This document contains 15 multiple choice questions about thermodynamics and 5 multiple choice questions about electronic structure. The thermodynamics questions cover topics like phase changes, entropy, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy of reaction, and thermochemistry calculations. The electronic structure questions cover topics like electron configuration, quantum numbers, and isoelectronic species.
Module 7 - Energy Balance chemical process calculationsbalaaguywithagang1
Chemical process calculations involve various computations and analyses to design, optimize, and understand chemical processes. Here are some descriptions highlighting different aspects of chemical process calculations:
Material Balances:
Material balances are the cornerstone of chemical process calculations, ensuring that the amounts of all components entering and leaving a system are properly accounted for.
These calculations involve tracking the flow rates and compositions of substances throughout a process, often using mass or mole balances.
Energy Balances:
Energy balances involve quantifying the energy inputs and outputs in a chemical process.
These calculations are crucial for understanding the heat transfer requirements, evaluating energy efficiency, and optimizing process conditions.
Reaction Kinetics:
Chemical reactions kinetics calculations focus on understanding the rates at which reactions occur and how they are influenced by various factors such as temperature, pressure, and catalysts.
These calculations help in determining the optimal reaction conditions and designing reactors for desired conversion rates.
Phase Equilibrium Calculations:
Phase equilibrium calculations deal with determining the distribution of components between different phases in a system, such as liquid-liquid or vapor-liquid equilibrium.
These calculations are essential for designing separation processes like distillation, extraction, and absorption.
Thermodynamic Calculations:
Thermodynamic calculations involve applying thermodynamic principles to predict the behavior of chemical systems.
These calculations include determining properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and fugacity, which are crucial for process design and optimization.
Process Simulation:
Process simulation involves using computer software to model and simulate chemical processes.
These simulations allow engineers to predict process behavior under different operating conditions, optimize process parameters, and troubleshoot potential issues.
7
network error
What constitutes waste depends on the eye of the beholder; one person's waste can be a resource for another person.[1] Though waste is a physical object, its generation is a physical and psychological process.[1] The definitions used by various agencies are as below.
United Nations Environment Program
According to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989, Art. 2(1), "'Wastes' are substance or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law".[2]
United Nations Statistics Division
The UNSD Glossary of Environment Statistics[3] describes waste as "materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."
European Union
Under the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, Art. 3(1), the European Union defines waste as "an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard."[4] For a more structural description of the Waste Directive, see the European Commission's summary.
Types of Waste
Municipal Waste
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also known as OECD defines municipal solid waste (MSW) as “waste collected and treated by or for municipalities”. [5] Typically this type of waste includes household waste, commercial waste, and demolition or construction waste. In 2018, the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that 292.4 tons of municipal waste was generated which equated to about 4.9 pounds per day per person. Out of the 292.4 tons, approximately 69 million tons were recycled, and 25 million tons were composted. [6]
Household Waste and Commercial Waste
Household waste more commonly known as trash or garbage are items that are typically thrown away daily from ordinary households. Items often included in this category include product packaging, yard waste, clothing, food scraps, appliance, paints, and batteries.[7] Most of the items that are collected by municipalities end up in landfills across the world. In the United States, it is estimated that 11.3 million tons of textile waste is generated. On an individual level, it is estimated that the average American throws away 81.5 pounds of clothes each year.[8] As online shopping becomes more prevalent, items such as cardboard, bubble wrap, shipping envelopes are ending up in landfills across the United States. The EPA has estimated that approximately 10.1 million tons of plastic containers and packaging ended up landfills in 2018. The EPA noted that only 30.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. THERMODYNAMICS
1. Which of the following phase changes is exothermic?
a) condensation
b) evaporation
c) fusion
d) sublimation
o
2. Which of the following substances has a ∆Hf = 0
a) C(diamond)
b) O3(g)
-
c) Br (g)
d) Ag(s)
3. A positive change in entropy is a result of
a) a decrease in temperature of a system consisting of a gaseous mixture.
b) the freezing of liquid water.
c) an increase in the number of gaseous molecules after a chemical reaction.
d) a process that cannot occur spontaneously.
4. Which is true about the value of ∆S when 0.5 mole of CH4 undergoes the following reaction, CH4 (g) + 3Cl2 (g) → CH3Cl3 (l) + 3HCl (g)?
a) It is a positive value.
b) It is a negative value
c) It is zero.
d) It is dependent on the value of the entropy of the reaction.
e) The value cannot be determined.
5. Which of the following reactions will exhibit a decrease in Gibb’s free energy at 298 K?
a) Neutralization reaction.
-
b) Reaction of bromide (Br ) with chlorrine (Cl2) water.
2+
c) Reaction of Cu with excess NH3.
d) All of the above.
