Chemical reactions that take place during metamor.pdf
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Chemical reactions that take place during metamorphism produce mineral assemblages stable under the new conditions of temperature and pressure. Thus, in order to understand the mineral assemblages and what they mean in terms of the pressure and temperature of metamorphism, we must first explore the various types of metamorphic reactions. A metamorphic reaction is an expression of how the minerals got to their final state, but a reaction does not necessarily tell us the path that was actually taken to arrive at this state. Sometimes it is possible to deduce the path by means of a reaction mechanism. Thus, we will also explore reaction mechanisms. If we are considering a rock of fixed chemical composition, then a metamorphic reaction states the principles of equilibrium. In other words, if we can write a reaction expressing equilibrium between the minerals we see in the rock, we expect that the reaction must have been taking place during metamorphism. We will first look at various types of metamorphic reactions. Univariant Reactions For a given rock composition, a univariant reaction is one that plots as a line or curve on a pressure-temperature diagram. If all phases in the reaction are present in the rock, then we know that the rock must have been metamorphosed at some pressure and temperature along the reaction boundary Consider for example the simple Al2SiO5 system with excess SiO2 and H2O. In low grade metamorphic in this system, the reaction: Al2Si4O10(OH)2 <=> Al2SiO5 + 3SiO2 + H2O Pyrophyllite Ky or Andal Qtz fluid defines a reaction boundary on a P-T diagram. This boundary can be determined experimentally or can be calculated using thermodynamic properties of the phases involved. If we find a rock that contains pyrophyllite, quartz, and an Al2SiO5 mineral, then we know that metamorphism took place somewhere along the trajectory of the reaction boundary. Furthermore, combining this with the knowledge of the stability fields of the Al2SiO5 minerals, we could place boundaries on the conditions of metamorphism. For example, if the mineral is andalusite, then we know the rock was metamorphosed at a pressure less than about 2.5 kilobars. If the mineral is kyanite, then we know that the pressure was greater than about 2.5 kilobars. Combinations of other such reactions could further constrain the pressure and temperature conditions of metamorphism. The example above, however, is probably too simple for a real rock. Although simple, we can use the diagram to illustrate another point. Imagine that a group of rocks are buried along the geothermal gradient shown in the diagram to the right. Rocks buried to a pressure less than about 4 kb and a temperature less than about 420 oC should have pyrophyllite so long as they have the right composition. Rocks buried to pressures between about 4 and 5 kb and temperatures between 420 and about 600 oC should have kyanite + quartz, and rocks buried to pressures along the geothermal gradient greater than about.
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Chemical equilibrium in metamorphic rocks, Retrograde metamorphism
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discussion on metamorphic rocks located after the chapters on igneous and sedimentary rocks,
and for very good reason. Metamorphic rocks form by the physical and sometimes chemical
alteration of a pre-existing rock, whether it is igneous or sedimentary. In some cases, even
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rocks forming from the melt produced by any rock type and a sedimentary rock forming from the
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today that we classify as either igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary, could have belonged to a
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table showing relative chemical shifts:
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/OrgPage/nmr.htm
Please note that just because a peak lands within a certain chemical certainly does not mean it
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hydrogens exhibiting equivalent environments.
Now that we know the rules of assigning peaks here\'s the breakdown of your spectra (in approx
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Please don\'t forget to rate, good luck studying!
Solution
Assigning protons in NMR can be fun, I think of it as solving a puzzle. Hydrogen atoms exhibit
different chemical shifts based on their enviornment (i.e. what is surrounding the hydrogen
atom). Certain chemical shift regimes are characteristic of specific environments. Here\'s a nice
table showing relative chemical shifts:
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/OrgPage/nmr.htm
Please note that just because a peak lands within a certain chemical certainly does not mean it
represents that specific hydrogen.
Another thing to take into account is integration as well as multiplicity. Integration is exactly
what it sounds, the integral of peak. This integral is directly proportional to the # of hydrogen
atoms that peak represents (normalized against all the other peaks of course). And multiplicity is
the # of peaks in a peak (thats a bit crude), but lets say we have a cluster of peaks, like those
present between 2-2.5ppm on the spectra. Here we have 2 different peaks, both are doublets (two
peaks within), this means that they have 2 - 1 = 1 neighboring hydrogen exhibiting the EXACT
same environment. Thus, where you see singlet peaks such as 1ppm, there are no neighboring
hydrogens exhibiting equivalent environments.
Now that we know the rules of assigning peaks here\'s the breakdown of your spectra (in approx
chemical shift):
a: 2.4
b: 1.0
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f: 5.2
g: 7.0
h: 6.9
j: 3.8
Please don\'t forget to rate, good luck studying!.
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without melting it or making it become sediment? All rocks are formed at certain temperatures
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stable at the conditions under which they form. Therefore, changing the temperature and/or
pressure conditions may lead to a different rock, one that changed in order to be stable under new
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Assigning protons in NMR can be fun, I think of it as solving a puzzle. Hydrogen atoms exhibit
different chemical shifts based on their enviornment (i.e. what is surrounding the hydrogen
atom). Certain chemical shift regimes are characteristic of specific environments. Here\'s a nice
table showing relative chemical shifts:
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/OrgPage/nmr.htm
Please note that just because a peak lands within a certain chemical certainly does not mean it
represents that specific hydrogen.
