1. This document discusses several ethical issues that arise in criminal justice research including protecting participants from harm, ensuring voluntary and informed consent, maintaining anonymity and confidentiality, avoiding deception, and establishing oversight from institutional review boards.
2. Researchers must balance the potential benefits of their studies against the possibility of harming participants, such as by causing psychological distress through remembering traumatic experiences or exposing them to criminal liability.
3. Studies involving vulnerable populations like prisoners and juveniles require additional ethical safeguards and regulations to protect participants.
Introduction to Legal Research MethodologyPreeti Sikder
Learning Objective: After completion of this lesson students will
a) learn about the definition of research;
b) identify the basic characteristics of research
Learning Outcome:
After this class students will -
a) be aware about the need for developments in legal research paradigm,
b) realise the necessity of identifying the nature of legal doctrine
c) differentiate and distinguish between hermeneutic and argumentative nature of legal discipline
Acts are good or bad in themselves, regardless of consequences
Example: telling a lie is bad, even if it makes someone feel better
Privileges rules and laws over morality
In practice, those with this perspective support a universal code to guide research in any situation
BUT no universal code can cover every eventuality
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
Legal Research and Writing Services for Lawyers & Law FirmsCogneesol
Cogneesol has sponsored the detailed information on Legal research & writing services that are required by lawyers or law firms. Call on +1-646-688-2821 for further queries...For mor info visit: https://www.cogneesol.com/legal-research-writing-services
Introduction to Legal Research MethodologyPreeti Sikder
Learning Objective: After completion of this lesson students will
a) learn about the definition of research;
b) identify the basic characteristics of research
Learning Outcome:
After this class students will -
a) be aware about the need for developments in legal research paradigm,
b) realise the necessity of identifying the nature of legal doctrine
c) differentiate and distinguish between hermeneutic and argumentative nature of legal discipline
Acts are good or bad in themselves, regardless of consequences
Example: telling a lie is bad, even if it makes someone feel better
Privileges rules and laws over morality
In practice, those with this perspective support a universal code to guide research in any situation
BUT no universal code can cover every eventuality
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
Legal Research and Writing Services for Lawyers & Law FirmsCogneesol
Cogneesol has sponsored the detailed information on Legal research & writing services that are required by lawyers or law firms. Call on +1-646-688-2821 for further queries...For mor info visit: https://www.cogneesol.com/legal-research-writing-services
How do you build respect?
If you create content that entertains, answers a question, or empowers your
audience, you’re providing value. Building a respectful relationship ultimately
comes through the exchange of interactions. You deliver great content that
serves a need and your reader gives you permission to enter their inbox or their
social feeds. This is the beginning stages of the relationship and ultimately the
road to a business transaction.
Presented at the M.S. and Ph.D. Programs in Data Science for Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand on November 14, 2019
Unit 8. Ethical Considerations in Reseaerch.pptxshakirRahman10
Ethical Consideration in Research:
Objectives:
1. Define the terms related to ethics in research
2. Discuss historical events of ethical mischiefs and evolution of ethics as protecting human rights
3. Discuss the ethical principles, declaration of Helsinki and research code of ethics
4. Describe different types of informed consent, i.e. verbal, written, individual and institutional consent.
5. Produce a meaningful informed consent form.
6. Identify role and importance of ethical considerations in research.
Ethical Considerations in Research:
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide the research designs and practices.
Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people.
The goals of human research often include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and improving lives in other ways.
What you decide to research and how you conduct that research involve key ethical considerations.
Ethical considerations work to:
Protect the rights of research participants
Enhance research validity
Maintain scientific or academic integrity.
History of Research Ethics:
Nuremberg Code
Dec. 9, 1946, when an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Among the charges were that German physicians conducted medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent. Most of the subjects of these experiments died or were permanently crippled as a result.
As a direct result of the trial, the Nuremberg Code was established in 1948, stating that “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,” making it clear that subjects should give consent and that the benefits of research must outweigh the risks.
Although it did not carry the force of law, the Nuremberg Code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent.
Thalidomide
In the late 1950s, thalidomide was approved as a sedative in Europe; it was not approved in the United States by the FDA.
The drug was prescribed to control sleep and nausea throughout pregnancy, but it was soon found that taking this drug during pregnancy caused severe deformities in the fetus.
Many patients did not know they were taking a drug that was not approved for use by the FDA, nor did they give informed consent. Some 12,000 babies were born with severe deformities due to thalidomide.
U.S. Senate hearings followed and in 1962 the so-called “Kefauver Amendments” to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act were passed into law to ensure drug efficacy and greater drug safety.
For the first time, drug manufacturers were required to prove to the FDA the effectiveness of their products before marketing them.
Presented at the Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy Programs in Data Science for Healthcare and Clinical Informatics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand on November 15, 2021
Presented at the Health Informatics and Health Information Technology Course, Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Science Programs in Data Science for Health Care (International Program), Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University on October 31, 2017
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions .docxhelzerpatrina
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions in no less than 500 words.
1. What questions do you still have after reading chapter five of the textbook?
2. What does gender mean to you? How do you experience gender? What are the differences among gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles?
3. What do you think the Genderbread Person and/or the Gender Unicorn leaves out, in terms of how we experience our sexual identity? Are the separate labels it presents (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) really all that separate? How are labels helpful and unhelpful in presenting who we are and in understanding other people’s experiences of their sexual identities? Think about the "transcension" piece with regards to these questions as well.
