Communication is the process of transferring information from a sender to a receiver. It involves the sender encoding a message, selecting a channel to transmit the message through, potential noise that can interfere, and the receiver decoding the message. For communication to be effective, the sender must consider the receiver's characteristics and obtain feedback to ensure the message was understood. Miscommunication can occur if any part of the process, such as the sender, message, channel, or receiver, is impaired.
Communication – Types and Channels of Communication – Barriers to CommunicationJumanul Haque
Communication involves the exchange of thoughts, ideas, knowledge and information between two parties to work towards a shared goal. It is a two-way process that uses both verbal and non-verbal means. Effective communication is complete, concise, considers the audience, is clear and courteous. The communication process involves a sender encoding a message and transmitting it through a medium to a receiver who decodes it and provides feedback. Barriers like differences in perception, language, too much information, distractions and emotions can interfere with communication.
This document discusses the key elements of the communication process in agricultural extension. It identifies the main elements as the communication source, message, channel, and receiver. It describes the functions of the communication source and important characteristics of an effective message. Finally, it outlines important considerations for selecting an appropriate communication channel, including the message characteristics, availability and accessibility to receivers, and matching the channel to the receivers' expectations.
This document discusses communication skills in nursing. It defines communication and describes it as a process of exchanging information between individuals through symbols, signs or data. Good communication is important in nursing as it allows nurses to get their point across, inform patients, build rapport, educate, and promote understanding which helps in treatment. Communication can be verbal through speaking and listening, or non-verbal through body language, facial expressions, and other means. The document outlines various theories of communication and discusses interpersonal, intrapersonal, and group communication. It also describes the essential components of communication including the sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Barriers to effective communication and best practices for communication in nursing are also covered.
Communication is a process that involves a sender transmitting a message to a receiver through a channel. It includes seven components: the sender, receiver, message, channel, context, noise, and feedback. The sender encodes an idea or message and the receiver decodes it. For communication to be successful, the message must be understood within the proper context with minimal interference from noise. Feedback from the receiver informs the sender if the message was received as intended.
1.INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION.pptxpriyankalacbcs
This document provides an overview of business communication concepts. It begins by defining communication and noting that communication involves the exchange of information between individuals. It then defines business communication as communication related to business activities or issues. Several definitions of business communication are provided by different authors.
The document outlines key characteristics of communication, including that it involves at least two parties, is an ongoing process, and aims to elicit a response. It also discusses the importance, need, principles, process, elements, scope, and barriers of communication. Physical, cultural, linguistic, psychological and other barriers that can hinder effective communication are described. In summary, the document provides foundational information about the concept of communication and how it specifically relates to business.
This document discusses communication skills and effective communication. It defines communication and outlines some key characteristics, including that communication is a two-way process involving the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. It also discusses communication models and breakdowns in communication. Some factors that influence effective communication are linguistic factors, psychological factors, social/cultural factors, and environmental factors. Stylistics is then defined as the study of variations in language style according to the situation and the intended effect on the audience. There are two main types of language variations: variations according to the user (such as dialects and accents) and variations according to use (such as registers defined by field of discourse).
This document discusses the process of communication. It defines communication and provides definitions from various authors. It then describes the main types of communication as verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The document outlines the key components of the communication process, including the context, sender, message, medium, recipient, and feedback. It explains each step in transmitting information from the sender to the recipient.
Communication – Types and Channels of Communication – Barriers to CommunicationJumanul Haque
Communication involves the exchange of thoughts, ideas, knowledge and information between two parties to work towards a shared goal. It is a two-way process that uses both verbal and non-verbal means. Effective communication is complete, concise, considers the audience, is clear and courteous. The communication process involves a sender encoding a message and transmitting it through a medium to a receiver who decodes it and provides feedback. Barriers like differences in perception, language, too much information, distractions and emotions can interfere with communication.
This document discusses the key elements of the communication process in agricultural extension. It identifies the main elements as the communication source, message, channel, and receiver. It describes the functions of the communication source and important characteristics of an effective message. Finally, it outlines important considerations for selecting an appropriate communication channel, including the message characteristics, availability and accessibility to receivers, and matching the channel to the receivers' expectations.