Another thing to take into account is integration as well as multiplicity. Integration is exactly
what it sounds, the integral of peak. This integral is directly proportional to the # of hydrogen
atoms that peak represents (normalized against all the other peaks of course). And multiplicity is
the # of peaks in a peak (thats a bit crude), but lets say we have a cluster of peaks, like those
present between 2-2.5ppm on the spectra. Here we have 2 different peaks, both are doublets (two
peaks within), this means that they have 2 - 1 = 1 neighboring hydrogen exhibiting the EXACT
same environment. Thus, where you see singlet peaks such as 1ppm, there are no neighboring
hydrogens exhibiting equivalent environments.
Now that we know the rules of assigning peaks here\'s the breakdown of your spectra (in approx
chemical shift):
a: 2.4
b: 1.0
c: 6.3
d: 6.8
e: 4.6
f: 5.2
g: 7.0
h: 6.9
j: 3.8
Please don\'t forget to rate, good luck studying!
Solution
Assigning protons in NMR can be fun, I think of it as solving a puzzle. Hydrogen atoms exhibit
different chemical shifts based on their enviornment (i.e. what is surrounding the hydrogen
atom). Certain chemical shift regimes are characteristic of specific environments. Here\'s a nice
table showing relative chemical shifts:
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/OrgPage/nmr.htm
Please note that just because a peak lands within a certain chemical certainly does not mean it
represents that specific hydrogen.
Another thing to take into account is integration as well as multiplicity. Integration is exactly
what it sounds, the integral of peak. This integral is directly proportional to the # of hydrogen
atoms that peak represents (normalized against all the other peaks of course). And multiplicity is
the # of peaks in a peak (thats a bit crude), but lets say we have a cluster of peaks, like those
present between 2-2.5ppm on the spectra. Here we have 2 different peaks, both are doublets (two
peaks within), this means that they have 2 - 1 = 1 neighboring hydrogen exhibiting the EXACT
same environment. Thus, where you see singlet peaks such as 1ppm, there are no neighboring
hydrogens exhibiting equivalent environments.
Now that we know the rules of assigning peaks here\'s the breakdown of your spectra (in approx
chemical shift):
a: 2.4
b: 1.0
c: 6.3
d: 6.8
e: 4.6
f: 5.2
g: 7.0
h: 6.9
j: 3.8
Please don\'t forget to rate, good luck studying!.
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This document summarizes the different grades of metamorphism: very low-grade, low-grade, medium-grade, and high-grade. Each grade is defined by the typical temperature and pressure conditions and indicator minerals present. Very low-grade occurs below 200°C and involves minerals like lawsonite. Low-grade occurs from 200-300°C and involves hydrous minerals. Medium-grade occurs from 400-550°C and involves minerals like staurolite and cordierite. High-grade occurs above 600°C and involves breakdown of minerals like muscovite. Isogrades are lines that indicate boundaries of metamorphic grade based on the appearance of indicator minerals.
gradeofmetbalaji-170612072530.pdf
This document summarizes the different grades of metamorphism: very low-grade, low-grade, medium-grade, and high-grade. Each grade is defined by the typical temperature and pressure conditions and indicator minerals present. Very low-grade occurs below 200°C and involves minerals like lawsonite. Low-grade occurs between 200-300°C and involves hydrous minerals. Medium-grade occurs between 400-550°C and involves minerals like staurolite and cordierite. High-grade occurs above 600-800°C and involves breakdown of minerals like muscovite. Isogrades are lines that indicate boundaries of metamorphic grade based on the appearance of indicator minerals.
Brs 2
Norman Bowen experimentally determined a crystallization sequence of minerals in igneous rocks called Bowen's Reaction Series. This series shows the order in which minerals crystallize as magma cools, from early high-temperature minerals like olivine to late low-temperature minerals like quartz. Bowen discovered there is a regular mineral sequence that matches what is observed in natural igneous rocks. The reaction series helps explain mineral associations and weathering patterns in different rock types.
Physico-chemical controls of rocks
This document discusses metamorphic rocks and the processes of metamorphism. It outlines the key physico-chemical controls of metamorphism including pressure, temperature, fluids, and bulk rock composition. It also describes how increasing temperature and pressure leads to higher grades of metamorphism. In conclusion, it emphasizes that the interaction of these physico-chemical controls creates a complex system that transforms rocks through metamorphism.
Tabla periodica
This document contains figures that show patterns in geochemistry and mineral formation across parts of the periodic table. Arranging the periodic table with ions listed by ionic potential, as in the Earth Scientist's Periodic Table, causes many geochemical properties to follow predictable patterns. Speciation in solution, oxide mineral formation, and oxysalt mineral chemistry all vary systematically when viewed through this framework. Solubility, melting temperature, substitution behavior in igneous minerals, and compatibility in magmatic crystallization also correlate with ion properties along contours of equal ionic potential. This arrangement of the periodic table thus provides a useful perspective for understanding elemental behavior in earth materials and processes.
