CHEMISTRY MODULE-5.pdf

Dr P.ReddyPrasad
Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering (IARE), Hyderabad
Email:prprasad@iare.ac.in
Module-V
NATUROAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION

Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
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MODULE-V
Contents:
• Energy Resources
• Types of resources
• Advantages and Disadvantages

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Energy Resources
• Energy poverty is lack of access to modern
energy services.
• Energy has been universally recognized as one of
the most important inputs for economic growth
and human development.
• There is a strong two-way relationship between
economic development and energy
consumption.
• The energy intensity of India is over twice that of
the matured economies, which are represented
by the OECD (Organization of Economic Co-
operation and Development) member countries.
India’s energy intensity is also much higher than
the emerging economies which include the
ASEAN member countries as well as China.
Energy consumption of deferent
sectors in India

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Domestic Sector :
Domestic energy consumption or domestic consumption of energy is the total amount of
energy used in a house for household work.
Industrial Sector
Energy is essential for the production, packing, quality control purpose in many industries
such as pharma, health, textile, oil, etc., industries beside film , education and tourism
industries. The estimated total consumption of raw coal by industry has increased from
407.04 MTs (Metric tons) during 2005-06 to 571.89 MTs during 2013-14.
Agriculture Sector
As the world population continues to grow geometrically, great pressure
is being placed on arable land, water, energy, and biological resources to
provide an adequate supply of food while maintaining the integrity of
our ecosystem. As the world population expands, the food problem will
become

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Classification of Energy Resources
Renewable Energy
Those sources of energy that are inexhaustible and can be regenerated again
and again are called renewable sources of energy.
Eg: Solar energy, wind energy, Ocean energy (Tidal and Ocean thermal energy-
OTE), Geothermal energy, Biomass energy, Hydropower energy, etc.,

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Classification of Energy Resources
Non-renewable Energy: Those sources of energy that are exhaustible and can’t
be regenerated again and again are called non-renewable sources of energy.
Eg: Coal energy, Natural Gas energy (CH4), Liquefied Petroleum Gas – LPG
(Ethane, n-butane, iso-butane, butylenes and propane), Nuclear fuel (92U235), etc.,

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Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun’s energy and make it use
Harvesting/Harnessing of Energy: The process of collecting, converting and using of energy
is known as harvesting of energy.
• It is also a renewable energy resource. In
this case we get electricity directly from
the sun light, contains radiation like
ultraviolet, visible and infrared etc.
• The earth surface gets maximum energy
when radiations strike at 90o (vertical).
• India received 4–8 kWh of solar radiation
per square meter per day which is equal
to 5000 trillion kWh per year.
• Solar mission aims to install 100 GW grid-
connected solar power plants by the year
2022.

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Photovoltaic (PV) cell:
• Photovoltaic cell is a device which directly converts sun light
(photons) into electricity.
• The term photovoltaic is composed by two words, photo
means light and voltaic means electric.
• Photovoltaic cell formed by the semiconductor material like
silicon. Silicon is an element that naturally releases electrons
when exposed to sun light and increase the conductivity.
Diffusion of electron occurs from the area of high electron
concentration into a region of low electron concentration.
• When electron diffused across the p-n junction, they
combine with holes on p-type. Due to diffusion electricity
produce.

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Disadvantages:
1) Installation cost is high.
2) Lots of space is needed to install the solar panels.
3) During cloudy days and winter season energy production is lower down.
4) Solar energy doesn’t work at night without a storage device such as a battery
5) Solar technologies are also very expensive.
6) Skilled manpower required for installation.
Advantage of solar energy
i) It is renewable source of energy.
ii) Low cost of maintenance.
iii) Solar energy is non polluting sources of energy.

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2. Wind Energy
• Wind energy is a source of renewable power which
comes from air current flowing across the earth’s
surface.
• Wind turbines harvest this kinetic energy and
convert it into usable power which can provide
electricity for domestic, industrial and agriculture
sectors.
• Wind energy is one of the fastest growing sources
of new electricity generation in the world today.
• Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At
100 feet or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and
less turbulent wind.
• Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or
building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more
widespread electricity distribution.

