This document summarizes the law on charitable trusts in the UK. It discusses the four principal categories of charitable purposes as defined by Lord MacNaughten: 1) relief of poverty, 2) advancement of education, 3) advancement of religion, and 4) other purposes beneficial to the community. It provides detailed explanations and case examples for each category. For relief of poverty, it discusses what constitutes poverty, public benefit requirements, and cases related to aged, impotent, poor persons. For advancement of education, it examines what activities fall under education like research, art, extracurricular activities, and public benefit. For advancement of religion, it analyzes definitions of religion, requirements for public benefit, and cases related to various religions
This document summarizes the legal definition and scope of charity in England based on a seminal case. It discusses the four principal categories of charitable trusts: (1) relief of poverty, (2) advancement of education, (3) advancement of religion, and (4) other purposes beneficial to the community. It provides detailed explanations and case examples for each category. For example, it describes what constitutes relief of poverty, how education is broadly defined, how religious trusts must promote monotheistic beliefs, and examples of trusts that fall under "other purposes beneficial to the community."
The cy-près doctrine allows charitable trusts whose purposes have become impossible or impractical to fulfill their original goals to have their funds reapplied to similar charitable purposes. In Malaysia, courts refer to case law when addressing cy-près issues due to a lack of statutory provisions. For cy-près to apply, the settlor's intention must have been for general charity rather than a specific purpose. Initial failures occur before a gift takes effect if the intended charity no longer exists, while subsequent failures happen after a gift has already vested in a charity that then ceases to exist.
Hearsay evidence refers to statements made out of court that are offered in court as evidence to prove the truth of what was stated. Hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible as evidence because it is not direct evidence and the person who made the original statement cannot be cross-examined. However, hearsay may be allowed if it is not being used to prove the truth of the matter asserted, but rather to show that something was said. The document discusses the definition of hearsay evidence, reasons why it is generally excluded, and examples of cases where hearsay evidence was either admitted or excluded from trials.
This document discusses non-charitable purpose trusts (NCPT), which establish a trust for purposes that are not considered charitable under law. NCPT are generally invalid due to issues of enforceability, uncertainty of purpose, excessive delegation of testamentary power, and perpetuity. However, some exceptional NCPT have been upheld, such as those for the care of specific animals, building and maintaining tombs/monuments, and fox hunting. Unincorporated associations can also be valid beneficiaries of NCPT if the gift is made to the members of the association.
The document discusses the concepts of bare trust and stakeholder under Malaysian law. It begins by explaining that a solicitor stakeholder temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined, such as money paid by a purchaser pending registration of a property transfer. It then summarizes two key Malaysian cases on stakeholders. The document also discusses the English common law position on bare trusts, where the vendor becomes a bare trustee once a valid sale contract exists. However, under Malaysian law bare trustee status only arises after full payment and execution of a valid transfer, as established in another case summarized. The key differences between the common law and Malaysian positions on bare trusts are also outlined.
This document discusses the law around charitable trusts established for the relief of poverty and advancement of education. It provides numerous cases as examples and outlines the key principles, such as that poverty does not require destitution, education is not limited to classroom teaching but includes research and the arts, and trusts cannot have political purposes but can discuss political issues if their primary aim is educational. Overall, the document analyzes the legal definitions and precedents around charitable purposes related to poverty relief and education.
1) A secret trust is a trust created by a will where either the existence of the trust or the identity of the beneficiary is kept secret. There are two types: fully secret trusts and half secret trusts.
2) A fully secret trust conceals both the existence of the trust and the beneficiary. The testator leaves property to someone in the will who has agreed to hold it secretly for a third beneficiary.
3) A half secret trust discloses the existence of the trust in the will but keeps the beneficiary secret. The will states the property is to be held "on trust" but does not specify the terms.
This document summarizes the legal definition and scope of charity in England based on a seminal case. It discusses the four principal categories of charitable trusts: (1) relief of poverty, (2) advancement of education, (3) advancement of religion, and (4) other purposes beneficial to the community. It provides detailed explanations and case examples for each category. For example, it describes what constitutes relief of poverty, how education is broadly defined, how religious trusts must promote monotheistic beliefs, and examples of trusts that fall under "other purposes beneficial to the community."
The cy-près doctrine allows charitable trusts whose purposes have become impossible or impractical to fulfill their original goals to have their funds reapplied to similar charitable purposes. In Malaysia, courts refer to case law when addressing cy-près issues due to a lack of statutory provisions. For cy-près to apply, the settlor's intention must have been for general charity rather than a specific purpose. Initial failures occur before a gift takes effect if the intended charity no longer exists, while subsequent failures happen after a gift has already vested in a charity that then ceases to exist.
Hearsay evidence refers to statements made out of court that are offered in court as evidence to prove the truth of what was stated. Hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible as evidence because it is not direct evidence and the person who made the original statement cannot be cross-examined. However, hearsay may be allowed if it is not being used to prove the truth of the matter asserted, but rather to show that something was said. The document discusses the definition of hearsay evidence, reasons why it is generally excluded, and examples of cases where hearsay evidence was either admitted or excluded from trials.
This document discusses non-charitable purpose trusts (NCPT), which establish a trust for purposes that are not considered charitable under law. NCPT are generally invalid due to issues of enforceability, uncertainty of purpose, excessive delegation of testamentary power, and perpetuity. However, some exceptional NCPT have been upheld, such as those for the care of specific animals, building and maintaining tombs/monuments, and fox hunting. Unincorporated associations can also be valid beneficiaries of NCPT if the gift is made to the members of the association.
The document discusses the concepts of bare trust and stakeholder under Malaysian law. It begins by explaining that a solicitor stakeholder temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined, such as money paid by a purchaser pending registration of a property transfer. It then summarizes two key Malaysian cases on stakeholders. The document also discusses the English common law position on bare trusts, where the vendor becomes a bare trustee once a valid sale contract exists. However, under Malaysian law bare trustee status only arises after full payment and execution of a valid transfer, as established in another case summarized. The key differences between the common law and Malaysian positions on bare trusts are also outlined.
This document discusses the law around charitable trusts established for the relief of poverty and advancement of education. It provides numerous cases as examples and outlines the key principles, such as that poverty does not require destitution, education is not limited to classroom teaching but includes research and the arts, and trusts cannot have political purposes but can discuss political issues if their primary aim is educational. Overall, the document analyzes the legal definitions and precedents around charitable purposes related to poverty relief and education.
