions The change in the number of CETC (increase or decrease) may, in the future, be used to guide therapy in order to change to other available treatment options in good time.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS TREATED ...Jing Zang
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic used as a single chemotherapeutic agent for HCC. The present work was conducted to study the immunohistochemical alterations in HCC patients treated with Dox. Thirty cases (24 males and 6 female) with a confirmed diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were used. They were divided into 3 groups, group 1. Ten specimens of HCC were taken before Dox treatments, group 2.Ten specimens HCC patients were taken one week after Dox treatment and group 3.Ten specimens of HCC patients were taken two weeks after Dox treatment. Hepatic biopsies were obtained from the three groups and prepared for histological, immunohistochemical (p53, Bcl-2 and CD34) and molecular studies. Histological examination of the specimen of HCC patients, before and after Dox treatment, showed trabecular appeareance, cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes, fatty degeneration and necrosis. Cirrhosis appeared in 40% of the patients before treatment and 40% and 30% after one week and 2 weeks of treatment, respectively. Imunohistochemical results revealed an increase in expression of p53, CD34 and Bcl-2 in HCC patients. Overexpression of p53, decrease of Bcl-2 and mild degree of expression of CD34 was recorded in patients treated with Dox. Significant increase in DNA fragmentation was recorded in HCC patients treated by Dox in comparison with untreated HCC.
Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Conditioned Media Suppress Epithelial Ovari...ijtsrd
Background and objective: Treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a major challenge with only 30% 5-year survival rate. The outcome of the different therapeutic modalities is still poor, and there is an urgency to find new treatment lines. The effect of mesenchymal stem cells on different tumors is greatly variable. The present work shows the effect of cord blood mesenchymal stem cells conditioned media (MSC CM) in different concentrations on epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells (CD44+ cells) in vitro. Methodology: Ovarian cancer stem cells were subjected to MSC CM of (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%) concentrations for 72 hours followed by investigation of cell morphology, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and expression of certain genes (Oct-4, Sox-2, and Nanog). Results: Cell shrinkage and cell debris was observed with all cancer cell lines by contrast with control. MTT assay showed a reduction in proliferation, in a concentration-dependent manner. The annexin-v results demonstrated a significant early and late apoptosis. There was an increase in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycles indicating apoptosis. There was a progressive suppression of embryonic stemness genes in all cell lines compared to control. Conclusion: Based on these results, it was concluded that MSC CM may be a potential ovarian cancer inhibitor that may create a new modalities of treatment in ovarian cancer patients. Maher E. Elgaly | Mohamed E. El Ghareeb | Mohamed H. Bedairy | Ahmed M. Badawy | Abeer Shaaban | Farha El shennawy"Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Conditioned Media Suppress Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells in Vitro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18182.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/18182/cord-blood-mesenchymal-stem-cells-conditioned-media-suppress-epithelial-ovarian-cancer-cells-in-vitro/maher-e-elgaly
Cancer chemotherapy for medical studentstaklo simeneh
Cancer chemotherapy has been presented in detail for medical students. It can be used for other health students by modifying it based on their curriculum and time given.
Similar to Chemosensitivity Testing of Circulating Epithelial Tumor Cells (CETC) in Vitro: Correlation to in Vivo Sensitivity and Clinical Outcome (20)
How to use the maintrac circulating tumor cells logistics package, how to order maintrac liquid biopsy boxes online, how to order the maintrac courier pickup service.
maintrac chemo sensitivity on circulating epithelial tumor cells Peter Pachmann
maintrac liquid biopsy for therapy controll. What to do at increasing cell numbers? Identify patients likely to be at increased risk for serious side effects as a result of treatment with a particular therapeutic product. Chemo Sensitivity Testing: Subdividing and exposing the blood sample to different drugs and concentrations; Determining the rate of dying circulating epithelial tumor cells to identify the most effective drug for the patient.
Maintrac Chemo Sensitivity Testing of Circualting Tumor CellsPeter Pachmann
Increasing cell numbers by 10fold should lead to subdividing and exposing the blood sample to different drugs and concentrations and determining the rate of dying circulating epithelial tumor cells to identify the most effective cancer drug for the patient.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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