This document discusses different types of video standards and graphics systems, including general purpose PC standards like MDA, CGA, EGA, and VGA; super PC standards with additional display modes; advanced/intelligent systems like IBM PGA and 8514/A; and specialized displays. It covers topics like pixels and resolutions, parts of video systems, the evolution of standards over time, differences between digital and analog displays, factors that affect monitor selection and performance, and video drivers.

1. VIDEO

2. INTRODUCTION
• Pixels & Resolutions
• Parts of Video: Monitor & Adapter
• Video card (Adapter) may be separate or built-in (IBM)
• Four types of Graphics Systems
1. General Purpose PC Standards
2. Super PC Standards
3. Advanced/Intelligent Systems
4. Specialized Displays
• Pre-requisite for selection: evaluate requirement
• First Display - MDA (Text Only) with IBM PC
• Topics of this chapter
1. General Purpose PC Standards
2. Super PC Standards
3. Advanced Intelligent Systems
4. Specialized Displays
5. Monitors

3. GENERAL PURPOSE PC STANDARDS
• The order of appearance
1. MDA (80X25 max)
2. CGA (640X200 max & four modes)
3. HGA (720X348 max & two modes)
4. EGA (640X350 max in 16 colours)
5. VGA (640X480 max in 256 colour)
• Digital Vs Analog
16 Colours : 256 Colours
16 Colours Palette : 250,000 Colours Palette
• VGA: The only digital standard

4. SUPER PC STANDARDS
• Introduced for applications like DTP, CAD etc. Also worked for OC/2
& Windows.
• The additional modes in VGA
1. 800X600 in 16 or 256 colours.
2. 640X480 in 256 colours.
3. 1024X768 in 16 or 256 colours.
• Standards approved by VESA.
• Need for the right driver.
• Very heavy on microprocessor.

5. MONITORS
• Digital Vs Analog
Types of Monitors
1. Mono & Colour TTL/RGB
2. VGA (Colour & Monochrome)
3. SVGA
4. Multi-Sync Monitors
• Horizontal & Vertical Scan Rate
• Flickering caused by
1. Interlacing
2. Low Vertical scan Rate (Less than 40-50 Hz)
• Video Drivers
1. BIOS Compatibility level
2. Register Compatibility Level (IBM)
• Graphics Co-processor (Intelligent Graphics Adapter)

6. ADVANCED/INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
• IBM PGA (640X480 in 256 colours)
• 8514/A
1. Introduced by IBM in 1987.
2. Requires register level compatibility.
3. Available Resolutions are
– 640X480 in 256 colours
– 1024X768 in 256 colours
– 1280X1024 with 24-bit colours
4. Interlaced.
5. Introduction of AI.
• TIGA Standard
1. Open Standard.
2. Designed for Texas’s Graphic Co-processors.
3. Resolution Independent.
4. Available Resolutions are
– 1024X768 in 256 colours (16 million palette)
– 1280X1024 in 256 colours (16 million palette)
– 1024X768 in 24-bit colours
– Windows accelerators (XGA)

7. SPECIALIZED DISPLAYS
• A3/A4 displays
• Readability (dots per inch)
• Image Stability
• Sharpness (64 grey levels)
• Landscape & Portrait
• Does the bus matter?