Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem:
* Given: Room dimensions = 4 m x 5 m x 6 m = 120 m3
Pressure = 100 kPa
Temperature = 25°C
* Density of air at 100 kPa and 25°C is 1.2041 kg/m3
* Mass density (ρ) = Mass/Volume
* Mass of air = Density x Volume
= 1.2041 kg/m3 x 120 m3 = 144.492 kg
* Specific gravity of air relative to water is 0.001279
* Specific gravity is a ratio with no units
Therefore, the density is 1.2041 kg/m3, the specific gravity is 0
This document provides information about a fluid mechanics course taught at Sanjivani College of Engineering. It includes:
- An introduction to fluid properties and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases
- Definitions of fluids and their ability to continuously deform under applied shear stress
- Details about fluid kinematics, dynamics, and statics as branches of fluid mechanics
- Explanations of key fluid properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension along with relevant formulas
- Examples of areas where fluid mechanics is applied, such as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and more
1. Fluids differ from solids in that they cannot resist deformation and will flow under applied forces. Fluids are classified as Newtonian if shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear strain.
2. The viscosity of a fluid represents its resistance to flow and is dependent on temperature. The boundary layer is a region near solid surfaces where viscous effects dominate due to the no-slip condition.
3. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, and elevation for fluid flow. It states that for steady, incompressible flow, the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy, and pressure energy remains constant.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It discusses the key topics in fluid mechanics including fluid statics, kinematics, and fluid dynamics. It also defines important fluid properties such as density, viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension. Density measures the mass per unit volume of a substance and can vary with temperature and pressure. Viscosity represents the internal friction within fluids. Compressibility measures how a fluid's volume changes with pressure. Surface tension is responsible for capillary action in small tubes.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest or in motion. It examines how forces relate to fluid mass, energy, and momentum. A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under applied shear stress.
Engineering fluid mechanics considers fluids as continuous substances rather than individual molecules. Key concepts include density, specific weight, viscosity, and continuity. Density describes the mass contained within a volume. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow due to internal friction.
Engineering projects apply fluid mechanics principles to problems involving buoyancy, hydrostatics, pipe flow, and fluid machinery. Common units of measurement include meters, kilograms, and seconds in the SI system or feet and pounds in imperial units. Dimensional
This document provides an overview of fundamentals concepts in hydraulics. It defines fluids and their properties, including density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. It distinguishes between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Key concepts in hydrostatics, hydrokinematics, and hydrodynamics are introduced. Examples of ideal and real fluids are given. The relationships between shear stress and velocity gradient in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are described. Factors affecting fluid properties like temperature and pressure are also summarized.
Fluid Mechanics (PCC-CH202) covers fluid statics and its applications, including properties of fluids, types of fluids, and hydrostatic equilibrium. It introduces fluid mechanics, which deals with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion. Fluid statics covers fluids at rest, examining properties like density, viscosity, surface tension, and capillarity. Thermodynamic properties are also discussed for compressible fluids like gases.
The presentation discusses a general introduction to fluids and solids; fluid properties; Hydrostatics of fluids; pressure measurement and measurement systems; application of hydrostatics principle; Some concepts on mement of area, second moment of Area, Area centroid, object center of gravity; Hydr...
Main slides Fluid slides.pdf for engineering studentsjamesfosu359
This document provides an introduction to a university course on fluid mechanics. It outlines the aims of the course, which are to provide basic knowledge in fluid mechanics, an understanding of fluid behavior, and the ability to solve simple engineering problems involving fluids. The document defines key fluid mechanics concepts like density, viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. It also distinguishes between liquids, gases, solids and fluids, and describes the fields of fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics.