6. At boiling point of water, i.e., H2O(l) H2O(g), the
a) ∆G=0 for the process
b) ∆S=0 for the process
c) ∆H=0 for the process
d) ∆E=0 for the process
7. Which of the following conditions would ALWAYS result to a spontaneous reaction?
a) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0
b) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0
c) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0
d) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0
8. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous HCl from the following data:
o
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) ∆H = -176.0 kJ
o
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g) ∆H = - 92.22 kJ
o
N2(g) + 4 H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 NH4Cl(s) ∆H = - 628.86 kJ
9. One of the cleanest burning hydrocarbon is a compound called 2,3,4-trimethylpentane, which has a formula C8H18 (l). The complete
o
combustion of 1 mole of this compound to gaseous products leads to ∆H = -5069 KJ. Write the balanced thermochemical equation for
the combustion of 1 mole of C8H18 (l).
10. The heat of combustion of fructose, C6H12O6, (MW = 180 g/mol) is -2812 KJ/molfructose. A fresh golden delicious apple weighing
6
120g contains 16.0 g fructose. How many apples do you need to eat to obtain energy equivalent to 1.249 x 10 J?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
2. For numbers 12-13. Methanol, CH3OH, (MW = 31 g/mol) is an efficient fuel with a high octane rating that can be produced from coal
and hydrogen.
CH3OH(g) + 3/2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H = - 764 kJ/mol
11. What is the amount of the heat evolved when 110.0 g CH3OH(g) burns in excess oxygen.
a) 4.46KJ
b) 215 KJ
c) 2711 KJ
d) 23684KJ
12. What mass of O2 (MW = 32 g/mol) is consumed when 975 kJ of heat is given out?
a) 0.0163 g
b) 0.0245 g
c) 40.8 g
d) 61.3 g
o o
13. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 78.2 g of water from 10.0 C to 32.0 C. The specific heat of water is 4.184
o
J/g C.
a) 7.20 KJ
b) 96.6 KJ
c) 10.5 KJ
d) 3.27 KJ
o o o
14. When 75.0 grams of metal at 75.0 C is added to 150 grams of water at 15.0 C, the temperature of the water rises to 18.3 C. What
is the specific heat of the metal? Assume that the heat transfer is just between the metal and water. The specific heat of water is 4.184
o
J/g C.
-4 o
a) 2.35 x 10 J/g C
o
b) 0.460 J/g C
o
c) 0.487 J/g C
o
d) 144 J/g C
15. Methylhydrazine, CH6N2, (MW=46.1g/mol) is commonly used as a liquid rocket fuel. The combustion of methylhydrazine with
oxygen produces N2 (g), CO2 (g), and H2O (l):
2CH6N2 (l) + 5O2 (g) 2N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g) + 6H2O(g)
o
When 4.00g of methylhydrazine is combusted in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter increases from 25.00 C to
o o
39.50 C. In a separate experiment, the heat capacity of the calorimeter is measured to be 7.794 KJ/ C. What is the heat of reaction for
the combustion of a mole of CH6N2 in the calorimeter?
a) +1302 KJ/mol
b) -1302 KJ/mol
c) +89.83 KJ/mol
d) -89.83 KJ/mol
e) 7.794 KJ/mol
16. What is ∆H° of the reaction: C6H6 (l) + 15/2O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)? The heat of formation of the substances involve is
summarized in the table below.
o
Substances ∆Hf (kJ / mol)
C6H6 49.0
CO2 -393.5
H2O -285.8
a) -3267 KJ/mol
b) +3267 KJ/mol
c) +3169 KJ/mol
d) -3169 KJ/mol
e) 0 KJ/mol
o
For numbers 8 and 9, consider the data below (all values are at 25 C).
o o
∆Hf (kJ / mol) S (J / mol · K)
Fe(CO)5(l) –774.0 338.0
Fe(CO)5(g) –733.8 445.2
o
17. What is ∆G for Fe(CO)5(l) → Fe(CO)5(g) at 298 K?
4
a) -3.191 x 10 KJ/mol
b) -10.0 KJ/mol
c) +8.238 KJ/mol
d) +72.15 KJ/mol
3. 18. At what temperature will Fe(CO)5(l) start to vaporize (assuming the thermodynamic values are independent of temperature)?
a) 290 K
b) 298 K
c) 369 K
d) 375 K
19. Use bond energies to estimate the enthalpy of the following gas phase reaction: CH4(g) +3Cl2(g) CHCl3(g) +3HCl(g)
Average bond energies per
Bonds
mole of bonds (KJ)
C-H 413
Cl-Cl 242
H-Cl 432
C-Cl 339
a) -348 KJ/mol
b) +348 KJ/mol
c) -529 KJ/mol
d) +529 KJ/mol
e) -909 KJ/mol
20. Which is not a state function
a) Enthalpy
b) Entropy
c) Heat
d) Gibbs free energy
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE
1. Which of the following states that each electron has a unique set of quantum number.
a) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
b) Aufbau Principle
c) Pauli Exclusion Principle
d) Hund’s Rule
2. Which of the quantum numbers determines the location of the electrons in space?
a) Principal quantum number
b) Azimuthal quantum number
c) Magnetic quantum number
d) Electron spin quantum number
3+
3. Which is the correct electron configuration of 26Fe ?
2 6
a) [Ar] 4s 3d
2 3
b) [Ar] 4s 3d
0 5
c) [Ar] 4s 3d
d) 2 6 3
[Ar] 4s 3d 4p
e) None of the above
2-
4. Which is the correct electron configuration of 8O ?
2 4
a) [He] 2s 2p
2 6
b) [He] 2s 2p
2 2
c) [He] 2s 2p
0 4
d) [He] 2s 2p
e) None of the above
5. What is the quantum number for the last entering electron of 28Ni
6. Which of the following is a CORRECT set of quantum numbers?
a) n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 1, ms = –½
b) n = 4, ℓ = 2, mℓ = –3, ms = +½
c) n = 3, ℓ = 3, mℓ = 0, ms = ½
d) n = 4, ℓ = 2, mℓ = –1, ms = +½
e) All are not allowed
4. 7. Which of the following is diamagnetic?
a) 13Al
b) 11Na
c) 37Rb
2+
d) 12Mg
8. Which has the most number of unpaired electrons in the ground state?
a) 7N
b) 8O
c) 16S
d) 17Cl
9. Which of the following pair is not isoelectronic?
a) - 3-
F and N
b) 2- 2+
O and Sr
2+
c) Ne and Mg
3+ +
d) Al and Na
PERIODIC TRENDS
Arrange the given elements in each number in the decreasing order (from the largest value followed by the second largest and then the
smallest).
Given Answer
1. Atomic radius: Ba, Ta, Cr
2. Electronegativity: P, Si, O
3. Ionization energy: Sn, Te, Sb
4. Electron affinity (from N, P, Al
most to least negative):
5. Metallic property: Ge, Cd, Cl
CHEMICAL BONDING ANG MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
1. Which contains a central atom that does not follow the octet configuration?
+
a) H3O
b) BBr3
+
c) NF4
2-
d) CO3
e) CO2
2. Which is the most polar covalent bond?
a) C-Br
b) C-F
c) C-N
d) C-O
3. Which molecule is non-polar?
a) PCl3
b) CCl4
c) OF2
d) H2S
4. Which of the following has the most number of lone pairs at the central atom?
a) XeF4
b) PCl5
c) SF6
-
d) I3
e) SF4
5. What is the molecular geometry of ClF3?
a) Trigonal planar
b) See-saw
c) Trigonal bipyramidal
d) T-shaped
5. 6. What is the electron group geometry of BrF5?
a) See-saw
b) Square pyramidal
c) Octahedral
d) Trigonal bipyramidal
For 7-11, refer to the lewis structure below.
7. How many σ and π bonds are present in the molecule?
a) 14σ and 0π bonds
b) 15σ and 2π bonds
c) 14σ and 3π bonds
d) 15σ and 5π bonds
8. What is the molecular geometry group of oxygen C?
a) Tetrahedral
b) Angular
c) Trigonal pyramidal
d) See-saw
9. Which of the following has the largest bond angle?
a) H-Ca-H
b) Ce-Cf-N
c) O-Cb-O
d) H-Ce-Cf
10. Which of the following has the shortest bond?
a) Cd-H
b) Cf-N
c) Cb-O
d) Oc-Cd
11. What are the orbital overlaps involved in the sigma bonds at Ce?
3 3 3 3 2
a) sp -sp , sp -s, and sp -sp
3 3
b) sp -sp only
2 2 2 3 3 3
c) sp -sp , sp -sp , and sp -sp
3 3 3 3
d) sp -sp , sp -s, and sp -sp
12. Which of the following is diamagnetic?
a) O2
2-
b) O2
+
c) O2
d) None of the above
13. What is the bond order of O2?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
14. What is the HOMO and LUMO of O2?
* * *
a) HOMO= 2π py and 2π pz; LUMO= 2σ px
* *
b) HOMO= 2π py and 2π pz; LUMO= 2πpy and 2πpz
*
c) HOMO= 2σ px; LUMO= 2σpx
d) HOMO= 2πpy and 2πpz ;LUMO= 2σpx
6. 15. Which of the following does not exist?
a) He2
+
b) He2
c) H2
d) None of the above