1268 LPSC XXX abstract
This document summarizes modeling of low-temperature chemical alteration of martian basalt by water. Two scenarios were modeled: open system, where the system exchanges gases with the atmosphere; and closed system, sealed from the atmosphere. In the open system, alteration yields clays and carbonates, with near-neutral pH water. In the closed system, alteration yields clays and serpentine, with strongly alkaline water and reducing gases like H2 and CH4 forming at high pressures. The models provide insights into volatile storage during aqueous alteration on Mars' surface.
Class 11 Physics Revision Notes Kinetic Theory.pdf
The document provides an overview of kinetic theory and its applications. It begins by defining kinetic theory and its assumptions, such as gases being made up of rapidly moving particles and elastic collisions. It then discusses how kinetic theory can explain gas properties and laws like Boyle's, Charles's, Avogadro's, and Dalton's laws of partial pressures. Real gases are shown to approach ideal gas behavior at low pressures and high temperatures. The kinetic theory of ideal gases is derived, relating pressure to the average kinetic energy and molecular speed. Molecular motion, elastic collisions with walls, and the conservation of momentum and energy are used to justify kinetic theory's assumptions.
CHEMICAL MINERALOGY REACTIONS
Certain Phenomenon of Chemical Mineralogy was presented by Dr. Narendra Joshi. The presentation covered several key topics:
Solid solutions - where two or more elements occupy crystal sites in variable proportions. Types include substitutional, omission, and interstitial. Solid solutions have applications like increasing alloy strength.
Exsolution - the separation of a solid solution into distinct mineral phases during cooling. Examples include perthite formation in feldspar.
Polymorphism - the ability of substances to crystallize in different structures. Types are reconstructive, displacive, and order-disorder transformations. Quartz exhibits displacive polymorphism.
Isomorphism - where
Chapter7 metamorphicrocks-110708162052-phpapp02
This document summarizes metamorphism, which is the process by which rocks are changed from their original form due to heat, pressure, and chemical reactions. Metamorphism alters the texture and mineralogy of rocks through processes like recrystallization, phase changes, and neocrystallization. Metamorphic grade increases with temperature and pressure, transforming rocks from slate to phyllite to schist and finally to gneiss. Differential stress can produce foliation textures as platy minerals align. Metamorphic rocks record information about their conditions of formation.
7-Metamorphic Facies.ppt
This document discusses metamorphic facies and key concepts in metamorphic petrology. It defines metamorphic facies as ranges of mineral assemblages that form under similar pressure-temperature conditions, regardless of the original rock type. Several classic metamorphic zones defined by index minerals are described, as well as variations that depend on bulk rock composition. The document also outlines the major metamorphic facies series and explains how they relate to tectonic settings like subduction zones and orogenic belts.
Methamorphic Rocks
This document provides an overview of metamorphic rocks, including the processes of metamorphism, common structures and textures, classification, and descriptive study of common metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism involves changes to pre-existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. This causes changes in mineral composition and texture. Common structures that form include foliation and lineation due to alignment of minerals. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on their protolith and degree of metamorphism experienced. Examples of commonly studied metamorphic rocks described include quartzite, marble, slate, gneiss, and schist.
State of matter
This document defines and describes the various states of matter:
- There are four main states - solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Other states like Bose-Einstein condensates exist in extreme conditions.
- Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles close together. Liquids have a fixed volume but variable shape. Gases are compressible and fill their container.
- Plasma contains ions and electrons that move freely, and is the most common state in the universe. Dark matter is hypothesized to account for "missing mass" through its gravitational effects. Antimatter consists of antiparticles that annihilate with normal particles.
Distribution and habitability of (meta)stable brines on present-day Mars
Special Regions on Mars are defined as environments able to host liquid water that simultaneously meets certain tem- perature and water activity requirements that allow known terrestrial organisms to replicate1,2 and therefore could be habitable. Such regions would be of concern for planetary protection policies owing to the potential for forward con- tamination (biological contamination from Earth). Pure liquid water is unstable on the Martian surface3,4 but brines may be present3,5. Experimental work has shown that brines persist beyond their predicted stability region, leading to metastable liquids6–8. Here we show that (meta)stable brines can form and persist from the equator to high latitudes on the surface of Mars for a few percent of the year for up to six consecutive hours, a broader range than previously thought9,10. However, onlythelowesteutecticsolutionscanform,leadingtobrines with temperatures of less than 225 K. Our results indicate that (meta)stable brines on the Martian surface and its shal- low subsurface (a few centimetres deep) are not habitable because their water activities and temperatures fall outside the known tolerances for terrestrial life. Furthermore, (meta) stable brines do not meet the Special Region requirements, reducing the risk of forward contamination and easing threats related to the exploration of the Martian surface.
Metamorphic rocks an introduction to metamorphism
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It begins by defining metamorphism as the change in form of rocks due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. This causes changes in mineralogy, texture, and composition. The main factors that cause metamorphism are then discussed, including temperature, pressure (both uniform and direct), and chemically active fluids. Different types of metamorphism are also summarized, such as contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions and regional metamorphism during mountain building. The document concludes by noting how metamorphic rocks are eventually exhumed to the surface through erosion.