1) A secret trust is a trust created by a will where either the existence of the trust or the identity of the beneficiary is kept secret. There are two types: fully secret trusts and half secret trusts.
2) A fully secret trust conceals both the existence of the trust and the beneficiary. The testator leaves property to someone in the will who has agreed to hold it secretly for a third beneficiary.
3) A half secret trust discloses the existence of the trust in the will but keeps the beneficiary secret. The will states the property is to be held "on trust" but does not specify the terms.
This document summarizes the key concepts and principles related to constructive trusts under Malaysian law. It discusses the different types of constructive trusts, the differences between constructive trustees and ordinary trustees, and important cases that have helped shape the law on constructive trusts. The summary provides the essential information in 3 sentences:
Constructive trusts are implied trusts that equity recognizes to prevent unfairness, where a person obtains property through wrongful means or in circumstances that would make it unjust for them to keep the property. The document outlines the different situations that can give rise to a constructive trust, such as fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and acquisition of property through killing. It also discusses the flexible "new model" of constructive trust introduced by Lord
1) The document discusses the nature and scope of a Registrar's Caveat under Section 320(1) of the National Land Code, which allows the Registrar to enter a caveat on land to protect against fraud or improper dealings or to protect certain interests.
2) It outlines the Registrar's powers to enter a caveat and the circumstances under which a caveat can be entered. An aggrieved party can appeal the Registrar's decision or apply to have the caveat removed.
3) The effect of a caveat is to prevent dealings on the disputed land. A caveat does not have an expiration date and continues until cancelled by the Registrar either on their
The cy-près doctrine allows charitable funds to be applied to similar purposes as the original intent if the specified purpose becomes impossible, impractical, or illegal to fulfill. When applying cy-près, courts will consider whether the settlor intended a general charitable purpose or a specific purpose. If the intent was specific and the purpose cannot be fulfilled, the gift fails completely. Cy-près may apply in cases of initial failure, where the purpose failed before the gift was made, or subsequent failure, where the purpose failed after the gift was made, to redirect the funds to similar charitable goals.
This document summarizes equitable remedies available under equity law, including injunctions and specific performance. It discusses the circumstances in which these remedies may be granted or refused by courts. Equitable remedies are designed to supplement common law remedies and are granted at the court's discretion to redress wrongs. Specific performance allows a court to order a party to carry out contractual obligations, while injunctions can be prohibitory (to refrain from an act) or mandatory (to perform an act). Courts will consider factors like adequacy of damages, claimant's conduct, readiness to perform contractual obligations, and delay or acquiescence when deciding whether to grant equitable remedies.
The document discusses secret and half secret trusts. A secret trust occurs when a testator leaves property to someone in their will who has privately agreed to hold the property in trust for a third party beneficiary. The identity of the beneficiary is kept secret. A half secret trust is similar but the existence of the trust is disclosed in the will, though not its terms or beneficiaries. For a secret or half secret trust to be valid there must be intention, communication of the trust terms to the trustee before death, and acceptance by the trustee. English law requires communication for half secret trusts to occur before the will's execution. The basis for enforcing such trusts is to prevent fraud.
This document provides an overview of the legal definition and interpretation of charity in England and Wales. It discusses how charity has traditionally been defined by reference to the preamble of the Statute of Charitable Uses 1601, which lists several charitable purposes. The document also summarizes Lord MacNaghten's four principal categories of charity and notes that to be charitable, a purpose must satisfy certain tests of public benefit. It concludes by noting how charity law has developed in England and Wales and how it is interpreted in Malaysia.
The document discusses the legal requirement of the "three certainties" for establishing an express trust. It explains that for a trust to be valid there must be (1) certainty of intention to create a trust, (2) certainty regarding the trust property or subject matter, and (3) certainty of beneficiaries or objects. It provides details on each of the three certainties, including examples from case law that illustrate how courts determine if each certainty is fulfilled. The document concludes by noting exceptions to the certainty requirements, such as charitable trusts.
1. A full secret trust arises when a testator leaves property absolutely to a beneficiary but communicates the trust terms to the beneficiary before death, binding their conscience.
2. A half secret trust indicates a trust in the will but does not disclose trust terms, which must be communicated before or at will execution.
3. For a secret trust to be valid, the testator must communicate their intention to create a trust and its terms to the trustee, who then acquiesces to acting as trustee.
Relevancy of evidence under Section 6 of Evidence Act 1950Intan Muhammad
1) Section 6 of the Evidence Act 1957 incorporates the common law doctrine of res gestae. It allows facts that form part of the same transaction to be admitted as evidence, even if they occurred at different times and places.
2) For a fact to be considered part of the same transaction under Section 6, there must be (i) proximity of time, (ii) unity/proximity of place, and (iii) continuity of action/purpose. The time gap can be expanded to accept facts occurring over several days or months as long as these criteria are met.
3) Both acts and statements can be considered res gestae and admitted under Section 6. Statements of those present like bystanders
Equity will assist a volunteer in some circumstances, such as when there is an imperfect gift or transfer of property. In Strong v Bird, equity perfected an imperfect inter vivos gift when the donee became the executor of the donor's estate and the donor's intention to make the gift continued until death. Proprietary estoppel is also an exception, where a volunteer relies on a promise of an interest in land and suffers detriment. The court will prevent unconscionable conduct and perfect the imperfect transfer.
Relevancy of evidence under Section 5 of Evidence Act1950Intan Muhammad
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
1. A completely constituted trust (CCT) exists when the settlor has fully transferred property to the trustee. This makes the trust binding and prevents the settlor from changing their mind. An incompletely constituted trust (ICT) exists when property is not fully transferred to the trustee, so it only operates as a contract that may be enforced by beneficiaries who provided consideration but not volunteers.
2. Equity may assist volunteers to enforce an ICT under certain exceptions, such as if the settlor appointed the volunteer as executor (rule in Strong v Bird), if it was a deathbed gift (donatio mortis causa), or if the volunteer relied on the settlor's representations about the gift (proprietary estoppel
Relevancy of evidence under Section 7 of Evidence Act 1950Intan Muhammad
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses resulting trusts, which arise in the absence of express trusts when the beneficial interest returns to the settlor. There are two types of resulting trusts: automatic resulting trusts, which arise whenever the beneficial interest has not been fully disposed of by an express trust; and presumed resulting trusts. Automatic resulting trusts occur in situations like when an express trust fails due to lack of formalities, an incomplete disposal of the beneficial interest, or other reasons. Surplus funds from unincorporated associations may also result in a resulting trust, with courts determining on a case-by-case basis whether the surplus reverts back to contributors under a resulting trust or is distributed contractually.