This document provides information about a fluid mechanics course taught at Sanjivani College of Engineering. It includes:
- An introduction to fluid properties and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases
- Definitions of fluids and their ability to continuously deform under applied shear stress
- Details about fluid kinematics, dynamics, and statics as branches of fluid mechanics
- Explanations of key fluid properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension along with relevant formulas
- Examples of areas where fluid mechanics is applied, such as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and more
1. Fluids differ from solids in that they cannot resist deformation and will flow under applied forces. Fluids are classified as Newtonian if shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear strain.
2. The viscosity of a fluid represents its resistance to flow and is dependent on temperature. The boundary layer is a region near solid surfaces where viscous effects dominate due to the no-slip condition.
3. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, and elevation for fluid flow. It states that for steady, incompressible flow, the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy, and pressure energy remains constant.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It discusses the key topics in fluid mechanics including fluid statics, kinematics, and fluid dynamics. It also defines important fluid properties such as density, viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension. Density measures the mass per unit volume of a substance and can vary with temperature and pressure. Viscosity represents the internal friction within fluids. Compressibility measures how a fluid's volume changes with pressure. Surface tension is responsible for capillary action in small tubes.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest or in motion. It examines how forces relate to fluid mass, energy, and momentum. A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under applied shear stress.
Engineering fluid mechanics considers fluids as continuous substances rather than individual molecules. Key concepts include density, specific weight, viscosity, and continuity. Density describes the mass contained within a volume. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow due to internal friction.
Engineering projects apply fluid mechanics principles to problems involving buoyancy, hydrostatics, pipe flow, and fluid machinery. Common units of measurement include meters, kilograms, and seconds in the SI system or feet and pounds in imperial units. Dimensional
This document provides an overview of fundamentals concepts in hydraulics. It defines fluids and their properties, including density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. It distinguishes between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Key concepts in hydrostatics, hydrokinematics, and hydrodynamics are introduced. Examples of ideal and real fluids are given. The relationships between shear stress and velocity gradient in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are described. Factors affecting fluid properties like temperature and pressure are also summarized.
Fluid Mechanics (PCC-CH202) covers fluid statics and its applications, including properties of fluids, types of fluids, and hydrostatic equilibrium. It introduces fluid mechanics, which deals with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion. Fluid statics covers fluids at rest, examining properties like density, viscosity, surface tension, and capillarity. Thermodynamic properties are also discussed for compressible fluids like gases.
The presentation discusses a general introduction to fluids and solids; fluid properties; Hydrostatics of fluids; pressure measurement and measurement systems; application of hydrostatics principle; Some concepts on mement of area, second moment of Area, Area centroid, object center of gravity; Hydr...
Main slides Fluid slides.pdf for engineering studentsjamesfosu359
This document provides an introduction to a university course on fluid mechanics. It outlines the aims of the course, which are to provide basic knowledge in fluid mechanics, an understanding of fluid behavior, and the ability to solve simple engineering problems involving fluids. The document defines key fluid mechanics concepts like density, viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. It also distinguishes between liquids, gases, solids and fluids, and describes the fields of fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics.
Fluid is defined as any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. All liquids and gases are considered fluids. Key properties of fluids include density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. Density is the mass per unit volume and can be used to characterize fluids as heavier or lighter than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow - Newtonian fluids have a viscosity that does not change with stress, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable or complex viscosities. Surface tension arises from unbalanced cohesive forces at the fluid surface that create a membrane-like effect. Compressibility refers to changes in a fluid's volume with pressure.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either at rest or in motion. There are two main types of fluids: liquids and gases. Liquids have strong cohesive forces that allow them to retain their shape, while gases have negligible cohesive forces and are free to expand. Fluid properties include density, viscosity, and other thermodynamic properties. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and is dependent on factors like temperature. Reynolds number is used to characterize different flow regimes from laminar to turbulent. Fluid mechanics has many applications in fields like engineering, biology, and meteorology.
1. The chapter discusses key fluid properties including density, specific gravity, surface tension, vapor pressure, elasticity, and viscosity.
2. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water.