Metamorphism presentation .pdf
Metamorphism is the process by which solid rocks undergo changes to their mineralogy and texture due to changes in temperature, pressure, and fluids at depth in the Earth. During metamorphism, the original rock, called the protolith, undergoes changes without melting as a result of increased temperature and pressure from burial or intrusion. These changes result in new mineral assemblages and textures. There are three main types of metamorphism that occur depending on the relative effects of mechanical and chemical changes: contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions, regional metamorphism at deeper burial depths, and dynamic metamorphism from tectonic forces.
Earth Science 2.4 : Metamorphic Rock
This document describes metamorphic rock and the processes of metamorphism. It explains that rocks can undergo metamorphism through heat, pressure, or both, which causes changes to their structure, texture, or composition. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism deep underground from pressure. Original minerals change into more stable minerals indicating temperature and pressure. Metamorphic rocks exhibit foliated or non-foliated textures and structures like folds that result from deformation during metamorphism.
hoff-lecture.pptx
1) The document discusses the history and importance of osmotic pressure, which is the pressure exerted by water moving through a membrane into a solution.
2) Early scientists like Pfeffer measured osmotic pressure but could not determine its relationship to variables like concentration and temperature.
3) Van't Hoff discovered that with dilute solutions, osmotic pressure is equal to gas pressure, allowing osmotic pressure to be used to determine molecular weights and study chemical equilibriums.
States of matter.pptx
The document discusses the three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It describes the characteristics of each state, including that solids have the strongest intermolecular forces and definite shape/volume, liquids have definite mass and volume but no definite shape, and gases have indefinite shape and volume and their molecules move rapidly in random motion. Factors like temperature and pressure can cause a substance to transition between these different states. The document also summarizes several gas laws and theories including Boyle's law, Charles' law, the kinetic molecular theory, the ideal gas equation, and Dalton's law of partial pressures.
Metamorphic facies
Metamorphic facies are groups of metamorphic rocks characterized by distinct mineral groups originating under specific pressure and temperature conditions. There are three main series: 1) high temperature and low pressure facies found in volcanic arcs and continental collisions, starting from zeolite facies and progressing through amphibolite and granulite facies. 2) high pressure and low temperature facies in subduction zones, starting from zeolite through blueschist and eclogite facies. 3) medium pressure and temperature facies during natural rock burial, beginning with zeolite and progressing through amphibolite or eclogite depending on composition. Diagrams show distinctive minerals of each facies and facies
Enzyme kinetics and catalysis
This document discusses enzyme kinetics and catalytic mechanisms. It provides details on:
1. The catalytic triad of serine proteases (Ser195, His57, Asp102) and how inhibitors like DIPF can label the active site serine, disabling the enzyme.
2. The kinetic steps of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, including substrate binding, formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, and release of products.
3. How transition state theory is used to explain the kinetic barrier for reactions, and how enzymes lower this activation energy to greatly increase reaction rates.
4. How reaction rates depend on parameters like temperature, activation energy, and catalysts through equations derived from Arrhenius kinetics
Similar to Chemical reactions that take place during metamor.pdf (20)
Class 11 Physics Revision Notes Kinetic Theory.pdf
Class 11 Physics Revision Notes Kinetic Theory.pdf
Distribution and habitability of (meta)stable brines on present-day Mars
Distribution and habitability of (meta)stable brines on present-day Mars
More from anushkaent7
A. ASBRThe router is an ASBR type because all configured networks .pdf
A. ASBR
The router is an ASBR type because all configured networks are in one area, Area 0, and yet
there is a default route to an address not included.
Solution
A. ASBR
The router is an ASBR type because all configured networks are in one area, Area 0, and yet
there is a default route to an address not included..
A TetrahedralB polar becaue there is an uneven distribution of e.pdf
A: Tetrahedral
B: polar becaue there is an uneven distribution of electrons throughout the molecule
Solution
A: Tetrahedral
B: polar becaue there is an uneven distribution of electrons throughout the molecule.
1)Journal entriesT- AccountsCommon StockCommon Stock dividends.pdf
1)Journal entries
T- Accounts
Common Stock
Common Stock dividends distributable
Paid in capital in excess of par - common stock
Retained earnings
Cash dividends 235,776 $483,144
Stockholders equity
Common stock (145920 shares @11) $1,605,120
Paid in capital in excess of par- common stock 246,060
Total paid in capital $1,851,180
Add: Retained earnings 483,144
Total Stockholder\'s equity
$4,185,504DateDescriptionDebitCreditFeb1Dividends$192,000To Dividends payable(
64,000@3)$192,000March 1Dividends payable$192,000To Cash$192,000April 1No
Entry(64,000*2 = 128,000 shares @11July 1Stock dividends(128000@14%@14)$250,880To
Stock dividend distributable(17,920@11)$197,120To Addittional paid in capital$ 53,760July
31Stock dividend distributable$197,120To Common stock$197,120Dec 1Dividend$43,776To
dividend payable(128,000+17920 ) .30$43,776Dec 31Income summary$371,000To Retained
earnings$371,000Retained earnings$250,880To Stock dividends$250,880Retained
earnings$235,776To dividends$235,776
Solution
1)Journal entries
T- Accounts
Common Stock
Common Stock dividends distributable
Paid in capital in excess of par - common stock
Retained earnings
Cash dividends 235,776 $483,144
Stockholders equity
Common stock (145920 shares @11) $1,605,120
Paid in capital in excess of par- common stock 246,060
Total paid in capital $1,851,180
Add: Retained earnings 483,144
Total Stockholder\'s equity
$4,185,504DateDescriptionDebitCreditFeb1Dividends$192,000To Dividends payable(
64,000@3)$192,000March 1Dividends payable$192,000To Cash$192,000April 1No
Entry(64,000*2 = 128,000 shares @11July 1Stock dividends(128000@14%@14)$250,880To
Stock dividend distributable(17,920@11)$197,120To Addittional paid in capital$ 53,760July
31Stock dividend distributable$197,120To Common stock$197,120Dec 1Dividend$43,776To
dividend payable(128,000+17920 ) .30$43,776Dec 31Income summary$371,000To Retained
earnings$371,000Retained earnings$250,880To Stock dividends$250,880Retained
earnings$235,776To dividends$235,776.
