The document discusses the development of MP3 technology and its impact on digital music distribution. It describes how Fraunhofer IIS developed the MP3 format in 1991, enabling music to be shared over the internet in compressed file formats. In 1999, Napster launched, allowing users to easily share MP3 files online. In 2003, Apple launched iTunes, striking deals with major record labels to offer 200,000 songs for purchase at 99 cents each, which was immediately successful.
Chapter Nine : IBM
In 1980, IBM was in a hurry to introduce a personal computer. When personal computers first began to emerge at the end of the 1970s,the idea that individuals would want personal computers on their desks seemed ludicrous.
In 1980, IBM was in a hurry to introduce a personal computer. When personal computers first began to emerge at the end of the 1970s, most of the major computer manufacturers considered it no more than a peculiar product for a hobbyist market. The idea that individuals would want personal computers on their desks seemed ludicrous. However, as total U.S. per- sonal computer sales reached $1 billion, IBM began to worry that the personal computer market could actually turn out to be a significant computer market in which IBM had no share.
Chapter Nine : IBM
In 1980, IBM was in a hurry to introduce a personal computer. When personal computers first began to emerge at the end of the 1970s,the idea that individuals would want personal computers on their desks seemed ludicrous.
In 1980, IBM was in a hurry to introduce a personal computer. When personal computers first began to emerge at the end of the 1970s, most of the major computer manufacturers considered it no more than a peculiar product for a hobbyist market. The idea that individuals would want personal computers on their desks seemed ludicrous. However, as total U.S. per- sonal computer sales reached $1 billion, IBM began to worry that the personal computer market could actually turn out to be a significant computer market in which IBM had no share.
Presentation of the Scout BSA Programming Merit Badge (for Troop 3 in Rockville, MD). Feel free to use and adapt as you see fit. See slide notes for attributions of some slides.
Cover about half of the requirements for the Boise Scouts of America's Inventing Merit Badge - all of the "knowledge" requirements. Still need to do the activity requirements. Also good primer on inventing and intellectual property. Presented at Desert Code Camp 2011.
Here is a download link for the Keynote (original) http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2847329/Inventing%20Merit%20Badge.key and the PowerPoint (converted) http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2847329/Inventing%20Merit%20Badge.ppt - since the PowerPoint is converted from the Keynote it may not be exactly right. Be sure to review it first.
Glyn Moody - European Unitary Patent Court and software patentsglynmoody
Patents are not granted in Europe for computer programs "as such". But they are granted for the mysterious "computer-implemented inventions". Put that together with the imminent Unitary Patent Court that will allow companies in 25 EU countries to be sued using just a single patent, plus a shift from national jurisdictions to one overseen by the software patent-friendly European Patent Office, and you have a recipe for disaster. US-style patent trolls, which have cost the US economy hundreds of billions of dollars (details included) are probably coming to Europe soon.
Etika Profesi Perguruan tinggi, Penjelasan mengenai Etika Profesi tentang kekayaan intelektual dan macam macamnya diantarannya, Copyright, patent dan rahasia dagang
History of the creation and evolution of Scan Commerce from the inception of standard product codes (UPC's) to the transformation of machine-readable codes into quick links or "Scan Commerce" and "Scan Connect" via the internet. Discover the evolution of the codes used to the patent portfolio which enabled this type of transaction/function to occur. Often referred to as "Scan Commerce" "Scan Connect" and "eCommerce Connect" codes. From the beginnings of CRQ (See Our Cue - Q Code Platform) to the new custom-designed QR Codes and mod scan codes. #ScanCommerce #ScanConnect #eCommerceConnect
Presentation of the Scout BSA Programming Merit Badge (for Troop 3 in Rockville, MD). Feel free to use and adapt as you see fit. See slide notes for attributions of some slides.
Cover about half of the requirements for the Boise Scouts of America's Inventing Merit Badge - all of the "knowledge" requirements. Still need to do the activity requirements. Also good primer on inventing and intellectual property. Presented at Desert Code Camp 2011.