3. Surface tension is caused by unbalanced cohesive forces at fluid surfaces which produce a downward force, while vapor pressure is the pressure produced by a fluid's vapor in an equilibrium state.
This chapter introduces concepts related to fluid mechanics including definitions, properties, and units. It defines a fluid as a substance that flows under shear stress and can be a liquid or gas. Properties like density, specific weight, viscosity, and specific gravity are discussed. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and varies between different fluids. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and can vary significantly between fluids. Finally, it distinguishes between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on whether viscosity depends on shear rate.
Fluids are defined by their ability to continuously deform under shear forces. This document discusses several key properties of fluids including density, pressure, temperature, viscosity, and surface tension. It also introduces the concept of treating fluids as a continuum and discusses some relevant thermodynamic concepts like equations of state.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy
equation and momentum equation.
Fluid properties such as density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity, compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension are discussed. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Specific volume is defined as the volume of substance per unit mass. Specific weight is the weight of substance per unit volume. Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water. Compressibility refers to the change in volume of a fluid with changes in pressure. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and depends on factors like cohesion and molecular momentum. The falling sphere viscometer is used to measure viscosity and involves dropping a sphere in a fluid and measuring its velocity over
The document discusses key concepts in biofluid mechanics including:
1) Fluid mechanics and its two branches - fluid statics and fluid dynamics
2) Biofluid mechanics focuses on how biological systems interact with liquids/gases like transporting oxygen in blood
3) Properties of fluids like density, viscosity, pressure, and temperature
4) Fluid statics examines fluids at rest using concepts like pressure variation, buoyancy, and Archimedes' principle
5) Types of fluid flow include steady/unsteady, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible flows
This document defines fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It discusses:
1. The definition of a fluid as a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container. Fluids exist in liquid and gas states.
2. The differences between solids and fluids, where fluids have no definite shape and can be compressed.
3. An overview of fluid mechanics, including fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics which consider pressure forces.
4. Fundamental concepts like density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also discusses classification of fluids and fluid properties.
5. Applications of Bernoulli's equation like venturi meters, orifice meters, and pitot tubes which
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation.
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
1. The document defines various fluid properties and concepts, including defining fluids as substances that flow and take the shape of their container, and discussing the differences between solids and fluids.
2. It also covers fluid mechanics, which studies fluids at rest and in motion, and fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics.
3. Additionally, the document discusses various fluid types including ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. It also defines key fluid properties such as density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension.
1. The document defines fluids and their properties, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also defines different types of fluids such as ideal, real, Newtonian, and non-Newtonian fluids.
2. Key concepts in fluid mechanics like pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are explained. Capillary rise and depression phenomena are described.
3. Measurement devices that use Bernoulli's equation are identified, including Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes. Venturi meters and orifice meters are depicted and their working principles summarized.
Fluid Mechanics.pptx study of fluids is very importantMalluKomar
This document defines fluids and their properties, and discusses various fluid flow concepts.
It begins by defining fluids as substances that deform continuously under applied shear stress and have no fixed shape. Fluids can be liquids or gases. It then discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines fluid mechanics as the study of fluid behavior at rest and in motion.
Finally, it introduces several key fluid properties and concepts, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension, and Bernoulli's equation. It explains how these properties and concepts are used in common fluid flow measurement devices like Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes.
This document contains information about a fluid mechanics course taught by Dr. Yaser H. Alahmadi, including recommended textbooks, the course outline, definitions of key fluid mechanics terms like fluid and viscosity, basic fluid properties, the no-slip condition, and an example problem calculating fluid velocity. It provides essential concepts and information needed to understand fluid mechanics.
This document provides an overview of fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It defines key terms such as:
- Density, specific weight, specific volume, viscosity, and other fluid properties.
- Hydrostatic pressure which increases linearly with depth in a static fluid.
- Pascal's law which states that pressure in a static fluid is independent of direction and transmitted equally.
- Total pressure and center of pressure on submerged surfaces, including equations for horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes.