The document discusses the three certainties required to create a valid private express trust: (1) intention, (2) subject matter, and (3) object. It provides details on each certainty, including examples from case law. For certainty of intention, the words used must show the settlor's clear intention to create a trust. For certainty of subject matter, the trust property must be clearly defined or ascertainable. For certainty of object, the beneficiaries must be human and ascertainable as individuals or as members of a defined class.
Alia paid Sofini RM 100 for a Gucci bag on 2.3.2000 with the agreement that Sofini would deliver it on 2.7.2000. However, Sofini sold the bag to someone else on 3.7.2000. Alia is seeking legal advice about getting the specific performance of the contract, which is a court order directing Sofini to hand over the bag as agreed. Specific performance is an equitable remedy that may be granted at the court's discretion if monetary damages are not adequate relief for breach of contract.
Land Law II notes - For Revision Purposes OnlyAzrin Hafiz
This document summarizes 11 land law cases related to jual janji (conditional sale) transactions and lien cases in Malaysia. It provides brief summaries of the facts and outcomes of each case. The cases cover topics such as whether a transaction constituted a jual janji or outright sale, the right to redeem land after the agreed repayment period has expired, and priority of claims when charges or liens on land are involved.
This document discusses several maxims of equity, which are broad statements that set out principles upon which equity operates. It provides explanations of 8 maxims:
1) Equity acts in personam - Equity relates to a person rather than their property and can make orders affecting property outside its jurisdiction by ordering the defendant.
2) Equity follows the law (but not slavishly) - Equity provides remedies where the law is inadequate but does not destroy the law.
3) Equality is equity - Equity tries to grant relief proportionately based on claims and liabilities.
4) He who seeks equity must come with clean hands - An applicant who acted unjustly will not receive equitable relief.
This document discusses the legal definitions and interpretations of charitable purposes in England and Wales. It covers four main categories:
1) Relief of poverty - Defined as wanting or going short of something necessary due to financial constraints, not necessarily destitution. Must relieve needs attributable to being poor.
2) Advancement of education - Broadly defined and now includes research, arts, cultural activities. Must show public benefit through dissemination of knowledge.
3) Advancement of religion - Requires spiritual belief in a higher power and worship. Monotheistic beliefs qualify. Must actively promote and spread religious messages.
4) Other purposes beneficial to the community - Covers trusts that confer public benefit but don't fit the
This document discusses the requirements and types of charitable and non-charitable purpose trusts. It outlines the key requirements for a trust to be considered charitable as having a public benefit, being exclusively charitable, and falling under one of the four Pemsel categories of relief of poverty, advancement of education, advancement of religion, or other purposes beneficial to the community. It also discusses the cy-pres doctrine and how it allows charitable trusts to be carried out if the original purpose becomes impossible or impractical. Non-charitable trusts are also summarized as being allowed for maintenance of monuments/graves or animals, with limitations on the perpetuity period and a mechanism for enforcement.
This document summarizes the key concepts and principles related to constructive trusts under Malaysian law. It discusses the different types of constructive trusts, the differences between constructive trustees and ordinary trustees, and important cases that have helped shape the law on constructive trusts. The summary provides the essential information in 3 sentences:
Constructive trusts are implied trusts that equity recognizes to prevent unfairness, where a person obtains property through wrongful means or in circumstances that would make it unjust for them to keep the property. The document outlines the different situations that can give rise to a constructive trust, such as fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and acquisition of property through killing. It also discusses the flexible "new model" of constructive trust introduced by Lord
1) The document discusses the nature and scope of a Registrar's Caveat under Section 320(1) of the National Land Code, which allows the Registrar to enter a caveat on land to protect against fraud or improper dealings or to protect certain interests.
2) It outlines the Registrar's powers to enter a caveat and the circumstances under which a caveat can be entered. An aggrieved party can appeal the Registrar's decision or apply to have the caveat removed.
3) The effect of a caveat is to prevent dealings on the disputed land. A caveat does not have an expiration date and continues until cancelled by the Registrar either on their
The cy-près doctrine allows charitable funds to be applied to similar purposes as the original intent if the specified purpose becomes impossible, impractical, or illegal to fulfill. When applying cy-près, courts will consider whether the settlor intended a general charitable purpose or a specific purpose. If the intent was specific and the purpose cannot be fulfilled, the gift fails completely. Cy-près may apply in cases of initial failure, where the purpose failed before the gift was made, or subsequent failure, where the purpose failed after the gift was made, to redirect the funds to similar charitable goals.
This document summarizes equitable remedies available under equity law, including injunctions and specific performance. It discusses the circumstances in which these remedies may be granted or refused by courts. Equitable remedies are designed to supplement common law remedies and are granted at the court's discretion to redress wrongs. Specific performance allows a court to order a party to carry out contractual obligations, while injunctions can be prohibitory (to refrain from an act) or mandatory (to perform an act). Courts will consider factors like adequacy of damages, claimant's conduct, readiness to perform contractual obligations, and delay or acquiescence when deciding whether to grant equitable remedies.
The document discusses secret and half secret trusts. A secret trust occurs when a testator leaves property to someone in their will who has privately agreed to hold the property in trust for a third party beneficiary. The identity of the beneficiary is kept secret. A half secret trust is similar but the existence of the trust is disclosed in the will, though not its terms or beneficiaries. For a secret or half secret trust to be valid there must be intention, communication of the trust terms to the trustee before death, and acceptance by the trustee. English law requires communication for half secret trusts to occur before the will's execution. The basis for enforcing such trusts is to prevent fraud.
This document provides an overview of the legal definition and interpretation of charity in England and Wales. It discusses how charity has traditionally been defined by reference to the preamble of the Statute of Charitable Uses 1601, which lists several charitable purposes. The document also summarizes Lord MacNaghten's four principal categories of charity and notes that to be charitable, a purpose must satisfy certain tests of public benefit. It concludes by noting how charity law has developed in England and Wales and how it is interpreted in Malaysia.
The document discusses the legal requirement of the "three certainties" for establishing an express trust. It explains that for a trust to be valid there must be (1) certainty of intention to create a trust, (2) certainty regarding the trust property or subject matter, and (3) certainty of beneficiaries or objects. It provides details on each of the three certainties, including examples from case law that illustrate how courts determine if each certainty is fulfilled. The document concludes by noting exceptions to the certainty requirements, such as charitable trusts.