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• Advantages of Wind Energy
– Clean and renewable source of
power
– Cost effective
– Rapid growth of industry, large
potential
• Disadvantages of Wind Energy
– Wind reliability
– Threat to wildlife
– Noise and visual pollution

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Schematic representation of tidal energy power plant
1) It does not produce greenhouse gases or waste products.
2) Doesn’t require any fuels to create.
3) Tidal energy power plants produce more electricity.
4) These energies are available 365 days.
5) Eco-friendly.
6) Renewable and not causes any pollution to the land.
Disadvantages:
1) Only power plants and towns near the ocean will be benefited
directly from it.
2) It still creates hazards for some of the creatures near it.
3) More technological developments required.
4) Tsunami and cyclones can damage the power plants.
5) Skilled manpower required for installation.
Advantages

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Schematic representation of Geo-thermal energy power plant
Advantages:
1) It is a renewable source of energy.
2) It is non-polluting and environment friendly.
3) There is no wastage or generation of by-products.
4) Geothermal energy can be used directly. In ancient
times, people used this source of energy for heating
homes, cooking, etc.
5) Maintenance cost of geothermal power plants is very
less.
6) Geothermal power plants don’t occupy too much
space and thus help in protecting natural environment.
7) Unlike solar energy, it is not dependent on the
weather conditions.
(geo = earth and thermal = heat), geothermal energy comes from heat produced
by the Earth.

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Disadvantages:
1) Only few sites have the potential of Geothermal Energy.
2) Most of the sites, where geothermal energy is produced, are far from markets or cities,
where it needs to be consumed.
3) Total generation potential of this source is too small.
4) There is always a danger of eruption of volcano.
5) Installation cost of steam power plant is very high.
6) There is no guarantee that the amount of energy which is produced will justify the
capital expenditure and operations costs.
7) It may release some harmful, poisonous gases that can escape
through the holes drilled during construction.
8) Earth quakes cause damage to the plants.

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Biomass Energy
• Biomass fuel can be defined as a fuel that is derived from any organic, renewable
material that can be used in either raw or processed form.
• Biomass comes from a variety of sources which include:
Wood from natural forests and woodlands, Forestry plantations, Forestry residues,
Agricultural residues such as straw, stover, cane trash and green agricultural wastes,
Agro-industrial wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse and rice husk, Animal wastes,
Industrial wastes, such as black liquor from paper manufacturing, Sewage, Municipal
solid wastes (MSW), Food processing wastes, animal waste etc.,
Energy generation from biomass
a) Combustion or burning is most common method to obtain
energy directly from biomass.
b) Fermentation: in this process, biomass (carbohydrate) is
converted into alcohol in presence of bacteria or yeast.
c) Biomass gasification: In this process, biomass is converted into
combustible fuel like producer gas (CO+H2) and small amount of
methane through incomplete combustion.

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Advantages:
1) Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of
heat, steam, and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
2) Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource.
3) Biomass fuel from agricultural wastes may be a secondary product that adds
value to agricultural crops.
4) Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide.
5) The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for
everything else.
6) Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is
burned, is taken in by plants.

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Disadvantages:
1. Agricultural waste will not be available in the basic crop is no longer grown.
2. Additional work is needed in areas such as harvesting methods.
3. Land used for energy crops may be in demand for other purposes, such as
farming, conservation, housing, resort or agricultural use.
4. Some Biomass conversion projects are from animal wastes and are relatively
small and therefore are limited.
5. Research is needed to reduce the costs of production of Biomass-based
fuels.
6. Some cases it causes major pollution.
7. Biomass plants produce bad odour.

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Hydroelectricity
When electrical current is generated from the kinetic energy of
flowing water, we call it hydroelectricity.
When water is at a height, it has potential energy stored in it.
When this water flows down, its potential energy is first
converted to kinetic energy and then to mechanical energy with
the help of turbines.
With the use of a generator, the mechanical energy is
transformed into electrical energy. Hydropower is essential only
next to thermal power.
Hydropower plants meet nearly 20% of the total power of the
world.