1) a.Seasonal H1N1 influenza Seasonal contaminate the superior or u.pdf
1) a.Seasonal H1N1 influenza: Seasonal contaminate the superior or upper respiratory.
b. Pandemic H1N1 influenza strain infect: Pandemic contaminate bottom or lower respiratory
tract.
2) 2-3 Alpha related to sialic acid and it vary from 2-6 related to sialic acid.
3) a.Moderate change of the virus eg: infecting the flu many times in one year in seasonal H1N1
influenza
b.sudden paramount change occurs of virus in pandemic H1N1 influenza.
Solution
1) a.Seasonal H1N1 influenza: Seasonal contaminate the superior or upper respiratory.
b. Pandemic H1N1 influenza strain infect: Pandemic contaminate bottom or lower respiratory
tract.
2) 2-3 Alpha related to sialic acid and it vary from 2-6 related to sialic acid.
3) a.Moderate change of the virus eg: infecting the flu many times in one year in seasonal H1N1
influenza
b.sudden paramount change occurs of virus in pandemic H1N1 influenza..
1 mole of 12C contains 6.02 x 1023 carbon atomsSolution1 mole .pdf
1 mole of 12C contains 6.02 x 1023 carbon atoms
Solution
1 mole of 12C contains 6.02 x 1023 carbon atoms.
Two advantages of using financial accounting information in decision.pdf
Two advantages of using financial accounting information in decision making are :
(i) Financial accounting provides an insight into the financial viability of the Company. Hence,
based on the fund position, the decision can be correctly taken.
(ii) Further, the financial accounting makes calculation of ratios easier, which can lead to a
correct decision regarding the long term or short term profitability of the decision to be taken, as
the case may be.
Two disadvantages thereagainst are :
(i) Financial accounting, if not done in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles, can lead to a wrong picture being shown. This can affect the purchase power for a
decision to be taken correctly.
(ii) In major cases of decision making, budgets are also required to be analysed. This information
is not provided for by financial accounting, but by management accounting.
Solution
Two advantages of using financial accounting information in decision making are :
(i) Financial accounting provides an insight into the financial viability of the Company. Hence,
based on the fund position, the decision can be correctly taken.
(ii) Further, the financial accounting makes calculation of ratios easier, which can lead to a
correct decision regarding the long term or short term profitability of the decision to be taken, as
the case may be.
Two disadvantages thereagainst are :
(i) Financial accounting, if not done in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles, can lead to a wrong picture being shown. This can affect the purchase power for a
decision to be taken correctly.
(ii) In major cases of decision making, budgets are also required to be analysed. This information
is not provided for by financial accounting, but by management accounting..
their joint probability is the product of the probability of the eve.pdf
their joint probability is the product of the probability of the events
Solution
their joint probability is the product of the probability of the events.
The phylogenetic origin of the flu virus that caused the 2009 pandem.pdf
The phylogenetic origin of the flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemics can be traced before
1918. Around 1918, the ancestral virus, of avian origin, crossed the species boundaries and
infected humans as human H1N1 in North America. The same phenomenon took place, where
the human virus was infecting pigs; it led to the emergence of the H1N1 swine strain, which later
became the swine flu.
Then the avian strain H1N1 infected humans again; this time the virus met the strain H2N2, and
then the strain H3N2 originated.
Around 1979, the avian H1N1 strain infected pigs and gave rise to Euroasiatic swine flu and
H1N1 Euroasiatic swine virus.
The 2009 outbreak is a triple reassortment process in a pig host of North American H1N1 swine
virus, the human H3N2 virus and avian H1N1 virus which generated the swine H1N2 strain.
Finally, the last step was in 2009, when the virus H1N2 co-infected a human host at the same
time as the Euroasiatic H1N1 swine strain. This led to the emergence of a new human H1N1
strain, which caused the 2009 pandemic.
In 2009, the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 for
swine flu, which is the highest alert level. This alert level means that the swine flu had spread
worldwide and there were cases of people with the virus in most countries.
Swine flu spread very rapidly worldwide due to its high human-to-human transmission rate and
due to the frequency of air travel.
This difference in the rate of spread is mainly due to the increased volume and speed of global
transportation and to a minimal extent the increased virulance of the pathogen.