This document discusses communication skills in nursing. It defines communication and describes it as a process of exchanging information between individuals through symbols, signs or data. Good communication is important in nursing as it allows nurses to get their point across, inform patients, build rapport, educate, and promote understanding which helps in treatment. Communication can be verbal through speaking and listening, or non-verbal through body language, facial expressions, and other means. The document outlines various theories of communication and discusses interpersonal, intrapersonal, and group communication. It also describes the essential components of communication including the sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Barriers to effective communication and best practices for communication in nursing are also covered.
Communication is a process that involves a sender transmitting a message to a receiver through a channel. It includes seven components: the sender, receiver, message, channel, context, noise, and feedback. The sender encodes an idea or message and the receiver decodes it. For communication to be successful, the message must be understood within the proper context with minimal interference from noise. Feedback from the receiver informs the sender if the message was received as intended.
1.INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION.pptxpriyankalacbcs
This document provides an overview of business communication concepts. It begins by defining communication and noting that communication involves the exchange of information between individuals. It then defines business communication as communication related to business activities or issues. Several definitions of business communication are provided by different authors.
The document outlines key characteristics of communication, including that it involves at least two parties, is an ongoing process, and aims to elicit a response. It also discusses the importance, need, principles, process, elements, scope, and barriers of communication. Physical, cultural, linguistic, psychological and other barriers that can hinder effective communication are described. In summary, the document provides foundational information about the concept of communication and how it specifically relates to business.
This document discusses communication skills and effective communication. It defines communication and outlines some key characteristics, including that communication is a two-way process involving the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. It also discusses communication models and breakdowns in communication. Some factors that influence effective communication are linguistic factors, psychological factors, social/cultural factors, and environmental factors. Stylistics is then defined as the study of variations in language style according to the situation and the intended effect on the audience. There are two main types of language variations: variations according to the user (such as dialects and accents) and variations according to use (such as registers defined by field of discourse).
This document discusses the process of communication. It defines communication and provides definitions from various authors. It then describes the main types of communication as verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The document outlines the key components of the communication process, including the context, sender, message, medium, recipient, and feedback. It explains each step in transmitting information from the sender to the recipient.
The document discusses life skills and effective communication. It defines life skills as abilities that enable individuals to deal with everyday challenges. Life skills are categorized into cognitive, personal, and interpersonal skills and include skills like decision making, problem solving, communication, and stress management. Effective communication involves clearly sending and receiving intended messages and is important for social and professional contexts. The document also discusses various aspects of communication like types, flows, barriers, and overcoming noise.
This document discusses communication skills and is presented by a group of 6 mechanical engineering students. It covers topics such as what communication is, the communication process, different types of communication including verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual. It also discusses the different elements of communication including the source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback. Finally, it discusses the importance of communication in our lives and careers, noting that effective communication is a vital life skill that can improve relationships and productivity.
Business Communication: Business communication self learning materialBrenda Rachel Marie
The document outlines the basics of business communication including the significance of communication skills. It discusses the scope of communication, types of communication including verbal and non-verbal, and the communication process. The key points are:
1) Communication skills are essential for career progression in management.
2) Communication can involve transportation, messaging, or artistic expression but in business it refers to influencing others to achieve shared goals.
3) Communication is a two-way process that involves both sending and receiving messages to complete the communication cycle.
1) The lesson plan is for a 1 hour class on communication for 7th semester nursing students. It will include a lecture and discussion on the definition of communication, the steps in the communication process, barriers to effective communication, different types of communication, the relationship between communication and language, and communication systems used in hospitals.
2) The objectives are for students to gain an understanding of communication and be able to define it, list the steps, identify barriers, classify types of communication, and recognize hospital systems.
3) Teaching methods include lecture, discussion, use of the blackboard and PowerPoint, and a video. Students will be assigned to write about telecommunication systems used in hospitals.