1. A full secret trust arises when a testator leaves property absolutely to a beneficiary but communicates the trust terms to the beneficiary before death, binding their conscience.
2. A half secret trust indicates a trust in the will but does not disclose trust terms, which must be communicated before or at will execution.
3. For a secret trust to be valid, the testator must communicate their intention to create a trust and its terms to the trustee, who then acquiesces to acting as trustee.
Relevancy of evidence under Section 6 of Evidence Act 1950Intan Muhammad
1) Section 6 of the Evidence Act 1957 incorporates the common law doctrine of res gestae. It allows facts that form part of the same transaction to be admitted as evidence, even if they occurred at different times and places.
2) For a fact to be considered part of the same transaction under Section 6, there must be (i) proximity of time, (ii) unity/proximity of place, and (iii) continuity of action/purpose. The time gap can be expanded to accept facts occurring over several days or months as long as these criteria are met.
3) Both acts and statements can be considered res gestae and admitted under Section 6. Statements of those present like bystanders
Equity will assist a volunteer in some circumstances, such as when there is an imperfect gift or transfer of property. In Strong v Bird, equity perfected an imperfect inter vivos gift when the donee became the executor of the donor's estate and the donor's intention to make the gift continued until death. Proprietary estoppel is also an exception, where a volunteer relies on a promise of an interest in land and suffers detriment. The court will prevent unconscionable conduct and perfect the imperfect transfer.
Relevancy of evidence under Section 5 of Evidence Act1950Intan Muhammad
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
1. A completely constituted trust (CCT) exists when the settlor has fully transferred property to the trustee. This makes the trust binding and prevents the settlor from changing their mind. An incompletely constituted trust (ICT) exists when property is not fully transferred to the trustee, so it only operates as a contract that may be enforced by beneficiaries who provided consideration but not volunteers.
2. Equity may assist volunteers to enforce an ICT under certain exceptions, such as if the settlor appointed the volunteer as executor (rule in Strong v Bird), if it was a deathbed gift (donatio mortis causa), or if the volunteer relied on the settlor's representations about the gift (proprietary estoppel
Relevancy of evidence under Section 7 of Evidence Act 1950Intan Muhammad
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses resulting trusts, which arise in the absence of express trusts when the beneficial interest returns to the settlor. There are two types of resulting trusts: automatic resulting trusts, which arise whenever the beneficial interest has not been fully disposed of by an express trust; and presumed resulting trusts. Automatic resulting trusts occur in situations like when an express trust fails due to lack of formalities, an incomplete disposal of the beneficial interest, or other reasons. Surplus funds from unincorporated associations may also result in a resulting trust, with courts determining on a case-by-case basis whether the surplus reverts back to contributors under a resulting trust or is distributed contractually.
The document discusses the three certainties required to create a valid private express trust: (1) intention, (2) subject matter, and (3) object. It provides details on each certainty, including examples from case law. For certainty of intention, the words used must show the settlor's clear intention to create a trust. For certainty of subject matter, the trust property must be clearly defined or ascertainable. For certainty of object, the beneficiaries must be human and ascertainable as individuals or as members of a defined class.
Alia paid Sofini RM 100 for a Gucci bag on 2.3.2000 with the agreement that Sofini would deliver it on 2.7.2000. However, Sofini sold the bag to someone else on 3.7.2000. Alia is seeking legal advice about getting the specific performance of the contract, which is a court order directing Sofini to hand over the bag as agreed. Specific performance is an equitable remedy that may be granted at the court's discretion if monetary damages are not adequate relief for breach of contract.
Land Law II notes - For Revision Purposes OnlyAzrin Hafiz
This document summarizes 11 land law cases related to jual janji (conditional sale) transactions and lien cases in Malaysia. It provides brief summaries of the facts and outcomes of each case. The cases cover topics such as whether a transaction constituted a jual janji or outright sale, the right to redeem land after the agreed repayment period has expired, and priority of claims when charges or liens on land are involved.
This document discusses several maxims of equity, which are broad statements that set out principles upon which equity operates. It provides explanations of 8 maxims:
1) Equity acts in personam - Equity relates to a person rather than their property and can make orders affecting property outside its jurisdiction by ordering the defendant.
2) Equity follows the law (but not slavishly) - Equity provides remedies where the law is inadequate but does not destroy the law.
3) Equality is equity - Equity tries to grant relief proportionately based on claims and liabilities.
4) He who seeks equity must come with clean hands - An applicant who acted unjustly will not receive equitable relief.
This document discusses the legal definitions and interpretations of charitable purposes in England and Wales. It covers four main categories:
1) Relief of poverty - Defined as wanting or going short of something necessary due to financial constraints, not necessarily destitution. Must relieve needs attributable to being poor.
2) Advancement of education - Broadly defined and now includes research, arts, cultural activities. Must show public benefit through dissemination of knowledge.
3) Advancement of religion - Requires spiritual belief in a higher power and worship. Monotheistic beliefs qualify. Must actively promote and spread religious messages.
4) Other purposes beneficial to the community - Covers trusts that confer public benefit but don't fit the
This document discusses the requirements and types of charitable and non-charitable purpose trusts. It outlines the key requirements for a trust to be considered charitable as having a public benefit, being exclusively charitable, and falling under one of the four Pemsel categories of relief of poverty, advancement of education, advancement of religion, or other purposes beneficial to the community. It also discusses the cy-pres doctrine and how it allows charitable trusts to be carried out if the original purpose becomes impossible or impractical. Non-charitable trusts are also summarized as being allowed for maintenance of monuments/graves or animals, with limitations on the perpetuity period and a mechanism for enforcement.
This document discusses the law around charitable trusts in several areas:
1) It defines religion broadly and notes that monotheistic beliefs are an essential qualification for advancement of religion.
2) It examines cases around religious and ethical organizations and finds that religion requires faith and worship of a higher power.
3) It explores trusts for satellite purposes of religion like maintenance of religious buildings and support of clergy. Such trusts can be charitable if they provide public benefit or improve access to places of worship.
History of philanthropy in city of london guildhall library eventrhoddavies1
This document summarizes philanthropy trends in the United States and United Kingdom. In the US, the largest categories of donations are to religion at 32%, education at 13%, and human services at 12%. In the UK, the largest categories are religious causes at 17%, medical research at 15%, and hospitals at 15%. The document also provides brief histories of notable philanthropists from the 15th century to present day and discusses the challenges of addressing large social issues like poverty and education through philanthropy alone.