001a (PPT) Introduction & Properties of fluids.pdfhappycocoman
1. The document provides information about Dr. Vijay G. S., a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at Manipal. It includes his contact information and office location.
2. The document then discusses fundamental concepts in fluid mechanics, including definitions of fluids, fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics. It also explains properties such as density, viscosity, and compressibility.
3. The document presents preliminary concepts relevant to fluid mechanics, such as scalar and vector quantities, units of measurement, Newton's laws of motion, and other key terms. It also discusses different systems of units used in fluid mechanics.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Fluid is defined as any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. All liquids and gases are considered fluids. Key properties of fluids include density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. Density is the mass per unit volume and can be used to characterize fluids as heavier or lighter than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow - Newtonian fluids have a viscosity that does not change with stress, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable or complex viscosities. Surface tension arises from unbalanced cohesive forces at the fluid surface that create a membrane-like effect. Compressibility refers to changes in a fluid's volume with pressure.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either at rest or in motion. There are two main types of fluids: liquids and gases. Liquids have strong cohesive forces that allow them to retain their shape, while gases have negligible cohesive forces and are free to expand. Fluid properties include density, viscosity, and other thermodynamic properties. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and is dependent on factors like temperature. Reynolds number is used to characterize different flow regimes from laminar to turbulent. Fluid mechanics has many applications in fields like engineering, biology, and meteorology.
1. The chapter discusses key fluid properties including density, specific gravity, surface tension, vapor pressure, elasticity, and viscosity.
2. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water.
3. Surface tension is caused by unbalanced cohesive forces at fluid surfaces which produce a downward force, while vapor pressure is the pressure produced by a fluid's vapor in an equilibrium state.
This chapter introduces concepts related to fluid mechanics including definitions, properties, and units. It defines a fluid as a substance that flows under shear stress and can be a liquid or gas. Properties like density, specific weight, viscosity, and specific gravity are discussed. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and varies between different fluids. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and can vary significantly between fluids. Finally, it distinguishes between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on whether viscosity depends on shear rate.
Fluids are defined by their ability to continuously deform under shear forces. This document discusses several key properties of fluids including density, pressure, temperature, viscosity, and surface tension. It also introduces the concept of treating fluids as a continuum and discusses some relevant thermodynamic concepts like equations of state.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy
equation and momentum equation.
Fluid properties such as density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity, compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension are discussed. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Specific volume is defined as the volume of substance per unit mass. Specific weight is the weight of substance per unit volume. Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water. Compressibility refers to the change in volume of a fluid with changes in pressure. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and depends on factors like cohesion and molecular momentum. The falling sphere viscometer is used to measure viscosity and involves dropping a sphere in a fluid and measuring its velocity over
The document discusses key concepts in biofluid mechanics including:
1) Fluid mechanics and its two branches - fluid statics and fluid dynamics
2) Biofluid mechanics focuses on how biological systems interact with liquids/gases like transporting oxygen in blood
3) Properties of fluids like density, viscosity, pressure, and temperature
4) Fluid statics examines fluids at rest using concepts like pressure variation, buoyancy, and Archimedes' principle
5) Types of fluid flow include steady/unsteady, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible flows
This document defines fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It discusses:
1. The definition of a fluid as a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container. Fluids exist in liquid and gas states.
2. The differences between solids and fluids, where fluids have no definite shape and can be compressed.
3. An overview of fluid mechanics, including fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics which consider pressure forces.
4. Fundamental concepts like density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also discusses classification of fluids and fluid properties.
5. Applications of Bernoulli's equation like venturi meters, orifice meters, and pitot tubes which
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation.
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
1. The document defines various fluid properties and concepts, including defining fluids as substances that flow and take the shape of their container, and discussing the differences between solids and fluids.
2. It also covers fluid mechanics, which studies fluids at rest and in motion, and fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics.