Here is a download link for the Keynote (original) http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2847329/Inventing%20Merit%20Badge.key and the PowerPoint (converted) http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2847329/Inventing%20Merit%20Badge.ppt - since the PowerPoint is converted from the Keynote it may not be exactly right. Be sure to review it first.
Glyn Moody - European Unitary Patent Court and software patentsglynmoody
Patents are not granted in Europe for computer programs "as such". But they are granted for the mysterious "computer-implemented inventions". Put that together with the imminent Unitary Patent Court that will allow companies in 25 EU countries to be sued using just a single patent, plus a shift from national jurisdictions to one overseen by the software patent-friendly European Patent Office, and you have a recipe for disaster. US-style patent trolls, which have cost the US economy hundreds of billions of dollars (details included) are probably coming to Europe soon.
Etika Profesi Perguruan tinggi, Penjelasan mengenai Etika Profesi tentang kekayaan intelektual dan macam macamnya diantarannya, Copyright, patent dan rahasia dagang
History of the creation and evolution of Scan Commerce from the inception of standard product codes (UPC's) to the transformation of machine-readable codes into quick links or "Scan Commerce" and "Scan Connect" via the internet. Discover the evolution of the codes used to the patent portfolio which enabled this type of transaction/function to occur. Often referred to as "Scan Commerce" "Scan Connect" and "eCommerce Connect" codes. From the beginnings of CRQ (See Our Cue - Q Code Platform) to the new custom-designed QR Codes and mod scan codes. #ScanCommerce #ScanConnect #eCommerceConnect
digital rights management for multimedia filesApurva Vyas
— Copying or piracy of digital data may be a one of the toughest challenge that is faced by content publishers and coding vendors recently. Digital piracy is unauthorized repetition and/or distribution of coding system, music or films. Pirated package hurts everyone from package developers to the other digital content publisher. Moreover, the smuggled duplication and distribution of package contains a major impact on the economy. Piracy exists at intervals the domain of music, videos, games and package. Fully completely different solutions exist for music and video antipiracy and package, games antipiracy. The DRM framework uses cryptologic techniques and supports protection of digital content viz., audio files by implementing user rights like scan, copy, play or print as applicable. The planning is also extended to protection to varied file formats with a DRM license which is able to be upgraded for extra rights or be revived to induce associate extended validity. The DRM framework in addition accommodates offline use of protected content by a one-time (initial) setup and a user license hold on regionally. Finally, the paper analyzes the planning for DRM’s crucial requirements like security, flexibility, potency and ability.
1. Industry Standard & Dominant Design
2. S-curve and Product Life Cycle
3. Multiple Dimensions of Value, Installed Base and Complementary Goods
4. Sample cases (Video industry)
- VHS vs Betamax
- HD DVD vs Blu-ray
- Netflix vs Blockbuster
- Streaming Wars
5. Tech Giants (Amazon, Microsoft, Facebook, Google and Apple)
Rudi Bekkers shares with the AOM audience the ideas of his paper authored with Simon den Uijl and Henk de Vries, whose focus is on Patent Pools. Their work examines the experiences with three generations of patent pools in the optical disc industry.
den Uijl, S., Bekkers, R., & de Vries, H. (2013). Managing intellectual property using patent pools: Lessons from three generations of pools in the optical disc industry. California Management Review, 55(4), 31-50.
Leage For Programming Freedom. Against Software Patents. (1991)guest757c2c1
The League for Programming Freedom is an organization that opposes software patents and user interface copyrights. The general aim of the League for Programming Freedom is to prevent monopolies on software development. Initially the League's only specific position was against interface copyright. But once the League began to operate, members called its attention to the problem of software patents. In December 1990, the League members voted to adopt a position opposing software patents.