Communication is an exchange between two or more individuals through various channels and media. It is essential for the functioning of organizations both internally and externally. Effective communication involves transmission of messages from a sender to receiver as well as feedback. Barriers like noise, filters, information overload and differing frames of reference can distort communication. Organizations rely on various forms of communication including downward, upward, horizontal and diagonal to share information and get feedback across levels. Maintaining clear, concise and considerate communication through multiple channels with understanding and feedback can help overcome barriers.
Theory of communication communication in societal issues .pptBayissaBekele
The document defines communication and its key components. Communication is defined as a social process where individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment. It involves five key terms: social, process, symbols, meaning, and environment. Communication is a social and ongoing process that involves people interacting through the use of symbols to construct and share meaning. It occurs within a specific context or environment. The document then explores each of these key terms in more detail.
Business communication self learning materialShyam Joe
This document outlines the contents of a business communication course. The course covers 5 blocks: basics of communication, oral communication skills, written communication skills, non-verbal communication, and business applications. Block 1 focuses on basic communication concepts and includes units on the significance of communication, overcoming barriers to communication, and the strategic relevance of communication. Communication is defined as a two-way process that is essential for businesses. Effective communication skills are important for career success.
An Introduction To Communication-SkillsKelly Lipiec
This document provides an overview of communication skills and effective communication. It discusses key concepts such as the communication process, barriers to communication, models of communication, and the 7 C's of communication. Specifically, it outlines the three primary steps of communication as thought, encoding, and decoding. It also identifies various barriers to effective communication including physical, system design, attitudinal, ambiguity of words/phrases, individual linguistic ability, physiological, and communication noise. Finally, it discusses the sender-message-channel-receiver model of communication and defines the seven C's of communication as credibility, context, content, clarity, continuity and consistency, channels, and capability of audience.
The document defines communication and outlines its key functions and types. It describes the communication process, including encoding and decoding messages. There are different types of communication within organizations, such as formal downward, upward, and horizontal communication. Barriers to effective communication include filtering, selective perception, and cultural differences in communication styles. To improve cross-cultural communication, one should assume cultural differences, emphasize description over interpretation, practice empathy, and treat interpretations as hypotheses. Effective communication also involves speaking confidently and knowledgeably while maintaining an enthusiastic tone.
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior. It is a process that allows individuals to share meaning. The main components of the communication process are the sender, encoder, message, medium, receiver, decoder, and feedback. There are various types of communication including verbal, non-verbal, symbolic, and written. Barriers to effective communication can occur at the organizational, psychological, physical, mechanical, and perceptual levels. Modes of communication include interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational. Developing strong communication skills is important for building relationships.
This document provides an overview of communication skills and the communication process. It defines communication and explains that communication involves transmitting meaning from a sender to a receiver. There are various components of the communication process, including the context, sender, message, medium, receiver, and feedback. Effective communication requires understanding these components and how they interact. The document also discusses intercultural communication and some considerations for communicating successfully across cultural differences.
The document discusses communication and presentation skills. It defines communication, discusses barriers to effective communication like physical, system design and attitudinal barriers. It also outlines the communication process, types of communication noise and provides an overview of an effective communication course offered by Utopia Learning that aims to help people improve their communication, presentation and language skills. The 2-day course covers various topics and provides a certification upon completion.
The document discusses communication and presentation skills. It defines communication, discusses barriers to effective communication like physical, system design and attitudinal barriers. It also outlines the communication process, types of communication noise and provides an overview of an effective communication course offered by Utopia Learning that aims to help people improve their communication and presentation abilities. The 2-day course covers various topics and skills and provides a certification upon completion.
The most basic form of communication is a process in which two or more persons attempt to consciously or unconsciously influence each other through the use of symbols or words to satisfy their respective needs.
The document discusses the components, models, principles, ethics, and types of communication. It defines communication as a two-way process of exchanging information between parties. The key components are a sender, receiver, message, medium, feedback, noise, and context. Models described include Shannon-Weaver's model of how noise interferes with the message, Schramm's model of how experience shapes understanding, and White's model emphasizing feedback. The principles, ethics, and types of both verbal and non-verbal communication are then outlined.