3. Additionally, the document discusses various fluid types including ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. It also defines key fluid properties such as density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension.
1. The document defines fluids and their properties, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also defines different types of fluids such as ideal, real, Newtonian, and non-Newtonian fluids.
2. Key concepts in fluid mechanics like pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are explained. Capillary rise and depression phenomena are described.
3. Measurement devices that use Bernoulli's equation are identified, including Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes. Venturi meters and orifice meters are depicted and their working principles summarized.
Fluid Mechanics.pptx study of fluids is very importantMalluKomar
This document defines fluids and their properties, and discusses various fluid flow concepts.
It begins by defining fluids as substances that deform continuously under applied shear stress and have no fixed shape. Fluids can be liquids or gases. It then discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines fluid mechanics as the study of fluid behavior at rest and in motion.
Finally, it introduces several key fluid properties and concepts, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension, and Bernoulli's equation. It explains how these properties and concepts are used in common fluid flow measurement devices like Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes.
This document contains information about a fluid mechanics course taught by Dr. Yaser H. Alahmadi, including recommended textbooks, the course outline, definitions of key fluid mechanics terms like fluid and viscosity, basic fluid properties, the no-slip condition, and an example problem calculating fluid velocity. It provides essential concepts and information needed to understand fluid mechanics.
This document provides an overview of fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It defines key terms such as:
- Density, specific weight, specific volume, viscosity, and other fluid properties.
- Hydrostatic pressure which increases linearly with depth in a static fluid.
- Pascal's law which states that pressure in a static fluid is independent of direction and transmitted equally.
- Total pressure and center of pressure on submerged surfaces, including equations for horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes.
001a (PPT) Introduction & Properties of fluids.pdfhappycocoman
1. The document provides information about Dr. Vijay G. S., a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at Manipal. It includes his contact information and office location.
2. The document then discusses fundamental concepts in fluid mechanics, including definitions of fluids, fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics. It also explains properties such as density, viscosity, and compressibility.
3. The document presents preliminary concepts relevant to fluid mechanics, such as scalar and vector quantities, units of measurement, Newton's laws of motion, and other key terms. It also discusses different systems of units used in fluid mechanics.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. 2
OBJECTIVE
To acquire fundamental concepts of fluid properties
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
i. Define fluid
ii. State the differences between solid and fluid
iii. Calculate common fluid properties when
appropriate information are given.
iv. Define Newton’s Law of viscosity; relationship
between shear stress and rate of shear strain
3. 3
1.1 FLUIDS
• We normally recognize 3 states of matter : Solid, Liquid and Gas.
• Although differ in many respects, liquids and gases have common
characteristics in which they are differ from solids.
• Liquid and gas are fluids: in contrast to solids, they (fluid) lack the ability to
resist deformation. Because a fluid cannot resist the deformation force, it
moves, it flows under the action of the force. Its shape will change
continuously as long as the force is applied.
• A solid can resist a deformation force while at rest, this force may cause
some displacement but the solid does not continue to move indefinitely
FLUID
Deforming continuously
for as long as the force
applied
Flow under the action
of such forces
Unable to retain any
unsupported shape
4. What is a fluid?
• A fluid is a substance in the gaseous or liquid form
• Distinction between solid and fluid?
– Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is proportional
to strain
– Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear. Stress is proportional
to strain rate
F
A
F V
A h
Solid Fluid
1.1 FLUIDS
5. • Stress is defined as the force per
unit area.
• Normal component: normal stress
– In a fluid at rest, the normal
stress is called pressure
• Tangential component: shear stress
1.1 FLUIDS
6. • A liquid takes the shape of the
container it is in and forms a free
surface in the presence of gravity
• A gas expands until it encounters
the walls of the container and fills
the entire available space.