The League's main activity was to publicize the danger of interface copyrights and software patents. The League carried out a second protest at Lotus Development Corporation in 1990, as well as dozens of speeches to inform the software community. Its position papers were printed in Dr. Dobbs' Journal and the Communications of the ACM. The League has testified at Patent Office hearings on software patents and filed friend-of-the-court briefs on behalf of defendants in interface copyright and software patent cases.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Schilling chapter SIX page 183
Protecting Innivation
The Digital Music Distribution Revolution
Fraunhofer and MP3
In 1991, Fraunhofer IIS of Germany developed an algorithm that
would set in motion a revolution in how music was distributed,
stored, and consumed. This format for compressed audio files was
later dubbed MPEG-1 layer 3—a.k.a. MP3. By 1995, software
programs were available that enabled consumers to convert tracks
from compact discs to MP3 files. This technology transformed how
music could be manipulated—a song was now a file that could be
kept on a hard drive, and the file was small enough to be shared
over the Internet.
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Napster Takes the
Lead
In 1999, while a student at Northeastern University in Boston,
Shawn Fanning released Napster—a software program that allowed
users with Internet access to easily share MP3 files. Napster
provided a user-friendly solution to music fans wishing to share and
find music online. Napster provided a user interface with a search
box that pointed individuals to other users with the files they
wished to download. The Napster servers did not host any MP3
files; rather they hosted a database with information on which users
had which files to share and whether they were online, and
connected one computer to another for downloading.
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iTunes Just in Time
On April 28, 2003, Apple opened its iTunes Music Store. After
striking agree- ments with the five major record labels (Sony,
Universal, BMG, Warner Music Group, and EMI), iTunes launched
with an initial catalogs of 200,000 songs for purchase at 99 cents
per song.i iTunes showed immediate signs of success, boasting
50 million downloads within the first year, and quickly became the
lead- ing distributor of music online
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Appropriability
appropriability The degree to which a firm is able to capture the
rents from its innovation.
tacit knowledge Knowledge that cannot be readily codified or
trans- ferred in written form.
socially complex knowledge Knowledge that arises from the
interaction of multiple individuals.
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Schilling chapter nine page 188-189
PATENTS,
TRADEMARKS, AND
COPYRIGHTS
Patent A property right protecting a pro- cess, machine,
manufactured item (or design for manufactured item), or variety of
plant.
Trademark An indicator used to distin- guish the source of a good.
Copyright A property right protecting works of authorship.
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Theory in Action
IBM and the Attack of the Clones
In 1980, IBM was in a hurry to introduce a personal computer.
When personal computers first began to emerge at the end of the
1970s,the idea that individuals would want personal computers on
their desks seemed ludicrous. However, as total U.S. per- sonal
computer sales reached $1 billion, IBM began to worry that the
personal computer market could actually turn out to be a
significant computer mar- ket in which IBM had no share.
7. Schiling Chapter Nine
Schilling chapter nine page 200
Continued
IBM decided to use many off-the-shelf components from other
vendors, includ- ing Intel’s 8088 microprocessor and Microsoft’s
soft- ware. IBM was not worried about imitators because IBM’s
proprietary basic input/output system (BIOS), the computer code
that linked the computer’s hardware to its software, was protected
by copyright. IBM’s copyright turned out not to be difficult.
Copyright protected the writ- ten lines of code, but not the
functions those codes produced. Compaq was able to reverse-
engineer the BIOS in a matter of months without violating IBM’s
copyright.
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Advantages of
protection
Because proprietary systems offer greater rent appropriability, their
developers often have more money and incentive to invest in
technological development, promotion, and distribution. Protecting
the technology also gives the developing firm architectural control
over the technology.
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Advantages of
Diffusion
First, external devel- opment efforts typically lack the coordination
of internal development. External developers may have very
diverse objectives for the technology; rather than work together
toward some unified vision of what the technology could achieve in
the future, they might work in different, possibly even conflicting,
directions.26 Much of their effort may be redundant, as different
external developers work on solving the same problems without
communicating with each other.