The document discusses the history and evolution of social work in the UK from primitive societies through modern times. It covers several key periods:
- In primitive societies and the medieval period, the church and religious institutions provided support to the poor through food, shelter and other aid.
- Beginning in the 16th-17th centuries, the responsibility shifted to the government with laws passed to address poverty and vagrancy. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 established the first system of social welfare.
- In the 19th-20th centuries, further reforms were implemented including charities to address poverty, the establishment of settlement houses, and eventually the development of the modern welfare state following the Beveridge Report of 1941
Principles of philanthropy policymaking lecture 2019 - Rhodri Daviesrhoddavies1
Philanthropy is complex with no simple definitions or policies. While philanthropy aims to improve society, it is voluntary in nature and cannot replace public spending. Tax incentives for philanthropy are justified not as subsidies for services but to encourage a pluralistic civil society. Philanthropy is often inherently political through addressing societal problems, and this type of campaigning is valuable though controversial. Progressive philanthropy seeks social change rather than status quo but faces challenges around conservative donors and power imbalances.
The document provides a history of the development of social work in the UK, USA, and India from ancient times to the 1900s. In the UK, social welfare began with the church providing charity to the poor in the 1200s-1500s. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 established relief for the poor. The Charity Organization Society was formed in 1869 to professionalize charity work. In the USA, colonial almshouses provided assistance to the poor and disabled starting in the 1600s. Settlement houses in the 1800s-1900s addressed urbanization issues. Child welfare societies emerged in the 1850s. Formal social work education began in the late 1800s. In India, social welfare had religious and charitable roots
This document is the September 2013 issue of Michigan In Touch, a publication of the Michigan District of The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. It contains articles on various ministry initiatives and programs in the district, as well as congregation news briefs. The lead article warns against forgetting God when experiencing prosperity, citing words from Abraham Lincoln and passages from the Bible reminding Israelites and Americans alike not to become complacent in their faith when blessed with abundance.
This document summarizes the development of Catholic social teachings from biblical times to the modern era in 7 parts:
1. It outlines the biblical foundations in caring for the poor found in both the Old and New Testaments.
2. It describes the early systematic approaches to social ethics during the first millennium.
3. It discusses thinkers like Thomas Aquinas who provided orientations for Catholic social teaching.
4. It examines the impacts of Enlightenment thinking on social life and Catholic teachings.
5. It addresses the rise of industrial capitalism and economic exploitation.
6. It looks at Catholic fascination with the social order of the Middle Ages.
7. It analyzes the
AQA GCSE English Language Paper 2 Q5 TasMartha Brown
The passage talks about the possibility that aliens came to Earth from outer space, either on asteroids or comets or from other planets, as the beginnings of life on our planet are still not fully understood. It notes there are many unsolved mysteries about Earth's formation and other
This document discusses the prohibition of riba (usury or interest) in Islam. It begins by defining riba as interest of any size, as earning income without risk is against Islamic principles. It then explains how riba leads to an unfair concentration of wealth and distortion of markets. The document traces the origins of riba banking to 17th century Venice, where Christians legitimized the practice by having Jews conduct riba lending. It argues that without riba, the world economy could still grow through equity-based Islamic finance. The document also discusses how Western colonialism secularized Muslim societies and separated religion from other aspects of life. It advocates for the Islamization of knowledge by infusing modern disciplines with Islamic concepts and values
The talk highlighted the situation that the Ummah is in and what should we do to overcome the situation. As MCOBS we should try our bit to help in the implementation of the' Real Islamic Financial System.
This document discusses the prohibition of riba (usury or interest) in Islam. It begins by defining riba as interest of any size, as earning income without risk is against Islamic principles. It then explains how riba leads to an unfair concentration of wealth and distortion of markets. The document traces the origins of riba banking to 17th century Venice, where Christians legitimized the practice by having Jews conduct riba lending. It argues that without riba, the world economy could still grow through equity-based Islamic finance. The document also discusses how Western colonialism secularized Muslim societies and separated religion from other aspects of life. It advocates for the Islamization of knowledge by infusing modern disciplines with Islamic concepts and values
This document summarizes a lecture on Aboriginal health in Canada. It discusses the history of oppression faced by Aboriginal peoples through colonization and policies like residential schools. It outlines the importance of self-determination and ethical partnerships in improving Aboriginal health. The Transformative Change Accord between the First Nations Leadership Council and British Columbia established a 10-year plan to close health gaps in areas like mental health, chronic diseases, health services, and performance tracking.
This document discusses social conditions and industrialization during the 19th century. Railroad mileage expanded rapidly across the United States from 1850 to 1890. Working conditions for railroad workers were difficult, with 22,000 deaths or injuries in 1889. Chinese workers were paid $1 per day while Irish workers received $2. The document also discusses influential thinkers like John Henry Newman and John Stuart Mill who critiqued aspects of industrialization and advocated for reforms in education and civil liberties.
The document discusses social conditions and trends during the Industrialization period from 1850-1950. It provides statistics on railroad mileage growth in the United States during this time. Conditions for industrial workers were difficult, with long hours, low pay, and many injuries. Major industrialists like Carnegie and Morgan amassed huge fortunes, while most workers struggled. Reforms in British universities emphasized active learning over rote memorization. International humanitarian organizations grew to address global problems, reflecting broader social awareness. The consequences of uncritical thinking grew as the world became more interconnected.
1) The document discusses the role of philanthropy in driving civic identity and engagement, especially in the context of austerity and growing prominence of cities.
2) It explores the history of modern philanthropy and its focus on addressing urban poverty through research, understanding local needs, and working with local communities.
3) Key challenges of civic philanthropy are discussed, including its limited funding compared to government, issues of democratic legitimacy and accountability, concerns over power and inequality, and defining a sense of place and community.
The document discusses the history and goals of treaties between Indigenous peoples and colonial governments in what is now Canada. It outlines some of the common features and understandings of treaties from both Indigenous and government perspectives, including promises of ongoing hunting and fishing rights, reserve lands, and support for transitioning to a new economy. The document also shares differing understandings of the spirit and intent of treaties between Indigenous oral histories and colonial records. Overall, it provides context on the ongoing impacts and interpretations of the treaty relationships in Canada.
The document discusses the concept of poverty and who the poor are. It defines the poor as those who are materially poor and struggle to meet basic needs. It then provides statistics on poverty levels and indicators of poverty in the Philippines, such as income levels, education, health, housing, and employment rates. It concludes by discussing attitudes towards the poor and the Church's role in promoting justice for the poor.