Solution
The phylogenetic origin of the flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemics can be traced before
1918. Around 1918, the ancestral virus, of avian origin, crossed the species boundaries and
infected humans as human H1N1 in North America. The same phenomenon took place, where
the human virus was infecting pigs; it led to the emergence of the H1N1 swine strain, which later
became the swine flu.
Then the avian strain H1N1 infected humans again; this time the virus met the strain H2N2, and
then the strain H3N2 originated.
Around 1979, the avian H1N1 strain infected pigs and gave rise to Euroasiatic swine flu and
H1N1 Euroasiatic swine virus.
The 2009 outbreak is a triple reassortment process in a pig host of North American H1N1 swine
virus, the human H3N2 virus and avian H1N1 virus which generated the swine H1N2 strain.
Finally, the last step was in 2009, when the virus H1N2 co-infected a human host at the same
time as the Euroasiatic H1N1 swine strain. This led to the emergence of a new human H1N1
strain, which caused the 2009 pandemic.
In 2009, the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 for
swine flu, which is the highest alert level. This alert level means that the swine flu had spread
worldwide and there were cases of people with the virus in most countries.
Swine flu spread very rapidly worldwide due to its hig.
The Program to find out the middle of a given linked listclass Lin.pdf
The Program to find out the middle of a given linked list
class LinkedList
{
Node head;
class Node
{
int data;
Node next;
Node(int d)
{
data = d;
next = null;
}
}
void printMiddle()
{
Node slow_ptr = head;
Node fast_ptr = head;
if (head != null)
{
while (fast_ptr != null && fast_ptr.next != null)
{
fast_ptr = fast_ptr.next.next;
slow_ptr = slow_ptr.next;
}
System.out.println(\"The middle element is [\" +
slow_ptr.data + \"] \ \");
}
}
public void push(int new_data)
{
Node new_node = new Node(new_data);
new_node.next = head;
head = new_node;
}
public void printList()
{
Node tnode = head;
while (tnode != null)
{
System.out.print(tnode.data+\"->\");
tnode = tnode.next;
}
System.out.println(\"NULL\");
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
LinkedList llist = new LinkedList();
for (int i=5; i>0; --i)
{
llist.push(i);
llist.printList();
llist.printMiddle();
}
}
}
Solution
The Program to find out the middle of a given linked list
class LinkedList
{
Node head;
class Node
{
int data;
Node next;
Node(int d)
{
data = d;
next = null;
}
}
void printMiddle()
{
Node slow_ptr = head;
Node fast_ptr = head;
if (head != null)
{
while (fast_ptr != null && fast_ptr.next != null)
{
fast_ptr = fast_ptr.next.next;
slow_ptr = slow_ptr.next;
}
System.out.println(\"The middle element is [\" +
slow_ptr.data + \"] \ \");
}
}
public void push(int new_data)
{
Node new_node = new Node(new_data);
new_node.next = head;
head = new_node;
}
public void printList()
{
Node tnode = head;
while (tnode != null)
{
System.out.print(tnode.data+\"->\");
tnode = tnode.next;
}
System.out.println(\"NULL\");
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
LinkedList llist = new LinkedList();
for (int i=5; i>0; --i)
{
llist.push(i);
llist.printList();
llist.printMiddle();
}
}
}.
Question 1Answer b. The returned value, return address, paramete.pdf
Question 1:
Answer: b. The returned value, return address, parameters, and local variables
Question 2:
Answer: Pointers have to point to a certain type
Question 3:
Answer: True
Question 4:
Answer: True
Solution
Question 1:
Answer: b. The returned value, return address, parameters, and local variables
Question 2:
Answer: Pointers have to point to a certain type
Question 3:
Answer: True
Question 4:
Answer: True.
Plasma membrane of human is made of phospholipids; these are fluids .pdf
Plasma membrane of human is made of phospholipids; these are fluids so fluidity is reflected to
the viscosity of the membrane. The fluidity is reciprocal to viscosity of the lipids of membrane.
High viscosity causes to low fluidity.
Cholesterol plays an important role for the binding of phospholipids in the membrane.
Cholesterol has hydrocarbon ring. They interact with the hydrophilic head of phospholipids
through their polar hydroxyl groups. This binding helps to decrease mobility of membrane to
outside; make more rigid. When the temperature downs from 37 0C (200C) the cholesterol plays
such important role because it prevents the closeness of lipid hydrocarbon chains by binding with
them. When the temperature rises (400C) cholesterol holds some methylene group of fatty acid
chains and thus increases the melting temperature.
Solution
Plasma membrane of human is made of phospholipids; these are fluids so fluidity is reflected to
the viscosity of the membrane. The fluidity is reciprocal to viscosity of the lipids of membrane.
High viscosity causes to low fluidity.
Cholesterol plays an important role for the binding of phospholipids in the membrane.
Cholesterol has hydrocarbon ring. They interact with the hydrophilic head of phospholipids
through their polar hydroxyl groups. This binding helps to decrease mobility of membrane to
outside; make more rigid. When the temperature downs from 37 0C (200C) the cholesterol plays
such important role because it prevents the closeness of lipid hydrocarbon chains by binding with
them. When the temperature rises (400C) cholesterol holds some methylene group of fatty acid
chains and thus increases the melting temperature..