This document provides an overview of communication skills. It defines communication as the dynamic interactive process of transmitting facts, ideas, thoughts, and feelings. The document then discusses the purpose, process, levels, mediums, types, and barriers of communication. It provides definitions of communication from various sources and explains key steps in the communication process such as encoding, decoding, and feedback.
This document provides an overview of communication and the key elements of the communication process. It discusses the importance of developing strong written communication skills for both personal and professional purposes. The main elements of communication include a sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and context. For communication to be effective, the sender must consider the message, audience, and how the message may be received. The document also outlines some best practices for written communication, such as planning, writing, and editing, as well as common pitfalls to avoid like confusing language, verbosity, poor sentence structure, and information overload.
Communication involves the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The basic elements of communication are the sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. The sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel. The receiver decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. The context surrounding the communication can impact the meaning of the message. Effective communication requires understanding these core elements and how they interact in the communication process.
DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS/ STAGES OF COMMUNICATIONAmeRoxan1
This document discusses communication and its key elements. It defines communication as the sharing of ideas between a sender and receiver using various means such as speech, writing, and visualization. It notes that communication involves encoding and decoding information. It then lists definitions of communication from various experts and discusses the nine essential elements of the communication process - context, sender, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, feedback, and noise.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The document discusses life skills and effective communication. It defines life skills as abilities that enable individuals to deal with everyday challenges. Life skills are categorized into cognitive, personal, and interpersonal skills and include skills like decision making, problem solving, communication, and stress management. Effective communication involves clearly sending and receiving intended messages and is important for social and professional contexts. The document also discusses various aspects of communication like types, flows, barriers, and overcoming noise.
This document discusses communication skills and is presented by a group of 6 mechanical engineering students. It covers topics such as what communication is, the communication process, different types of communication including verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual. It also discusses the different elements of communication including the source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback. Finally, it discusses the importance of communication in our lives and careers, noting that effective communication is a vital life skill that can improve relationships and productivity.
Business Communication: Business communication self learning materialBrenda Rachel Marie
The document outlines the basics of business communication including the significance of communication skills. It discusses the scope of communication, types of communication including verbal and non-verbal, and the communication process. The key points are:
1) Communication skills are essential for career progression in management.
2) Communication can involve transportation, messaging, or artistic expression but in business it refers to influencing others to achieve shared goals.
3) Communication is a two-way process that involves both sending and receiving messages to complete the communication cycle.
1) The lesson plan is for a 1 hour class on communication for 7th semester nursing students. It will include a lecture and discussion on the definition of communication, the steps in the communication process, barriers to effective communication, different types of communication, the relationship between communication and language, and communication systems used in hospitals.
2) The objectives are for students to gain an understanding of communication and be able to define it, list the steps, identify barriers, classify types of communication, and recognize hospital systems.
3) Teaching methods include lecture, discussion, use of the blackboard and PowerPoint, and a video. Students will be assigned to write about telecommunication systems used in hospitals.
Communication is an exchange between two or more individuals through various channels and media. It is essential for the functioning of organizations both internally and externally. Effective communication involves transmission of messages from a sender to receiver as well as feedback. Barriers like noise, filters, information overload and differing frames of reference can distort communication. Organizations rely on various forms of communication including downward, upward, horizontal and diagonal to share information and get feedback across levels. Maintaining clear, concise and considerate communication through multiple channels with understanding and feedback can help overcome barriers.
Theory of communication communication in societal issues .pptBayissaBekele
The document defines communication and its key components. Communication is defined as a social process where individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment. It involves five key terms: social, process, symbols, meaning, and environment. Communication is a social and ongoing process that involves people interacting through the use of symbols to construct and share meaning. It occurs within a specific context or environment. The document then explores each of these key terms in more detail.