Feminist jurisprudence is a philosophy of law based on gender equality. It began in the 1960s and believes that law systematically maintains patriarchy by privileging male perspectives. There are several schools of feminist thought, including liberal feminism which seeks equal treatment, difference feminism which emphasizes women's differences, radical feminism which views patriarchy as the root of gender inequality, and postmodern feminism which rejects universal standards.
Islamic dawah, or preaching, is based on the core Islamic principles of "There is no god but Allah" and "Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." It involves inviting others to Islam through peaceful, wise, and reasoned discussion as instructed in the Quran. Dawah is an obligation for all Muslims according to hadith and allows Muslims to spread the message of Islam to all parts of the world. While dawah should be a top priority, it often does not receive enough emphasis in practice.
1. Remedies for breach of trust by a trustee include personal remedies against the trustee and proprietary remedies available to beneficiaries. Personal remedies hold trustees liable for losses caused by unauthorized actions, require them to return unauthorized profits, and pay compensation including interest.
2. Proprietary remedies allow beneficiaries to claim specific trust property as their own if it can be identified, even if the trustee is insolvent. This includes tracing trust property that has been sold and used to purchase other assets, which beneficiaries can claim or use as security.
3. If trust funds have been mixed with other money in investments or bank accounts, beneficiaries have priority claims to recover the original trust funds from the mixed assets or their proceeds based on legal pres
This document discusses breach of trust and defenses for trustees. It defines breach of trust as failing to comply with duties outlined in the trust instrument or by equity. Trustees can be personally liable to beneficiaries for losses caused by their breaches. However, trustees have several defenses that may allow them to avoid personal liability, including: consent of beneficiaries, approval of beneficiaries after the breach, expiration of the limitation period, statutory relief if the trustee acted honestly and reasonably, advice of a solicitor, breach by a single trustee alone, and exemption clauses in the trust document. The document analyzes these defenses in detail using case examples.
Trustees have both powers and duties. Their powers include selling trust property, insuring assets, compounding liabilities, maintaining and advancing funds to beneficiaries. Their key duties are to protect trust assets, treat beneficiaries equally, provide beneficiaries with account information, and properly distribute trust funds. Trustees must exercise their powers and duties with care, skill, prudence and in the sole interest of beneficiaries.
This document discusses non-charitable purpose trusts (NCPTs), which are trusts that do not directly benefit individuals. It outlines several objections to the validity of NCPTs, including lack of enforceability since there is no human beneficiary, uncertainty of purposes, excessive delegation of powers, and violation of the rule against perpetuities. However, NCPTs have been upheld in some exceptional cases where the purpose is narrow, such as maintenance of a specific animal, building/maintaining a particular tomb/monument, or fox hunting. Unincorporated associations present another exception if the gift is made for the members of the association.
A stranger who receives or deals with trust property, having actual or constructive notice that the property is subject to a trust, may incur liability as a constructive trustee. There are three types of strangers: 1) a stranger under no liability, 2) an innocent volunteer, and 3) a liable constructive trustee. A trustee de son tort is a person who knows that property they have received is trust property and is therefore liable as a constructive trustee. There are two categories of liability for strangers - knowing receipt or dealing (recipient liability) and knowing assistance (accessory liability). A person who is not a trustee but takes on trustee functions or acts like a trustee with respect to trust matters can make themselves a trustee de son tort.
Presumed resulting trusts arise when the facts are unknown regarding the ownership of property. There are three types of presumed resulting trusts: 1) voluntary conveyances to strangers, where property transferred without consideration results in a trust for the transferor, 2) presumption in favor of the purchaser, where property purchased in another's name results in a trust for the purchaser, and 3) presumption of advancement, where a voluntary conveyance to a spouse or child results in the property belonging to the spouse or child absolutely unless rebutted. The presumptions can be rebutted by evidence showing a different intention for the ownership of the property.
This document discusses the three certainties required to create an express private trust: (1) certainty of intention, (2) certainty of subject matter, and (3) certainty of objects. It provides examples from case law rulings that help define these certainties. No particular words are needed to create a trust as long as the intention is clear from examining the trust document as a whole. The subject matter and objects must also be clear and ascertainable for the trust to be valid. Discretionary trusts provide flexibility by allowing trustees discretion over distributions.
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The document discusses bail amounts set in three criminal cases in Malaysia. In the first case, bail of RM70,000 was set for a man charged with 14 offenses related to insulting the Johor royal family, which many viewed as excessive given the charges and the man's financial means. In the second case, bail of RM5,000 was set for a sedition charge, which matched the maximum fine amount and was also seen as unjustifiably high. In the third case, bail of RM15,000 was set for a prominent opposition figure charged with criminal defamation, which some argued was still excessive despite being lower than what prosecutors requested. The document analyzes factors courts typically consider for bail amounts and concludes the
Al Bakhtiar bin Ab Samat v Public Prosecutor [2012] 4 MLJ 713
Evidence -- Similar fact evidence -- Admission of -- First charge was for possession of 30.40g of cannabis and second charge for trafficking dangerous drugs -- Whether any similarity in respect of both charges -Whether trial judge misdirected himself when acted on evidence of first charge to prove knowledge of trafficking charge -- Principles relating to similar fact evidence -- Evidence Act 1950 ss 14 & 15
The appellant was charged with raping his 15-year old daughter in 1996. During the trial, the prosecution's main witness, the daughter, testified about additional incidents of sexual intercourse with the appellant in 1991 and 1995. Based on this, additional charges were brought against the appellant. The Court of Appeal found issues with how the case was investigated and prosecuted, including that trying the appellant for multiple offenses over several years violated criminal procedure rules. The sessions court also did not properly evaluate whether the prejudicial effect of the earlier testimony outweighed its probative value as required. Due to these serious errors, the Court of Appeal quashed the conviction and set aside the sentence.
Michael O'Brien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2005] UKHL 26Ikram Abdul Sattar
This document summarizes the case Michael O'Brien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police. It discusses:
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This presentation is about section 96 of Syariah Criminal Procedure (Fed. Territories) Act, (Malaysia) under the course of Evidence and procedure of shariah court ii
Sunn Ang the accused was charged and convicted for the murder of his girl friend Jenny. A Singapore case related to the law of evidence. Circumstantial evidence, Relevancy, Continuity.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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1. CHARITABLE TRUST
In Commissioner of income Tax v Pemsel, Lord
McNaughten summarised the scope of charity.