Gases cannot form a free surface
• Gas and vapor are often used as
synonymous words
1.1 FLUIDS
8. No-slip condition
• No-slip condition: A fluid in direct contact with a solid
``sticks'‘ to the surface due to viscous effects
• Responsible for generation of wall shear stress w,
• surface drag D= ∫w dA, and the development of the
boundary layer
• The fluid property responsible for the no-slip condition is
viscosity
9. 9
1.1 FLUIDS
• Deforming is caused by shearing forces, i.e. forces such as F (refer Figure
1.1), which act tangentially to the surfaces to which they are applied and
causes the material originally occupying the space ABCD to deform AB’C’D.
F
D
A
B’
B C’
C
y
x
E
ø
Figure 1.1: Deformation caused by shearing forces
We can then say:
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously, or flows,
when subjected to shearing forces.
On the other hand, this definition means the very important
point that:
If a fluid is at rest, there are no shearing forces acting. All
forces must be perpendicular to the planes which they are
acting.
10. 10
1.2 SHEAR STRESS IN A MOVING FLUID
• Shear stresses are developed when the fluid is in motion. If
the particles of the fluid move relative to each other so they
have different velocities, causing the original shape of fluid
to become distorted.
• If the velocity of fluid is the same at every point, no shear
stresses will be produced, since the fluid particles are at
rest relative to each other.
• If ABCD (refer Figure 1.1) represents an element in a fluid
with thickness s perpendicular to the diagram, the force F
will act over an area A equal to BC x s.
• The force per unit area, F/A is the shear stress τ and the
deformation, measured by angle ø (the shear strain), will be
proportional to the shear stress.
• The shear strain ø will continue to increase with time and
the fluid will flow.
• The rate of shear strain (or shear strain per unit time) is
directly proportional to the shear stress.
11. 11
• Suppose that in time t, a particle at E (refer Figure 1.1) moves through a
distance x.
• If E is a distance y from AD then, for a small angles,
• Revise that shear stress is proportional to shear strain, then
E
at
particle
the
of
velocity
the
is
t
/
x
u
where
y
u
y
)
t
/
x
(
yt
x
strain
shear
of
Rate
y
x
,
strain
Shear
u
constant x
y
1.2 SHEAR STRESS IN A MOVING FLUID
Equation 1.1
12. 12
• The term u/y is the change of velocity with y and may be written in differential
form du/dy.
• The constant of proportionality is known as the dynamic viscosity μ of the fluid.
Substitute to Equation 1.1,
Equation 1.2 is Newton’s law of viscosity
du
τ=μ
dy
1.2 SHEAR STRESS IN A MOVING FLUID
Equation 1.2
13. 13
• Fluids obeying Newton’s law
of viscosity and for which μ
has a constant value are
known as Newtonian fluids.
• Most common fluids fall into
this category, for which shear
stress is linearly related to
velocity gradient (refer Figure
1.2)
1.3 NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Figure 1.2: Variation of shear stress with velocity gradient
Rate of shear strain, du/dy
14. 14
• Fluids which do not obey obeying Newton’s law of viscosity are
known as non-Newtonian fluids and fall into one or the following
groups.
1. Plastic: Shear stress must reach a certain minimum before flow
commences. Thereafter, shear stress increases with the rate of
shear according to the relationship in Equation 1.3, where A, B
and n are constants. If n=1, the material is known as Bingham
plastic, e.g. sewage sludge.
2. Pseudo-plastic: Dynamic viscosity decreases as the
rate of shear increases, e.g. colloidial substances like
clay, milk and cement.
1.3 NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
1.3
n
A B Equation
du
dy
15. 15
1.3 NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
3. Dilatant substances: Dynamic viscosity increases as the rate of shear
increase, e.g. quicksand.
4. Thixotropic substances: Dynamic viscosity decreases with the time for
which shearing force is applied, e.g. Thixotropic jelly paints.
5. Rheopectic substances: Dynamic viscosity increases with the time for
which shearing force is applied.
6. Viscoelastic materials: Behave similar to Newtonian fluids but if there
is a sudden large change in shear stress, they behave like plastic.