Business communication self learning materialShyam Joe
This document outlines the contents of a business communication course. The course covers 5 blocks: basics of communication, oral communication skills, written communication skills, non-verbal communication, and business applications. Block 1 focuses on basic communication concepts and includes units on the significance of communication, overcoming barriers to communication, and the strategic relevance of communication. Communication is defined as a two-way process that is essential for businesses. Effective communication skills are important for career success.
An Introduction To Communication-SkillsKelly Lipiec
This document provides an overview of communication skills and effective communication. It discusses key concepts such as the communication process, barriers to communication, models of communication, and the 7 C's of communication. Specifically, it outlines the three primary steps of communication as thought, encoding, and decoding. It also identifies various barriers to effective communication including physical, system design, attitudinal, ambiguity of words/phrases, individual linguistic ability, physiological, and communication noise. Finally, it discusses the sender-message-channel-receiver model of communication and defines the seven C's of communication as credibility, context, content, clarity, continuity and consistency, channels, and capability of audience.
The document defines communication and outlines its key functions and types. It describes the communication process, including encoding and decoding messages. There are different types of communication within organizations, such as formal downward, upward, and horizontal communication. Barriers to effective communication include filtering, selective perception, and cultural differences in communication styles. To improve cross-cultural communication, one should assume cultural differences, emphasize description over interpretation, practice empathy, and treat interpretations as hypotheses. Effective communication also involves speaking confidently and knowledgeably while maintaining an enthusiastic tone.
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior. It is a process that allows individuals to share meaning. The main components of the communication process are the sender, encoder, message, medium, receiver, decoder, and feedback. There are various types of communication including verbal, non-verbal, symbolic, and written. Barriers to effective communication can occur at the organizational, psychological, physical, mechanical, and perceptual levels. Modes of communication include interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational. Developing strong communication skills is important for building relationships.
This document provides an overview of communication skills and the communication process. It defines communication and explains that communication involves transmitting meaning from a sender to a receiver. There are various components of the communication process, including the context, sender, message, medium, receiver, and feedback. Effective communication requires understanding these components and how they interact. The document also discusses intercultural communication and some considerations for communicating successfully across cultural differences.
The document discusses communication and presentation skills. It defines communication, discusses barriers to effective communication like physical, system design and attitudinal barriers. It also outlines the communication process, types of communication noise and provides an overview of an effective communication course offered by Utopia Learning that aims to help people improve their communication, presentation and language skills. The 2-day course covers various topics and provides a certification upon completion.
The document discusses communication and presentation skills. It defines communication, discusses barriers to effective communication like physical, system design and attitudinal barriers. It also outlines the communication process, types of communication noise and provides an overview of an effective communication course offered by Utopia Learning that aims to help people improve their communication and presentation abilities. The 2-day course covers various topics and skills and provides a certification upon completion.
The most basic form of communication is a process in which two or more persons attempt to consciously or unconsciously influence each other through the use of symbols or words to satisfy their respective needs.
The document discusses the components, models, principles, ethics, and types of communication. It defines communication as a two-way process of exchanging information between parties. The key components are a sender, receiver, message, medium, feedback, noise, and context. Models described include Shannon-Weaver's model of how noise interferes with the message, Schramm's model of how experience shapes understanding, and White's model emphasizing feedback. The principles, ethics, and types of both verbal and non-verbal communication are then outlined.
This document provides an overview of communication skills. It defines communication as the dynamic interactive process of transmitting facts, ideas, thoughts, and feelings. The document then discusses the purpose, process, levels, mediums, types, and barriers of communication. It provides definitions of communication from various sources and explains key steps in the communication process such as encoding, decoding, and feedback.
This document provides an overview of communication and the key elements of the communication process. It discusses the importance of developing strong written communication skills for both personal and professional purposes. The main elements of communication include a sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and context. For communication to be effective, the sender must consider the message, audience, and how the message may be received. The document also outlines some best practices for written communication, such as planning, writing, and editing, as well as common pitfalls to avoid like confusing language, verbosity, poor sentence structure, and information overload.