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Hydroelectricity
Advantages of Hydroelectricity:
•It is a clean and non-polluting source of energy.
•No fuel is required. Water is the source of energy, and it does not
consume water.
•Dams are constructed near rivers. As the water level rises, the kinetic
energy of water gets changed to potential energy.
Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity:
•Highly expensive.
•Large areas of human habitation and agricultural fields are
submerged.
•Dams can be made in limited areas.

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MODULE-V
Contents:
• Natural resources
• Water resources

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MODULE-V
• Natural resources: Classification of resources, living and
nonliving resources;
• Water resources: Use and over utilization of surface and
groundwater, floods and droughts, dams, benefits and
problems
• Land resources:
• Energy resources: renewable and non-renewable energy
sources, use of alternate energy sources.
• Environmental pollution: Causes, effects and control
measures of air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution
and noise pollution.

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Classification of resources
The two most common resource classifications are:
Natural resources – Natural resources can be defined as the
resources that exist on the planet independent of human actions.
Human resources – Human resources refers to the individuals
who make up an organization’s, business sector’s, industry’s, or
economy’s workers.
Classification of resources
The natural resources includes water, air, soil, minerals, coal, forests, crops and
wildlife are examples.
All the resources are classified based on quantity, quality, re-usability, men’s activity
and availability.

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Classifications of resources
Classification of Resources
Resources can be classified in the following ways
(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
Abiotic - these are non-living resources which are often eg minerals, such as
iron ore, that are used in the manufacturing of steel.
Biotic – living resources such as forest, agriculture, fish, and wildlife
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
Renewable - Renewable resources are the resources that regenerate through
the natural process within a reasonable time period.
Eg: Forests, wild life, water air, grasslands.
Non-renewable resources - Non-renewable resources are not
capable of regenerating. These resources have fixed quantity of stock
in the earth’s crust.
Eg: i) Energy resources – coal, oil, natural gas etc..

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The Water Cycle Or Hydrologic Cycle:
Due to the solar heat, water evaporates
or water is lost to the atmosphere as
vapour from the seas/oceans which is
then precipitated back in the form of rain,
snow, frost etc.
The evaporation and precipitation
continue forever, and thereby a balance is
maintained between the two. This
process is known as the Hydrologic Cycle.
Water resources

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Water is next to the air that man requires for his survival and existence. Water is needed
for daily use by organisms, for irrigation, industrial electricity production and domestic
use. Hence, water is an important resource in all economic activities ranging from
agriculture to industry.
The distribution of water resources is not uniform over the earth’s surface. About 97% of it
is saltwater in the seas & oceans, 2.6% is trapped in polar ice caps & glaciers.
Only 0.4% is available as freshwater. Solar radiation and earth’s gravitational pull are the
main driving forces of water cycle. Evaporation, condensation and precipitation are the
main processes involved in water cycle.
These processes alternate with each other. Freshwater occurs mainly
in two forms as.
1. Groundwater
2. Surface water
The distribution of freshwater is geographically uneven varying
greatly from country to country & even one region to another region.

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Surface water
The water stored on the
surface of the water is called
surface water.
The surface water is a very
small portion of freshwater
readily available for human
use.
The surface water is largely
used for irrigation, industrial
use, public water supply,
navigation etc.
A county’s economy is largely
dependent upon its rivers

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Underground water
The water source available deep in the ground due to percolation (Filtration of a liquid
through a porous substance) of surface water is called underground water.
Underground water is the major source of freshwater.
It is pure and used for various domestic and industrial purposes.
Eg: Aquifers
Aquifers: A layer of sediment or rock that is highly permeable and contains water is called
an aquifer.
Layers of sand and gravel are good aquifers while clay and crystalline rocks (like granite) are
not since they have low permeability.
Aquifers are of two types:
Unconfined aquifers: Unconfined aquifers are overlaid by permeable
earth materials and they are recharged by water seeping down from
above in the form of rainfall and snow melt.

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Confined aquifers:
• Confined aquifers are
sandwiched between two
impermeable layers of rock or
sediments and are recharged
only in those areas where the
aquifer intersects the land
surface.
• Sometimes the recharged
area is hundreds of
kilometres away from the
location of the well.