Please post the exact proplem in comments.SolutionPlease post .pdf
This document does not provide enough information to summarize. It only states to post the exact problem in comments but does not provide any other context or details about an issue being discussed.
P( both correct) = P( first correct)P( second correct) = 1212 = .pdf
P( both correct) = P( first correct)*P( second correct) = 1/2*1/2 = 1/4
Solution
P( both correct) = P( first correct)*P( second correct) = 1/2*1/2 = 1/4.
One of the functions of skin is to regulate the temperature. The ski.pdf
One of the functions of skin is to regulate the temperature. The skin under the influence of
homeostatic control regulates the body temperature. Skin coordinates with the blood vessels
present in it to regulate the temperature. When the outside environment is hot with high
temperature, the blood vessels are dilated to initiate the heat loos. Simulatneously, the sweat
glands in skin produce sweat or prespiration along with salts. The sweat with the blow of wind
from outside cools the body immediately and allow the drop of internal temperature.
When the external environment is cold with low temperatures, blood vessels constrict and pores
and sweat glands in skin are tightened initiating shivering to retain or generate heat in the body
and to resist the cold temperatures. The heat or cold temperatures are snesed by the
thermorteceptors present in the skin and that carry the sensory information to temperature
regulation center in the brain (pituitary gland). The signals received back by the receptors
integrate the message with skin and regulates the temperature.
Solution
One of the functions of skin is to regulate the temperature. The skin under the influence of
homeostatic control regulates the body temperature. Skin coordinates with the blood vessels
present in it to regulate the temperature. When the outside environment is hot with high
temperature, the blood vessels are dilated to initiate the heat loos. Simulatneously, the sweat
glands in skin produce sweat or prespiration along with salts. The sweat with the blow of wind
from outside cools the body immediately and allow the drop of internal temperature.
When the external environment is cold with low temperatures, blood vessels constrict and pores
and sweat glands in skin are tightened initiating shivering to retain or generate heat in the body
and to resist the cold temperatures. The heat or cold temperatures are snesed by the
thermorteceptors present in the skin and that carry the sensory information to temperature
regulation center in the brain (pituitary gland). The signals received back by the receptors
integrate the message with skin and regulates the temperature..
None of the options.SolutionNone of the options..pdf
This 1 sentence document does not provide any options to choose from. It simply states "None of the options" and provides no other context or information.
Main class --------------------------import java.awt.FlowLayout.pdf
Main class :-
-------------------------
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import java.awt.Insets;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JTextField;
public class Main {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
final InfixExperssionEvaluator ie = new InfixExperssionEvaluator();
JFrame frame = new JFrame(\"FrameDemo\");
frame.setSize(600,200);
frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JPanel main = new JPanel(new GridLayout(3, 1));
JPanel panel1 = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1, 2));
panel1.setSize(500, 250);
panel1.add(new JLabel(\"Enter Infix Expression\"));
final JTextField field1 = new JTextField();
field1.setSize(150,100);
panel1.add(field1);
main.add(panel1);
JPanel panel2 = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1, 1));
panel1.setSize(300, 150);
JButton button = new JButton();
button.setSize(200, 100);
button.setText(\"Submit\");
panel2.add(button);
main.add(panel2);
JPanel panel3 = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1, 2));
panel3.add(new JLabel(\"Value : \"));
final JLabel lbl = new JLabel();
panel3.add(lbl);
main.add(panel3);
frame.getContentPane().add(main);
frame.setVisible(true);
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if (\"Submit\".equals(e.getActionCommand())) {
String expr = field1.getText();
lbl.setText(Double.toString(ie.infixToValue(expr)));
}
}
});
button.setActionCommand(\"Submit\");
String expr = \"((2*5)+(6/2))\";
System.out.println(\"value is ::\"+ ie.infixToValue(expr));
}
}
Class for Evaluate methods :-
-----------------------------------------
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class InfixExperssionEvaluator {
Stack expressionStack = new Stack();
Stack valueStack = new Stack(); //to hold only non-decimal values
public static final String OPERATORS=\"+-/*()\"; //ignore the \"(\" as an operator
//Map For Operator precedence Key(+,-,*,/) , value 0/1/2/3..
Map operator_levels = new HashMap();
public InfixExperssionEvaluator(){
operator_levels.put(\")\", 0);
operator_levels.put(\"*\", 1);
operator_levels.put(\"/\", 1);
operator_levels.put(\"+\", 2);
operator_levels.put(\"-\", 2);
operator_levels.put(\"(\", 3);
}
double infixToValue(String inputExpression) {
String eachNumber=\"\"; //to hold multiple digit values. lame idea, i know, but can\'t
think of anything else at 2 AM
int totalCharInInput = inputExpression.length();
inputExpression.replaceAll(\"\\\\s+\",\"\");
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StringTokenizer tokens = new StringTokenizer(inputExpression, \"{}()*/+-\", true);
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if (isValidOperator(eachCh.
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It is a test for iron(III) ion present in the solution , so it is a chemical change
The chemical reaction involved in it is
Fe 3+ + SCN- -------> [Fe(NCS)(H2O)5]2+.
blood red
Solution
It is a test for iron(III) ion present in the solution , so it is a chemical change
The chemical reaction involved in it is
Fe 3+ + SCN- -------> [Fe(NCS)(H2O)5]2+.
blood red.