• The above is a classification of actual fluids.
• There is also one more - which is not real, it does
not exist - known as the ideal fluid. This is a fluid
which is assumed to have no viscosity (τ = 0). This
is a useful concept when theoretical solutions are
being considered - it does help achieve some
practically useful solutions in analyzing some of the
problems arising in fluid mechanics.
16. 16
1.4 DENSITY
The density of a substance is that quantity of matter contained in unit
volume of the substance. It can be expressed in three different ways.
1.4.1 MASS DENSITY
• Mass density ρ is defined as the mass of substance per unit
volume.
• Units: kilogram per cubic meter (kgm-3)
• Dimensions: ML-3
• Typical values at p=1.013 x 105 Nm-2, T=288.15 K, mass
density of water is 1000 kgm-3 and air is 1.23 kgm-3.
17. 17
1.4 DENSITY
1.4.2 SPECIFIC WEIGHT
• Specific weight w is defined as the weight per unit volume.
• Since weight is dependent on gravitational attraction, the specific
weight will vary from point to point, according to the local value of
gravitational acceleration g.
• The relationship between w and ρ can be deduced from Newton’s
second law where,
Weight per unit volume = Mass per unit volume x g
ω = ρg
• Units: newtons per cubic meter (Nm-3)
• Dimensions: ML-2T-2
• Typical values for water is 9.81 x 103 Nm-3
and air is 12.07 Nm-3.
18. 18
1.4 DENSITY
1.4.3 RELATIVE DENSITY
• Relative density or specific gravity (SG) σ is defined as the ratio of
the mass density of a substance to some standard mass density.
• For solids and liquids, the standard mass density chosen is the
maximum density of water (which occur at 4°C at atmospheric
pressure).
• The relationship between is represented by,
C
°
4
at
water
ce
tan
subs
ρ
ρ
=
σ
• For gases, the standard density may be that air or
hydrogen at a specified temperature and pressure,
but the term is not used frequently.
• Units: since relative density is a ratio of two
quantities of the same kind, it is a pure number
having no units.
• Dimensions: as a pure number, its dimension are
M0L0T0=1.
• Typical values for water is 1.0 and oil is 0.9.
19. 19
1.5 VISCOSITY
1.5.1 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
• The coefficient of dynamic viscosity μ can be defined as the shear
force per unit area (or shear stress τ) required to drag one layer of fluid
with unit velocity past another layer a unit distance away from it in the
fluid.
• Rearranging Equation 1.2,
Time
x
Lenght
Mass
or
Area
Time
x
Force
=
Distance
Velocity
Area
Force
=
dy
du
τ
=
μ
• Unit: newtons seconds per square meter (Nsm-2)
or kilograms per meter per second (kgm-1s-1). But
note that the coefficient of viscosity is often
measures in poise (P) where 10 P = 1 kgm-1s-1.
• Dimension: ML-1T-1
• Typical values for water is 1.14 x 10-3 kgm-1s-1
and air is 1.78 x 10-5 kgm-1s-1.
20. 20
1.5 VISCOSITY
1.5.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
• The kinematic viscosity, is defined as ratio of dynamic
viscosity, μ to mass density, ρ.
• Unit: square meters per second (m2s-1) but note that the
kinematic viscosity is often measures in stokes (St)
where 10 St = 1 m2s-1.
• Dimension: L2T-1
• Typical values for water is 1.14 x 10-6 m2s-1 and air is
1.46 x 10-5 m2s-1.
ρ
μ
=
ν
21. 21
1.6 UNIT AND CONVERSION FACTORS
• In the United States most measurements use the English system of units
(based on the foot, pound and °F), but most of the world uses the metric
(or SI) units (based on the meter, kilogram and °C).
22. Tutorial
1. Determine the density, specific gravity,
and mass of the air in a room whose
dimensions are 4 m x 5 m x 6 m at 100
kPa and 25oC.