Communication involves the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The basic elements of communication are the sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. The sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel. The receiver decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. The context surrounding the communication can impact the meaning of the message. Effective communication requires understanding these core elements and how they interact in the communication process.
DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS/ STAGES OF COMMUNICATIONAmeRoxan1
This document discusses communication and its key elements. It defines communication as the sharing of ideas between a sender and receiver using various means such as speech, writing, and visualization. It notes that communication involves encoding and decoding information. It then lists definitions of communication from various experts and discusses the nine essential elements of the communication process - context, sender, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, feedback, and noise.
Similar to Chapter-5 Educational Technology.pptx (20)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
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cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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9
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structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
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Chapter-5 Educational Technology.pptx
1. UNIT FIVE: INSTRUCTIONAL
COMMUNICATION
5.1 The Meaning Communication
The universal nature of communication has led to
countless definitions of the term (Sybil, Oche and
Oludayo, 1990). Some of these definitions,
according to them, are:
(1) Communication is any means by which a thought is
transferred from one person to another (Chappell, R.
and Read, W.L. 5th ed., 1984).
2. (2) Communication is the process by which one
person (or a group) shares and imparts information
to another person (or group) so that both people (or
group) clearly understood one another (Udall, R. and
Udall, S., 1979)
3. (3) Communication is not just the giving of information,
it is the giving of understandable information and
receiving and understanding the message. . ..It is the
transferring of a message to another party so that it
can be understood and acted upon (E.C. Eyre,
1983).
4. (4) Communication is an exchange of ideas, thought or
knowledge between at least two people with an
intention of changing the behavior of one another
particularly the decoder (Abimbade, 1997).
5. In terms of classroom usage, the term
communication can be defined as the totality of the
teacher’s efforts to ensure that all the stated
instructional objectives are accomplished through
effective manipulation of the task, method(s), media,
learners as well as the entire teaching learning
environment.
6. 5.2 Communication Process
The process of communication always involves the
sender, the message/information, the medium/media
and the receiver.
According to Berlo (1960), the ingredients of
communication process include: the source, the
message, the receiver, the channel or medium.
Bardell (1978) referred to the sender and the
receiver as the “encoder” and the “decoder”
respectively.
7. As a process involving many interrelated parts, all
the parts are expected to work harmoniously for the
purpose of communication to be achieved.
It is important to note that if there is a problem why
any of the elements/ingredients of communication
process, communication will be impaired thereby
resulting to either partial or complete communication
breakdown.
10. 1. Sender
This is a technical term that refers to the person who
initiates the exchange of idea / information. He/she
is responsible for what is to be disseminated, how it
should be done, where and how it should be
assessed. The sender plays a prominent role in
communication process. If the sender is to be
successful in conveying his message, he must,
according to Lazarus (1981)
11. i. know the receiver and present the information at
his/her level;
ii. speak or write clearly and concisely;
iii. convey the desire to reach the receiver by his
attitude, and
iv. obtain feedback to confirm that the message has
been received correctly
12. In order to achieve the above four points, the sender
must take into account the language proficiency,
cognitive ability, social status, aspirations, learning
styles, psychological situation as well as the family
structure of the receiver.
The sender must always use the basic skills in
speaking and writing interpreted as the “KISS”
principle – Keep It Short and Simple
13. Furthermore, a sender has to be mindful of his
attitude to the receiver during presentation. Attitude
of the sender to the receiver must be warm and
friendly.
Saul (1968) said that “communication depends on
the attitude of the sender towards the receiver”.
An attitude of understanding by the sender can serve
as a motivating factor to the receiver.
14. In addition, the Sender is expected to consider
selecting appropriate medium/channel of
communication. When wrong channel of
communication is used, communication will be
impaired.
15. In order to find out whether the communication
process is effective or not, feedback can be sought
by using such approaches like:
(i) questioning the receiver on specific points during
presentation;
(ii) careful observation of the receiver’s facial
expressions and manner;
(iii) solicit suggestions, or explanations, or examples
from the receiver;
(iv) in general, make your receiver(s) active during
communication.