“Charityinits legal sense comprises four principal
divisions; trusts for the relief of poverty, trust for
the advancement of education; trust for the
advancement of religion; and trust for other
purposesbeneficial tothe community, not falling
under any of the preceding heads.”
1) Relief Of Poverty
2) Advancement of Education
3) Advancement of religion
4) Other purposes beneficial to the
community
1- RELIEF OF POVERTY
No definitionof poverty.Itdoesnot mean
destitution. It means that there is a want,
that a person has ‘to go short’ of
something.
The trust must be within the spirit and
intendment of the Preamble.
It must be for the relief of such persons
and not merely their benefit.
A) Disjunctive construction :
JosephRowntree Memeorial Trust Housing Vs AG
Held:“The words“ aged,impotent and poor must
be read disjunctively, ie. separately. It would be
absurdto require thatthe aged must be impotent
as it would be require to impotent to be aged or
poor to be aged or impotent.”
B) Attributable Condition
What isessential tothe charitable purpose is that
it shouldrelieve aged,impotent and poor people.
Ex.: Aids sufferer, cancer patient etc
Re Lewis ( 1955) Ch 104 : A testator made a
bequest : “I leave to 10 blind girls, Tottenham
residentsif possible the sum of £100 each. I leave
to each 10 blind boys Tottenham residents if
possible the sum of £100.
Held : A valid charitable bequest
Re Bradbury (1950) 2 All ER 1150
A trust for the maintenance of aged persons in a
nursing home. Held : charitable
C) Poverty is not destitution
Poor is a relative term.
An individual need not be destitute in order to
qualify as a poor person within the preamble.
Re Coulthurst (1951) Ch 661
A fundto b applied for the benefit of the widows
and orphaned children of deceased officers and
deceased ex-officers of Coutts and Com.
Held : It is a relative term. The court will look at
the lifestyle of the people who will benefit.
Re Niyazi ‘s Will Trust (1978) 1 WLR 910.
£15,000 for the construction of or as a
contribution towards the cost of working men’s
hostel, to be created in Famagusta Cyprus
Held : Charitable trust
Re Sander’s Will Trust ( 1954) Ch. 265
A codicil “to provide or assist in providing
dwellings for the working classes and their
familiesresidentinthe areaof Pembroke Dock . . .
Or within a radius 5 miles there from.
Held: Not charitable. “Working class” did not
indicate poor person.
d) Not subject to Public Benefit.
Trust for the relief of poverty form an exception
to the principle that every charitable trust must
be for the public benefit.
The exceptioncoversboththe pooremployer and
their families.
However there must be primary intent to relieve
poverty amongst a particular class of person. If
primary intent is to benefit particular person the
trust is a private one and not charitable.
2. Dingle v Turner (1972) AC 601
Trust to apply income in paying pensions to poor
employees of a company.
HOL reaffirmed the Court of Appeal’s decision
that it was charitable.
If the trustis one to relieve povertyamongnamed
persons it is not charitable
2- ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION
Preamble 1601 : “the maintenance of
schools of learning, free school and scholars in
universitiesandthe education and preferment of
orphans.”
Doesnot limittopoorclassroomteaching.
Broad definition : teaching of ethic,
research arts etc.
Incorporated Council of Law of Reporting From
England and Wales v AG (1972) Ch. 73.
Buckeley LJ : It now extends to improvement of
useful branch of human knowledge and public
dissemination.”
Now the category has grown to cover a very wide
range of educational, eg : schools, universities,
nursery, museums, zoos, public libraries and and
cultural activities such as drama, literature and
fine arts.
a) Research
Requires more than mere accumulation of
knowledge. But sharing or teaching : must show
that public will benefit.
What about other than scientific or medical
research ; Will it be considered as charitable
Re Hopkins (1965) Ch 669
A gift to the Francis Bacon Society : to be
earmarkedandappliedtowardsfinding the bacon
Shakespeare manuscripts.
H: Valid Charitable trust
Re Shaw ( 1957) 1 WLR 729.
Residuaryof George Bernard Shaw to be devoted
for the research : Advantages to be gained by
substituting the present 26 letter by a new
proposed British alphabet of 40 letters.
Held :Gift not charitable
b) Artistic and Aesthetic Education
Royal Choral Society v IRC (1943) 2 All ER 613.
Society to form and maintain a choir in order to
promote the practice and performance of choral
works by way of concert or choral pageant in the
Royal Albert Hall. H: Charitable society.
Re Delius (1957) Ch 299.
Widow of a composer – Frederick Delius gave her
residuary estate for the advancement of Delius’s
musical works “.. To apply the royalties income
and income form the residual trust fund towards
the advancement of musical works of my late
husband..” H: A valid charitable trust.
d) Extra Curricular Activities
London Hospital Medical College v IRC (1976) 1
WLR 613
Held:Studentsunionisconsidered as charitable –
part of educational purpose of college and
university.
e) Political Propaganda in Subtle Form
Trust for political purposes is not charitable
Trust for advancement of education must not be
political at all.
Eg: Trust for the release of prisoners of
conscience, for alteration of the law relating
marriage and also to promote the principles of a
political party are not charitable
Bowman v Secular Society [1945] Ch 16
3. Lord Parker: ‘a trust for the attainmentof political
objecthasalwaysbeen heldinvalidnot because it
is illegal . . . but because the court has no means
of judgingwhether a proposed change in law will
or will not be for the public benefit
Re Hopkinson ( 1949) 1 All R 346
VaiseyJ : ‘political propaganda masquerading . . .
As education is not education for the purpose of
charity.
Re Scowcroft (1898) Ch 638
The gift of income to be applied for the
furtherance of conservative principles and
religious and mental improvement.
Held: Charitable Trust
Re Koepller’s Will Trust ( 1986) Ch 423
A gift to further the work of educational project
was held charitable even though the testators
express aspiration were not regarded as
charitable.
The project involved conferences with political
flavour but it did not further the interest of a
particular political party.
f) Sports as part of Education
Promotion of sports per se is not regarded as
charitable.
Exceptif the promotion takes place in school and
universities.
In Re Marriette (1915) 2 Ch 284
£ 1000 for building a squash court in a school and
£ 100 to provide price money in the school for
athletic events. Held : Charitable
IRC v Mac Mullen (1915) 2 Ch 284
Trust for the furtherance of education in schools
and university in UK and encouraging and
facilitatingthe studentsplayingfootball and other
games and sports at such institution.