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Two major types of uses of water are:
Consumptive use: In consumptive use of water, it is fully utilized and is not reused.
Eg: Domestic, industrial and irrigation purpose.
Non-consumptive use: In non-consumptive use of water, it is not fully utilized and it is
reused. Eg: Hydropower application.
Other uses of water:
1. Domestic use: Water used in the houses for the purposes of drinking, bathing, washing
clothes, cooking, sanitary other needs. The recommended value according to Indian
standard specifications for domestic use is 135 liters/day
2. Industrial use: Water is required for various industries such as cement, mining, textile,
leather industries.
Uses of surface and groundwater
3. Public use: This includes water used for public utility purpose such as
watering parks, flushing streets; jails etc. 4. Fire use: Water is used in
case of accidents and to prevent the fire issues. 5. Irrigation: To grow
crops this is the main sources for food. 6. Other uses: Hydro electric
power generation requires water.

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Effects of groundwater usage- Excess usage of groundwater without a recharge, creates
the following problems.
1. Subsidence- when the rate of withdrawal is increasing without recharge of the water
table, then the sediments in the aquifer gets compacted. This phenomenon is called
groundwater subsidence. It creates structural damage in buildings, fractures in pipes,
reversing the flow of canals and tidal flooding.
2. Lowering of the water table- mining of groundwater is carried out in a few areas for
irrigation of crop fields. It causes a sharp decline in agricultural production due to a
decrease in the water table. It also decreases soil fertility.
3. Water–logging:- over irrigation causes excess water to accumulate
underground and forms a continuous column with the water table.
Due to this the pores present on the top soil, through which the soil
exchange the gases, will be drenched with water and soil-air gets
depleted. This process is known as water-logging.

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Floods:
An overflow of water, whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying
capacity of the channel within its banks is called a flood.
Various causes of floods are.
1. Heavy rainfall and sudden melting of ice.
2. Insufficient water channel capacity of rivers.
3. Construction of buildings, roads which prevents infiltration of water into soil.
4. Deforestation, over grazing and mining increases the runoff from rains and hence
increases the flood level.
5. Soil erosion and loss of vegetation would lead to flooding due to heavy rain.
Effects of Floods
1. Flood water brings various diseases, flood kills human lives.
2. Aquatic and wildlife habitats are destroyed by floods. This leads to
the loss of bio-diversity due to the migration of wildlife species to
the adjoining areas.

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• Flood causes economic loss, loss of crops, loss of livestock and property damage.
• Drainage systems and public transport systems get disrupted causing inconvenience
and discomfort to the common public.
• Flood can cause slitting of dams, damage to bridges and damage to hydropower plants.
• Agriculture products can be submerged under flood water causing financial loss to the
community.
Flood Management
• Construction of dams and reservoirs is an effective method of controlling floods.
• Advance metrological information can give enough time to active disaster
management systems.
• Hydroengineering operations in flood-affected areas for proper
diversion of floodwater.
• Construction of floodways and reserving green zone on the river
banks.

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Drought
• Drought is a scarcity of water. Drought occurs due to inadequate
rainfall, late arrival of rains overutilization of groundwater.
• The condition of dryness for a prolonged period is called drought
due to a drop in average rainfall. Drought cause famine and
starvation of the human-animal population of the region
concerned.
• Drought is the most serious physical hazard to agriculture. Shortage
of water or even basic needs is the main problem in drought areas.
• Shallow rooted plants don’t grow. Infiltration wells,
construction of dams, watersheds are being taken up in
drought-prone areas.
• Clouds seeding techniques, artificial rains etc., are to be
implemented.