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Continued
UNIX provides a stark example of this. UNIX was an operating
system first developed by AT&T’s Bell Laboratories in 1969. Though
a Department of Justice injunction forbade AT&T from selling
software commercially, it made the source code for the product
available through licensing arrangements. Though the software
community made several attempts to standardize the UNIX
operating language, their efforts failed. AT&T also challenged the
commercialization of several UNIX variants, but to no avail. Ulti-
mately, AT&T sold the division responsible for UNIX to Novell, and
Novell handed over the rights to the UNIX trademark to the
X/Open standards-setting body.
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Production Capabilities,
Marketing Capabilities, and
Capital
If the firm is unable to produce the technology at sufficient volume
or quality levels (or market the technology with sufficient intensity),
then protecting the technology so that the firm is its sole provider
may significantly hinder its adoption. Example JVC was promoting
its VHS standard for video recorders, its management knew JVC
was at a disadvantage in both manufacturing and marketing
capabilities compared to Sony (which was promoting the Beta
technology). JVC chose to vigorously pursue both licensing and
OEM agreements, lining up Hitachi, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, and
Sharp to boost the technology’s production rate.
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Industry Opposition against
Sole-Source Technology
Sometimes other industry members are able to exert strong pressure against the
adoption of a technology that would give one (or a few) producer(s) undue control
and power, caus- ing a technology that is restricted to such production to be rejected
or more hotly contested than a more open technology. Sony and Philips’ Super Audio
CD (SACD) audio format. Sony and Philips had jointly created the original compact
disc (CD) format and split the royalties on every CD player sold, totaling hundreds of
millions of dollars. The rest of the world’s leading consumer electronics producers
(including Hit- achi, JVC, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, and Toshiba) and record producers
(including Time Warner and Seagram’s Universal Music group) banded together to
form the Digital Video Disk (DVD) Audio consortium. This consortium’s purpose is to
promote the DVD Audio standard that is intended to displace the CD and enable
royalties to be split among the 10 companies that control the patents.
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Resources for
Internal
Development
If a firm does not have significant resources (capital, technological
expertise) to invest in the technology’s functionality, it may have
difficulty producing a technology that has an initial performance
level, and rate of improvement, that the market finds attractive.
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Control over
Fragmentation
For technologies in which standardization and compatibility are
important, maintain- ing the integrity of the core product is
absolutely essential, and external development can put it at risk. As
the UNIX example illustrates, if the developing firm relinquishes all
control over the development of the technology, the technology will
have no shep- herd with the ability and authority to direct its
trajectory and ensure that a single stan- dard remains intact.
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Incentives for
Architectural
Control
Architectural control over the evolution of a technology is always
valuable; however, it becomes particularly valuable if a firm is a
significant producer of complements to the technology in question.
A firm with architectural control can typically design the technology
to be compatible with its own complements and incompatible with
those of competitors. If the technology is chosen as the dominant
design, this archi- tectural control allows the firm to ensure that it
reaps the lion’s share of the rewards in complements production.
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Summary of
Chapter
1. The degree to which a firm can capture the rents from its innovation
efforts is largely determined by the degree to which competitors can
quickly and easily imi- tate the innovation. Some innovations are
inherently difficult to copy; others are difficult to copy because of the
mechanisms the firm uses to protect its innovation.
2. The three primary legal mechanisms used to protect innovation in
most countries are patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Each
mechanism is designed to protect a different type of work or good.
3. International treaties have helped to harmonize patent, trademark, and
copyright laws around the world. Most countries now have patent,
trademark, and copyright laws of some form, and in some instances
protection can be applied for in multiple countries simultaneously.
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Schilling chapter nine page 205
Summary of
Chapter
4. Protecting an innovation also preserves the firm’s architectural control,
enabling it to direct the technology’s development, determine its
compatibility with other goods, and prevent multiple incompatible
versions of the technology from being produced by other firms.
5. Diffusing a technological innovation can encourage multiple firms to
produce, distribute, and promote the technology, possibly accelerating
its development and diffusion. Diffusion can be particularly useful in
industries that accrue increasing returns to adoption. It is also useful
when the firm has inadequate resources to be the sole developer,
producer, distributor, and marketer of a good.