16. 2. Decoder
The decoder is the receiver of the message. He is
referred to as the decoder, communicattee , as well
as the audience. The decoder therefore refers to the
person for which the message is designed. The
extent to which communication process is effective
can be determined by the degree of changes
noticeable in the decoder.
17. For effective communication to take place, the
decoder should be:
(i) a good listener for him/her to get correct information
from the sender/encoder;
(ii) psychologically ready in that he should be in right
frame of mind. Nothing should preoccupy his mind
other than what the sender is imparting to him;
(iii) ready for the task in terms of maturity as well as
determination to learn;
(iv) follow instructions and take active part in the
communication process.
18. 3. The Message
This refers to the information, the task; the content,
the subject matter; knowledge, attitude, values,
beliefs and/or skills designed and planned to be
acquired by the decoder. The message has to be
correct and adequate.
19. 4 The Channel
Anything that relays the message to the receiver is a
channel. Another common term commonly used as
channel is “the medium”. A general interpretation of
means through which information is packaged and
disseminated as a combination of channels and
medium will include, not only oral, written, and non-
verbal; but also such media like: the radio, the
television, overhead projector, films, etc
20. 5 Noise
Sybil, Oche and Soola (1990) refer to noise in
communication as “a technical term for all forms of
obstacles which conspire to reduce the fidelity of
communication”. It then implies that what makes it
impossible for the decoder to get the message as
intended by the encoder constitute communication
noise. Noise can be physical/environmental,
physiological and psychological.
21. Physical/Environmental Noise
Any form of disturbances to communication process
traceable to the factors within the immediate physical
environment is classified as physical/environmental
noise. Continuous or intermittent loud sounds from
radio sets, markets, grinding machines, block
making machines, hooting by moving vehicles,
outcry from the next class, sound from technical
workshops, etc. are examples of
physical/environmental noise
22. Physiological Noise
Any form of disturbances to the communication
process arising from ill-health on the part of the
sender and/or the receiver is referred to as
physiological noise. Cases of headache, stomach
disorder, body pains, etc. during communication
process are examples of physiological noise.
23. Psychological Noise
This refers to unfavourable state of the mind of the
sender and/or the receiver. Psychological noise
includes fatigue, emotional depression, annoyance
and lack of enthusiasm arising from internally or
externally related problems.
Other sources of communication noise especially on
the part of the sender include:
24. poor preparation
lack of deep knowledge of the message/topic under
discussion
usage of wrong media
exhibition of disturbing mannerisms
inadequate mastery/usage of language of
communication
insensitivity to the receiver and a host of others.
25. 6 Feedback
This is a technical term which refers to the available
facts collected to determine the effectiveness or
otherwise of the interaction between the sender and
the receiver during communication process.
The feedback provides opportunities for the sender
to readdress, in whole or in part, deficiencies during
the course of communication.
26. Close to feedback is assessment. Feedback is
necessary in communication because without it,
decisions on whether communication is effective or
not cannot be determined.
27. Summary:
Communication is basic to life; its role in human
society is underscored in the fact that no meaningful
development can take place without it.
Teaching requires sound knowledge of
communication process by the teachers.
28. ASSIGNMENT
Fill in the blanks with suitable terms:
(i) Another term for sender is …………..
(ii) …………… is the interpreter of the message.
(iii) During communication process, the …………. and
the ………… change roles as situation demands.
(iv) Hindrances to communication process are called
………….
(v) Hindrances to communication can be ……………,
…………… and …………..
(vi) …………… provides opportunity for assessing
effectiveness or otherwise of communication
process.
29. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
i.Abimbade, A. (1997). Principles and Practice of
Educational Technology, Ibadan: International
Publishers Limited, pp. 34 – 38.
ii.Badell, E. (1978). Communication of Scientific
Information in Race, P. and Brook, D. (eds), Aspects
of Educational Technology, XII, London: Kogan.
30. iii.Eyre, E.C. (1983). Effective Communication Made
Simple, London: W.H. Allen.
iv. Berlo, David (1960). The Process of
Communication, New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston.