The document provides an overview of cell biology, outlining the history and development of the field from early microscope observations of cells in the 1600s to recent developments in DNA sequencing and stem cell research. It discusses the key concepts of the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in the 1830s that organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and cells only come from preexisting cells. Sections of the document cover cellular structure and function, organelles, the cytoskeleton, cell proliferation, differentiation, aging, and communication as well as trends in areas like signal transduction, the cell cycle, and stem cell applications.

1. Cell Biology
(cytobiology)
Xinzheng Gao
Email:goodluckgxzh@126.com

2. Chapter1 Introduction
Section 1 The Cell
Section 2 Cell Biology

3. 1.1 Cell: The structure and functional
unit of an organism; the smallest structure
capable of performing all the functions
necessary for life.
Section 1 The Cell

5.  Cells can harness and transform energy by extracting
energy from foodstuff and converting it into a form that
drives cellular reactions.
 Cells can control their own cellular environment by
regulating what gets into them and what leaves them.
 Cells replicate themselves and their constituents so that
new cells arise from preexisting ones.
 Cells differentiate and specialize enabling specific cells to
carry out a specific function or functions.
 Cells interact to form larger units.
1.2 Properties of Cells

7. 2.1 Cell Biology: is a branch of the biology
sciences, which regards cells as the object
of study and researches the structure of
cells and principles of cellular activities at
three level – cellular,subcellular and
molecular. It’s the fundamental subject of
biological and medical science.
Section 2 Cell Biology

8. 2.2 History of Cell Biology
Development
Year Name Contribution
1665 Robert Hooke Uses the word to describe compartments he sees
in cork under the microscope
1677 Leeuwenhoek Uses microscope to view living microorganism
1831 Brown Publishes his microscopic observations of
orchids,clearly describing the cell nucleus.
1839 Purkinji Defines the concept of protoplasm
1838 Matthias Schleiden Proposed the cell theory,stating that the nucleated cell is
Theodor Schwann the unit of structure and function in plants and animals
1855 Rudolf Virchow States cells come only from preexisting cells
1880 Walther Flemming Studies the movement of chromosomes during
mitosis
1938 Ruska Makes first electronic microscope

9. 1953 James Watson &
Francis Crick
Establish that the molecular structure for DNA is a
double helix
1958 Matthew Meselson Demonstrate that DNA replication is
semiconservative
1961 Marshall Nirenbery Produce synthetic RNA, enabling them to break the
DNA code
1970 Temin & Baltimore Reverse transcriptase
1977 Sequencing of DNA; intervening sequences in genes
1981 Catalytic RNA; transgenic animals are made
1987 Kary Mullis Polymerase chain reaction
1995 Sequencing of whole genome Haemophilus
Influenzae
1997 Human genome project; cloning of “Dolly the sheep
2000 Accomplishment of human genome project

11. Cell Theory:
In 1838~1839, Schleiden and Schwann
elaborated the cell theory :
1. All organism (either animals or plants) composed of cells.
2. The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit
of biological systems.
3.Cells arise only from preexisting cells.

14. 2.3 The Content of Cell Biology
① Nucleus，Chromosome and Gene Expression
② Biomembrane and Cytoplasmic Organelles
③ System of Cytoskeleton
④ Cell Proliferation and Control
⑤ Cell Differentiation and Control
⑥ Cell Senescence/Cellular Aging and Cell Apoptosis
⑦ Cell Origin and Cell Evolution
⑧ Cell Engineering
⑨ Extracellular matrix and Functions
⑩ Cell Recognition, Cell Adhesion and Cell
Communication

15. 2.4 Cell Biology Study
Trends
① Cell Communication and Cell Signal Transduction
② Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Control
③ Cell Development and Differentiation
④ Cell senescence and Death
⑤ Stem Cell and Applications
⑥ Cell Engineering

16. Bruce Alberts et al. Essential Cell Biology. Garland publishing Inc., New York
1998
Bruce Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of The Cell. 4th ed., Garland Publishing,
Inc., New York 2002
Lodish H. et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th ed., W.H. Freeman and Company,
New York 2000
Gerald Karp. Cell and Molecular Biology: concepts and experiments. 2nd New
York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.,1999

17. Journals and books:
Cell
Science
Nature
Journal of Cell Biology
Trend in Cell Biology
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