Held : A Valid Charitable Trust. Education is not
restricted to classroom teaching
Trust of sport outside educational facilities and
are not charitable unless they come within the
scope of the Recreational Charities Act 1958
Re Duprees Deed Trust (1945) Ch 16
£ 5000 to establish annual chess tournament for
young boys under 21
Held : CT. Purposeful activities for the young
e) Education and Public Benefit.
The Court will not allow the trust if some people
to be escaped from tax in order to educate their
children.
OPPENHEIM V TOBACCO SECURITIES LTD (1951)
AC 297
Trust for the educationof childrenof employee of
British American Tobacco Co Ltd and any of its
subsidiaries.
Held: Not charitable. No connection with the
public
RE KOETTGEN’S WILL TRUST ( 1954) Ch 252
Trust for the promotion of commercial education
for those who could not afford to pay it for
themselves,withapreference tobe given of up to
75% of the income to the employees of a
particular firm. Held: Charitable
3- ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION
No absolute definition of religion. Monotheistic
belief was an essential qualification.
Meaning of Religion
Bowman v Secular Society ( 1917) AC 406 : Lord
Parker: “any form of monotheistic theism will be
recognisedasreligion.Religionrequiresaspiritual
belief, a faith, and recognition of some higher
unseenpowerwhichisentitledtoworship. It may
include (bit greater than) morality or
recommended way of life.”
Ethic is not religion.
4. RE SOUTH PLACE ETHICAL SOCIETY (1980) 1 WLR
1565.
The Society’sobject:the study and dissemination
of ethical principles and cultivation of a rational
religious sentiment.
Issue: whether it is charitable?
DillonJ:“Religionisconcernedwithman’sreligion
with God and ethics concerned with man’s
relations with man…. It seems to me that two of
the essential attributes of religion are faith and
worship.”
UNITED GRND LODGE OF ANCIENT FREE AND
ACCEPTED MANSONS OF ENGLAND AND WALES
V HOLBORN BOROUGH COUNCIL (1957) 1 WLR
1080
Donovan J: “to advance religion means ‘to
promote it, to spread its message ever wider
among mankind; to take positive steps to sustain
and increase religious belief”
KAREN KAYEMETH LE JISROL V IRC [1932] AC 650
An organisationsetuptofacilitate the settlement
of Jews in Palestine and neighbouring lands was
not considered as advancement of religion.
Position in the 17th
century: Recognition of other
Christine Sects such as Catholic, Baptists,
Methodists and Executive Brethren
All these come under/ within Christianity
RE WATSON (1973) 1 WLR 1472
Trust for the continuance of the work of God in
propagating the Holy Truth as in the Bible by
financingthe continuedpublicationof the work of
Hobbs – a leading member of a small group of
undenominal Christians.
Held : It is charitable
THORNTON V HOWE (1862) 31 Beav. 14
A trust forthe publicationof the writingof Joanna
Southcott who claimed that she was pregnant
with a child by the Holy Ghost and would give
birth to the new Prophet.
Held: Charitable and the object was for the
advancement of religion.
No Priority Among Various Religions
NEVILLE ESTATES LTD V MADDEN (1962) Ch 832.
As between different religions, the law stands
neutral.
SATELLITE PUTPOSES
Referstothe main activity of the advancement of
religion. Eg: trusts for the upkeep and
maintenance of religious building.
Trust for benefit of priests, provision of church
bells, for retired missionaries, sick and aged
clergy.
Public Benefit and Religious Trust
It can be fulfilled by 2 ways, namely;
A) Provide activities which are available to the
public
B) The presence among the public at a place of
worship have been improved.
Re Hetherington Gibbs v Mc Donnell (1989) 2 All
ER 129.
A trust for the celebration of a religious rites.
Held:Charitable.Itdoes confer a sufficient public
benefit and improves those who attend it.
Gilmour Coats [1949] AC 426.
A trust of £500 for the benefit of Carmelite Priory
convent at Notting Hill.
The Priory was a community of strictly cloistered
nuns which devoted their lives to prayer,
contemplation and self-sanctification. The nuns
had no contact with the outside world.
Held : Lacked of the element of public benefit.
5. Nerville Estates v Madden (1962) Ch 852
A trust fora synagogue whichwasnotopento the
public,onlytothe memberof Catford Synagogue.
Held: Charitable forthe advancement of religion.
OTHER PURPOSES BENEFICIAL TO THE
COMMUNITY
This is a very wide category.
The list is not exhaustive.
It comprises trust which the Court have
held charitable but do not come within
the other three heads.
The test: The test is what the law treats as
charitable NOT what the testator thought was
charitable.
Needtobe withinthe spiritandintendmentof the
Preamble.
Benefit
1) Anti-vivisection
National Anti Vivisection Society v IRC (1948) AC
31
A societyclaimedexemption from tax. The object
was the suppression of vivisection. In England
there was a strong lobby to stop the elements of
experimenting on animals
The Court had to consider two things
1) The protection of animals from cruelty is a
charitable purposes.
2)Vivisectionanecessarypartof medical research;
it will benefit the community
Held: The society was not established for
charitable purposes
Lord Simmonds:“in orderto abolishvivisection it
would be necessary to repeal the Cruelty of
Animals Act 1876 and replace it with a new
enactment prohibiting vivisection altogether.”
2) Protection and benefit of animals
Trust for the welfare of animals generally are
charitable except if it is made for specified
animals.
The charitable status of gifts to animals was
originallylimited to the welfare of animals which
were useful to man.
Re Wedgwood (1915) 1 Ch 113
A testatrix byherwill gave her residue upon trust
to be applied for the protection and benefit of
animals.
Held : There was a charitable trust. To promote
public morality and prevent cruelty to animal
London University v Yarlow (1857) 1 DE & G 72
A trust to establish a hospital in which animal
useful to mankind will be treated and cured.
Re Grove Grady [1929] 1 Ch 557
A trust forthe benefitof birdsandotheranimal to
build a sanctuary for them ; this is to free them
from human molestation.
SOCIAL SPORTING AND RECREATIONAL TRUST
IRC v City of Glasgow Police A.S (1953) AC 380.
An association was established and the object is
to encourage and promote all forms of atheletic
sports and general pastimes.
Issue: Whether the Association was entitled to
exception form income tax on the ground that it
was a body of persons established for charitable
purposes only.
OTHERS
Trust for promotion of efficiency of the fighting
forcesthroughpromotionof physical efficiency, a
gift to my country, promotion for a voluntary fire
brigade, a gift for the general promotion of
agriculture have all been held as valid charitable
trust under the fourth head.