4. Was there anything new and surprising (or not) that you read on the Cisgender Privilege list?
5. What stories stood out to you from The T Word documentary?
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2
*
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
Ethical - behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
Matter of agreement among professionals
Need to be aware of general agreements of ethical behavior among CJ “community”
Some research designs may be impractical because of ethical issues
No Harm to Participants
Weighing potential benefits against possibility of harm is an ethical dilemma in research
Possible harms of criminal justice research include:
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Embarrassment
Groups at risk include:
Research subjects
Researcher
Third parties
No Harm to ParticipantsAll research involves risksResearcher cannot completely guard against all possible harm Researcher should have firm scientific grounds for conducting research which could potentially present harmHarm to subjects is only justified if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms
Voluntary Participation
CJ research often intrudes into subjects’ lives
Participation must be voluntary
This threatens generalizability
Results only represent those who participated
Often not possible with field observations
E.g., observe people without them being aware they are being observed
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Anonymity – when researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
Confidentiality – a researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
Research must make it clear to the responded whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Deceiving Subjects
Generally considered unethical
Use of deception must be justified
Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug use
Telling research subjects the purpose of the study would have biased the results
Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
Advises researchers not to “go undercover”
Analysis and Reporting
Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific community
Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Tell ...
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. •Ethical concerns – Typically associated with
morality; both deal with matters of right & wrong
•Ethical - May be defined as behavior conforming
to the standards of conduct of a given group
•Matter of agreement among professionals
•We need to know of this general shared
conception among CJ researchers
2
3. •Dilemma – Balancing potential benefits against
possibility of harm
•Collecting info from active criminals presents
possibility of violence against them
•Psychological harm via remembrance of
unpleasant/traumatic experience
•Possible harm may be justified by potential
benefit of study (still arbitrary)
•Perrone – Drug use in N.Y. dance clubs
3
4. •CJ research often intrudes into people’s lives
•Asks them to reveal what is generally unknown
•Participation must be voluntary
•This threatens generalizability
4
5. •Anonymity – When researcher cannot identify a
given piece of information with a given person
•Confidentiality – A researcher can link
information with a subject, but promises not to
do so publicly
•Techniques: Replace names/addresses with IDs,
specify when survey is C rather than A, specify
that info will not be disclosed to 3rd
parties
5
6. •Generally considered unethical
•Sometimes useful and even necessary to
identify yourself as a researcher
•“Don’t go undercover”
•Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug
use
•Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
6
7. •Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific
community
•Make shortcomings and/or negative findings
known
•Tell the truth about pitfalls and problems you’ve
experienced
•It is as important to know that two things are
not related as to know that they are
7
8. •Researchers may expose themselves to criminal
liability by:
•Failing to report observed criminal activity to
the police
•Engaging in participant observation studies
where crimes are committed
•Subpoenas violate confidentiality
•Legal immunity (42 U.S. Code §22.28a)
8
9. •Becoming aware of staff misbehavior in
agencies
•Research can cause crime or influence its
location or target
•Crime may be displaced
•Withholding desirable treatments from control
group
•Mandatory Reporting: the Federal Child Abuse
Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974
9
10. •The National Research Act (1974): signed into
law after a few highly publicized examples of
unethical practices in medical and social science
research
•The Belmont Report (1979): a brief, but
comprehensive set of ethical principles for
protecting human subjects
•Respect for Persons
•Beneficence
•Justice
10
11. •The American Psychological Association (2002) code of ethics is quite
detailed, reflecting the different professional roles of psychologists in
research, clinical treatment, and educational contexts
•Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Ethical Standards
•American Society of Criminology Code of Ethics
•US Department of Health & Human Services
•American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility
12. •Gov. agencies and non-gov. organizations must
establish Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
•Members make judgments about overall
risks, and their acceptability
•Whether research procedures includes
safeguards to protect safety, confidentiality,
and general welfare of subjects
13. •Informed consent – Requires that subjects both
have the capacity to understand and do
understand the research, risks, side effects,
benefits to subjects, and procedures used
•New Jersey State Troopers and Racial Profiling
•Special populations – Specific regulations exist
for certain populations, such as juveniles and
prisoners
13
14. •Many social research study designs are
regarded as exempt from IRB review under
federal guidelines
•Exempt means that research proposals do not
have to be subject to full IRB review
15. •Laud Humphreys (1975) – Studied homosexual
acts between strangers who meet in public
restrooms in parks (“tearooms”)
•Served as “watchqueen”
•Noted plate numbers of participants, tracked
down names and addresses through police,
conducted a survey to obtain personal info at
their homes
15
16. •Dispositional hypothesis – Prisons are brutal
and dehumanizing because of people in them
•Situational hypothesis – Prison environment
creates brutal and dehumanizing conditions
independent of the people in them
•Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo – Sought to test
situational hypothesis by simulating a prison in
1971
16
17. •“Prison” constructed in basement of psychology
building
•24 healthy/psychologically normal subjects
selected, offered $15 a day for their participation
•Asked to sign a contract that they would be
confined, put under constant surveillance, and
have their civil rights suspended – but would not
be subject to physical abuse
17
18. •Terminated after six days (planned for 2 weeks)
•Subjects displayed “unexpectedly intense
reactions”
•Five had to be released b/c they showed signs
of acute depression or anxiety
•Guards became aggressive, prisoners became
passive
18
19. •Obtained consent via signed contracts
•Those who developed signs of acute distress
were released early
•Study was terminated prematurely
•Group therapy debriefing sessions were
conducted, along with follow-ups, to ensure
negative experiences were temporary
19
