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81-220-1 - Chapter 2
1.
Chapter 2 -
The Nature and Extent of Michelle Palaro Criminology 81-220-1 Fall 2014 © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime
2.
Primary Sources of
Crime Data • Official Records: Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. – Part I Crimes – Part II Crimes – Cleared Crimes – Validity of the UCR
3.
Primary Sources of
Crime Data • National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) – Improvement over UCR – 46 specific offenses – 22 crime patterns – Incident, victim, and offender information – 20 states have implemented – 12 states finalizing data collection © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
4.
Class Discussion/Activity •
What are the shortcomings of the UCR? • Which advantages does NIBRS have compared to the UCR? © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
5.
Primary Sources of
Crime Data • National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) – Annual survey of victims – Addresses “non-reporting” issue – Information regarding victims, offenders, and crimes – Validity of the NCVS – Future of the NCVS © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
6.
Primary Sources of
Crime Data © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Self-Report Surveys • Given in groups • Anonymous • Additional questions about attitudes, values, and behaviors – Validity of Self-Reports • Honesty of self-reporting participants – “Monitoring the Future” Survey • Consistent • Longitudinal
7.
Primary Sources of
Crime Data © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Evaluating Crime Data Strengths • UCR – Offender data – Crimes that surveys cannot measure • NCVS – Unreported crimes – Victimization data • Self-report surveys – Information on offenders Weaknesses • UCR – Does not include unreported crimes • NCVS – Limited samples – Personal recollections – Does not include homicide, drug abuse crimes • Self-report surveys – Rely on honesty of offenders
8.
Primary Sources of
Crime Data © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
9.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Trends • Contemporary Trends – Crime rates are declining from peak in 1991 – Violent crimes and thefts have declined • Trends in Victimization – Decrease in victimization across all age groups – Significant decrease among teenagers • What the Future Holds – Increase in numbers of elementary school aged children – Could indicate a future increase in crime as children reach teenage and young adult age
10.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Trends • Explaining Trends in Crime Rates – Age structure – Immigration – Economy/Jobs – Abortion – Gun availability – Gang membership – Drug use – Media – Aggressive law enforcement – Incarceration – Cultural change
11.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Patterns • Gender and Crime – Trait differences • Masculinity hypothesis – Socialization differences – Cognitive differences – Political/Social differences • Liberal feminist theory
12.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Patterns • Race and Crime – Institutional racism • Racial threat theory • Racial profiling – Structural racism
13.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Patterns • Ecology of Crime – Day, season and climate • More crimes are reported during summer months – Temperature • Weather effects may have an impact on violent crime rates – Regional differences • Large urban areas have higher rates of violence
14.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Patterns
15.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Patterns • Use of Firearms – According to the NCVS firearms are typically involved in • 20% of robberies • 10% of assaults • 5% of rapes – Two-thirds of murders • On-going debate about gun control
16.
Crime Patterns •
Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. – Instrumental crimes – Expressive crimes
17.
© Copyright Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Crime Patterns • Age and Crime – Aging out of crime – Age and biology •Neurotransmitters
18.
Class Discussion/Activity From
your perspective, why are teenagers more likely to commit crimes? What is the aging-out effect? © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
19.
Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers
• Delinquency in a Birth Cohort – Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin • Classic longitudinal study that tracked a cohort of boys over an 18 year period © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
20.
Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers
• What Causes Chronicity? © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. – Early onset • Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept – “Three-strikes” – “Truth-in-sentencing”
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