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Drought – damages
Direct
1. loss of income
2. social dislocation
3. famine/malnutrition/death
Indirect
1. loss of rural and urban revenues
2. fire hazard, loss of water access

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BIG DAMS-BENEFITS & PROBLEMS
BENEFITS OF DAMS
Ecological:
• Reduction of floods and famines
• Promotion of productivity in lower areas
Socio-economic:
Employment, Generating electricity, Drinking water supply
Irrigation water supply, Promotion of Navigation and fishery
PROBLEMS OF DAMS
Ecological: Deforestation and loss of biodiversity
Waterlogging and salinity
Flash floods, Change in water flow and siltation,
Reservoir induced seismicity(RIS)
Socio-economic: Submergence of villages and fertile lands,
Displacement of native people
Resettlement issues, Outbreak of vector-borne diseases

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Dams may face problems upstream or downstream as listed
below:
Upstream problems
1. Displacement of tribal people
2. Loss of non-forest land
3. Loss of forests, flora and fauna
4. Landslides, sedimentation and siltation occur
5. stagnation and water logging around reservoirs retards plant
growth
6. Breeding of vectors and vector-borne diseases
7. Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) causes earthquakes
8. Navigation and aquaculture activities can be developed in
the dam area

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Downstream problems
1. Water logging and salinity due to over irrigation
2. Reduced water flow and silt deposition in rivers
3. Salt intrusion at river mouth
4. Since the sediments carrying nutrients gets deposited in the
reservoir, the fertility of the land along the river gets reduced
5. Due to structural defects or faulty design of the dam may
cause sudden dam failure leading to collapse and destruction
to life and property.

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• Land or soil is the uppermost part of the earth’s
surface which is used for the production of crops and
other biological materials needed for food, fodder,
medicine and associated material.
• The stones, sand and gravel are used in the
construction work.
• Some micro-organisms present in the soil maintain
soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and others are
responsible for the return of essential elements back
to the soil by the decomposition of dead organic
matter.
• The processes like nitrogen fixation, antibiosis, soil
formation, decomposition of organic matter etc. take
place within the soil.
• The surface soil also acts as a feeding zone for plants.
Land resources or soil resources
forest 32
Range land and
pasture
26
Desert 20
Cropland 20
Tundra and wet land 9
Urban areas 2

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The soil is constituted as a result of long term processes of complex interaction leading to
the production of a mineral matrix in close contact with organic matter both living and
dead after a long time, the parent mineral matter takes the modified shape which forms
soil.
The interactions among climatic, topographic and biological factors pave the process of
transformation and modification of mineral matter into the soil.
Thus, the soil has mainly the components like:
(i) Mineral matter
(ii) Soil organic matter (humus)
(iii) soil water
(iv) soil air
(v) Biological system.

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According to Dakuchayer (1889), the soil is a result of the actions and reciprocal
influences of parent rocks, climates, topography, living organisms and the age of the
land.
The Soil is described by the following formula
S = (g.e.b) t
where S is soil, ‘g’ is geology, ‘e’ is the environment; ‘b’ is biological influences and ‘t’ is
time. The formation of one inch of soil takes 500 to 1000 years.

Dr P.ReddyPrasad
Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering (IARE), Hyderabad
Email:prprasad@iare.ac.in
Module-V
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION

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MODULE-V
Contents:
Environmental pollution
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Soil pollution
• Noise pollution

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Definition of Pollution
• When Harmful substances Contaminate the environment, it is called
pollution.
• Pollution refers to the very bad condition of the environment in terms of
quantity and quality.

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Types of pollution
There are five types of pollution
• Air pollution
• Water Pollution
• Land Pollution
• Noise Pollution

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Air Pollution
Air pollution is defined as the composition of air is disturbed due to the presence of gas,
smoke, dust, chemical particulate etc., which are injurious to human beings, plant and
animal.
Primary pollutant: Pollutants that are emitted
directly from human or natural activities are
known as primary pollutants.
Ex:CO2, SO2, NOx, particulate matter,
hydrocarbons etc.,
Secondary pollutant: when primary
pollutants react with atmospheric moisture
content then a new category of pollutants
are formed, known as a secondary pollutant.
Ex: carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid
etc.
Cause of Air pollution
a) Urbanization
b) Population, c)Deforestation; (d)Industrialization
c) Automobiles and Domestic fuels, f)High Proportion of undesirable
gases, such as SO2 and CO2; g) Dust, Mist; Smoke
d) Carbon black; i) Aerosols
Types of Air pollution