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- 1. Chemical reactions that take place during metamorphism produce mineral assemblages stable under the new conditions of temperature and pressure. Thus, in order to understand the mineral assemblages and what they mean in terms of the pressure and temperature of metamorphism, we must first explore the various types of metamorphic reactions. A metamorphic reaction is an expression of how the minerals got to their final state, but a reaction does not necessarily tell us the path that was actually taken to arrive at this state. Sometimes it is possible to deduce the path by means of a reaction mechanism. Thus, we will also explore reaction mechanisms. If we are considering a rock of fixed chemical composition, then a metamorphic reaction states the principles of equilibrium. In other words, if we can write a reaction expressing equilibrium between the minerals we see in the rock, we expect that the reaction must have been taking place during metamorphism. We will first look at various types of metamorphic reactions. Univariant Reactions For a given rock composition, a univariant reaction is one that plots as a line or curve on a pressure-temperature diagram. If all phases in the reaction are present in the rock, then we know that the rock must have been metamorphosed at some pressure and temperature along the reaction boundary Consider for example the simple Al2SiO5 system with excess SiO2 and H2O. In low grade metamorphic in this system, the reaction: Al2Si4O10(OH)2 <=> Al2SiO5 + 3SiO2 + H2O Pyrophyllite Ky or Andal Qtz fluid defines a reaction boundary on a P-T diagram. This boundary can be determined experimentally or can be calculated using thermodynamic properties of the phases involved. If we find a rock that contains pyrophyllite, quartz, and an Al2SiO5 mineral, then we know that metamorphism took place somewhere along the trajectory of the reaction boundary. Furthermore, combining this with the knowledge of the stability fields of the Al2SiO5 minerals, we could place boundaries on the conditions of metamorphism. For example, if the mineral is andalusite, then we know the rock was metamorphosed at a pressure less than about 2.5 kilobars. If the mineral is kyanite, then we know that the pressure was greater than about 2.5 kilobars. Combinations of other such reactions could further constrain the pressure and temperature conditions of metamorphism. The example above, however, is probably too simple for a real rock. Although simple, we can use the diagram to illustrate another point. Imagine that a group of rocks are buried along the geothermal gradient shown in the diagram to the right. Rocks buried to a pressure less than about 4 kb and a temperature less than about 420 oC should have pyrophyllite so long as they have the right composition. Rocks buried to pressures between about 4 and 5 kb and temperatures between 420 and about 600 oC should have kyanite + quartz, and rocks buried to pressures along the geothermal gradient greater than about 5 kb and temperatures greater than about 600 oC should have Sillimanite + Quartz. Solution
- 2. Chemical reactions that take place during metamorphism produce mineral assemblages stable under the new conditions of temperature and pressure. Thus, in order to understand the mineral assemblages and what they mean in terms of the pressure and temperature of metamorphism, we must first explore the various types of metamorphic reactions. A metamorphic reaction is an expression of how the minerals got to their final state, but a reaction does not necessarily tell us the path that was actually taken to arrive at this state. Sometimes it is possible to deduce the path by means of a reaction mechanism. Thus, we will also explore reaction mechanisms. If we are considering a rock of fixed chemical composition, then a metamorphic reaction states the principles of equilibrium. In other words, if we can write a reaction expressing equilibrium between the minerals we see in the rock, we expect that the reaction must have been taking place during metamorphism. We will first look at various types of metamorphic reactions. Univariant Reactions For a given rock composition, a univariant reaction is one that plots as a line or curve on a pressure-temperature diagram. If all phases in the reaction are present in the rock, then we know that the rock must have been metamorphosed at some pressure and temperature along the reaction boundary Consider for example the simple Al2SiO5 system with excess SiO2 and H2O. In low grade metamorphic in this system, the reaction: Al2Si4O10(OH)2 <=> Al2SiO5 + 3SiO2 + H2O Pyrophyllite Ky or Andal Qtz fluid defines a reaction boundary on a P-T diagram. This boundary can be determined experimentally or can be calculated using thermodynamic properties of the phases involved. If we find a rock that contains pyrophyllite, quartz, and an Al2SiO5 mineral, then we know that metamorphism took place somewhere along the trajectory of the reaction boundary. Furthermore, combining this with the knowledge of the stability fields of the Al2SiO5 minerals, we could place boundaries on the conditions of metamorphism. For example, if the mineral is andalusite, then we know the rock was metamorphosed at a pressure less than about 2.5 kilobars. If the mineral is kyanite, then we know that the pressure was greater than about 2.5 kilobars. Combinations of other such reactions could further constrain the pressure and temperature conditions of metamorphism. The example above, however, is probably too simple for a real rock. Although simple, we can use the diagram to illustrate another point. Imagine that a group of rocks are buried along the geothermal gradient shown in the diagram to the right. Rocks buried to a pressure less than about 4 kb and a temperature less than about 420 oC should have pyrophyllite so long as they have the right composition. Rocks buried to pressures between about 4 and 5 kb and temperatures between 420 and about 600 oC should have kyanite + quartz, and rocks buried to pressures along the geothermal gradient greater than about 5 kb and temperatures greater than about 600 oC should have Sillimanite + Quartz.