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Major Air pollutants and their effects
a) Carbon dioxide: vehicles, burning of fossil fuels, emissions from volcanoes, industries,
agricultural activity etc. increase the greenhouse effect which causes global warming and climate
change.
b) Carbon monoxide: incomplete combustion of fossil fuel or other products. The source of CO is
vehicle emission, burning of coal, biomass combustion etc. CO causes headache, dizziness, heart
failure (in blood CO combines with oxygen which reduced the affinity of haemoglobin towards
oxygen), etc.
c) Sulphur dioxide: oil refineries, volcanic
eruption, chemical industries etc. sulphur
dioxide reacts with moisture to form a
secondary pollutant that causes eye
irritation. It can also cause allergic reactions
and asthma.

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i) Filters: filter remove particulate matter from the gas stream. Baghouse filter system is
the most common and it is made up of cotton fibers. When polluted gas passed through
it, then polluted gas is deposited on cotton fibers.
ii) Electrostatic scrubber: the emitting dust is charged with ions and ionized particulate
matter is collected on an oppositely charged surface.
The collected particles are removed by shaking the surface.
Techniques used for the prevention of Air pollution
d) Lead: tetraethyl lead is used as an anti-knocking agent in petrol for smooth function vehicles. A
lead particle comes out from the exhaust of the vehicle and is mixed with air. It causes an injurious
effect on the kidney and liver. It also lowers the intelligence power of children.
e) Nitrogen oxide: it is release from vehicle exhausts, volcanic eruption, lighting etc. like SO2, it
also react with moisture content present in atmosphere and causes eye irritation.
i) Scrubbers: Scrubbers are wet collectors. They remove aerosol from a
stream of gas either by collecting wet particles on a surface followed
by their removal on the particles are wetted by scrubber liquid.

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WATER POLLUTION
Source of Water pollution
i) Point source pollution: if pollutants discharge
from single identifiable source then it is known
as point source.
For example, municipal sources, industrial
sources etc.
i) Non-point source pollution: if pollutants
discharge from random or scattered sources then
it is known as a non-point source.
For example, construction sites, agricultural sites,
Acid rain, animal waste etc.
The undesirable biological or chemical substance present in water which adversely
affect living organism is referred as water pollution.

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a) Disease causing agents: the micro-organism including bacteria, virus, protozoa, if present
in drinking water causes disease.
b) Oxygen depleting waste: organic matters present in water are degraded by
microorganism present in water that required oxygen. If a large amount of organic matter
is present in wastewater then large amount of oxygen is required by the microorganism
to degrade the waste. Therefore oxygen content in water decrease. The amount of
oxygen consumed by microorganism is referred as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). High
level of BOC means large amount of waste present in water.
Cause & effects of Water pollution
c) Water soluble inorganic chemicals: the elements like lead, mercury,
cadmium, arsenic adversely affect human being and animals. For
example, cadmium causes Itai-Itai disease, mercury causes Minamata
disease.
d) Suspended solids: if suspended solid is present in water bodies, then
water become turbid and therefore proper sunlight does not reach
the aquatic plant and animal which disturb the life of the aquatic
ecosystem.

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Control measure for preventing water pollution
i) Industrial effluent and domestic waste must be treated before disposal.
ii) Recycling of wastewater through wastewater treatment.
iii) Public awareness program.

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NOISE POLLUTION
• Noise can be simply defined as unwanted sound.
• Noise level is measured in terms of decibels (dB). W.H.O. (World Health Organization)
has prescribed optimum noise levels as 45 dB by day and 35 dB by night. Anything above
80 dB is hazardous.
• The sound is pleasant or not depends upon its loudness, duration, rhythm and the mood
of the person.
Noise Levels:
• Decibels (dB)
• Intensity
• Frequency
• Periods of exposure and
• Duration
Causes of Noise pollution
Traffic noise, Aircraft noise, Noise from construction and civil
engineering works
Noise from the industries, noise from other sources.

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Effects of noise pollution
Noise pollution is highly annoying and irritating. Hearing Loss,
Noise disturbs sleep, cause hypertension (high blood pressure),
emotional problems such as aggression, mental depression and
annoyance. Colour blindness, Noise pollution adversely affect
the efficiency and performance of individuals.

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• Road traffic noise can be reduced by better design and proper maintenance of vehicles.
• Noise reduction measures include creating noise mounds, noise reduction walls and
well-maintained roads and smooth surfacing of roads.
• Retrofitting of locomotives continuously welded rail track, use of electric locomotives
or deployment of quieter rolling stock will reduce noises emanating from trains.
• Air traffic noise can be reduced by appropriate insulation and the introduction of noise
regulations for take off and landing of aircraft at the airport.
• Industrial noises can be reduced by soundproofing equipment like generators and
areas producing a lot of noise.
Prevention and control of noise pollution
• Power tools, very loud music and land movers, public functions using
loudspeakers, etc should not be permitted at night. Use of horns,
alarms, refrigeration units, etc. is to be restricted. Use of firecrackers
which are noisy and cause air pollution should be restricted.
• A green belt of trees is an efficient noise absorber.

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Land Pollution
One fourth of area is covered by land
The land is the earth that is occupied by people for shelter, occupation etc.,
Soil pollution is defined as the
presence of toxic chemicals
(pollutants or contaminants) in
soil, in high enough
concentrations to pose a risk to
human health and/or the
ecosystem.

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Causes of Land Pollution
We can classify major sources in the following categories:
• Mining, Erosion and quarrying
• Household Garbage
• Urbanization and Concentration of population
• Municipal solid waste
• Industrial waste and hazardous waste
• Uncontrolled land treatment
• Burning open dumps and forest fires
• Deforestation
Effect of Land Pollution
• The land can’t use for build house
• Man cannot be farming
• Groundwater will get affected
• Death the animals that inhabit the land

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Prevention of land Pollution
• More and more land should be brought under the farming
• Trees should be planted everywhere
• The waste matter should be disposed of immediately
• Avoid drilling the land for more underground water
• Avoid using more fertilizers and pesticides
• Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Good agricultural practices
• Remediation of polluted soils
• Prevention of erosion and silting
• Containment of hazardous waste and wastewater treatment using
land treatment techniques.

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Soil pollution can be defined as introduction of undesirable substance in soil which adversely
affects its physical, chemical and biological properties.
SOIL POLLUTION
Source of Soil pollution
Cause of Soil pollution or degradation
a) Soil erosion: removal or movement of topsoil from one place to another place is known
as soil erosion, it is a natural process. But the erosion enhances by human activities like
mining, construction, new land for agricultural practices, deforestation, over grazing etc.
Due to erosion, soil becomes less fertile and erosion also reduces the soil water holding
capacity.
a) Excess use of fertilizers: Essential micronutrients like N, P, K are
supplied by chemical fertilizer to increase the crop yield or
productivity. The microorganism present in the soil converts nitrogen
into nitrate ions; enter into food chain from soil disturbing the
biochemical process.
b) Acid Rain: acid rain increases the acidity of soil which reduces the
crop yield.

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d) Salinity of water: Due to excessive irrigation, concentration of soluble salt
increase in soil, then productivity and quality of soil decrease. These salts deposit
on the surface then diffusion of oxygen and drainage of water in soil does not
occur therefore growth of plant is slow down.
e) Industrial waste: various pollutants present in the environment from industrial
waste. Discharge from chemical industries, fertilizer and pharmaceutical
companies are highly polluting.
Effect of Soil pollution
i) Salinity and waterlogging reduce the fertility of soil and
crop yield.
ii) Toxic chemicals present in the soil also affect plant growth
and human life.
iii) soil pollution contaminated the underground water.

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Control measures for preventing soil pollution
i) Soil errosion must be prevented by proper tree plantation.
ii) Waste from industry and domestic must be treated before dumping.
iii) Replace synthetic fertilizers with organic fertilizers.
iv) Toxic and non-degradable materials must be banned.
v) Recycling and reuse of waste materials.
vi) Public awareness.

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