- Capacitors and inductors are two types of passive circuit elements that store energy. Capacitors store energy in electric fields while inductors store energy in magnetic fields.
- The capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the charge stored and its voltage. The inductance of an inductor is proportional to the ratio of its voltage to the rate of change of current.
- In steady state, capacitors act as open circuits while inductors act as short circuits, allowing analysis of RC and RL circuits using similar methods as resistive circuits.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Overview
• Passive elements that we have seen so far: resistors. We will look into
two other types of passive components, namely capacitors and
inductors.
• We have already seen different methods to analyze circuits containing
sources and resistive elements.
• We will examine circuits that contain two different types of passive
elements namely resistors and one (equivalent) capacitor (RC circuits)
or resistors and one (equivalent) inductor (RL circuits)
• Similar to circuits whose passive elements are all resistive, one can
analyze RC or RL circuits by applying KVL and/or KCL. We will see
whether the analysis of RC or RL circuits is any different!
2
3. Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conductive plate separated by an
insulator (or dielectric).
• Capacitors store charge and the amount of charge stored on the
capacitor is directly proportional to the voltage across the
capacitor. That is:
and the constant of proportionality is the capacitance of the
capacitor.
• Capacitor stores energy in its electric field.
qC (t) CvC (t)
3
5. Capacitors
• In honor of Michael Faraday (1791-1867), an English chemist
and physicist, the unit of capacitance is named Farad (F).
• The voltage-current relationship of the capacitor is:
q(t) 1
vC (t)
t
iC ()d
C C
1
t0
t
or vC (t)
C iC ()d vC (t0 )
why?
dt
dvC (t)
iC (t) C
5
6. Capacitors
• Note that;
– A capacitor acts as an open circuit when connected to a DC
voltage source
– A capacitor impede the abrupt change of its voltage
• The instantaneous power absorbed by the capacitor is:
and the total stored energy in the capacitor is:
v (t)
pC (t) iC (t)vC (t) C
dt
dv (t)
C
C
6
7. Example
• Calculate the area of simple parallel plate 1 F capacitor.
Assume that the plates are separated by air with a distance of
the thickness one sheet of paper, i.e., 1.016×10-4 m.
The permitivity of free space is: Ɛ0= 8.85 ×10-12 F/m.
C= (Ɛ0 A)/d A= C×d/ Ɛ0 = 1×1.016×10-4 / 8.85 ×10-12
A= 1.148 ×107 m2 =11.48 km2!!!!!!
7
8. • The voltage across a 5-µF capacitor is given below. Determine
the current of the capacitor.
Homework
Example 6.1, 6.3
Learning Assessment
Problem 6.1, 6.2
8
9. Series and Parallel Capacitors
• The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is
the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances. Why?
1
1
1
… .
1
C1 C2 Cn
Ceq
• The equivalent capacitance of parallel capacitors is the sum of
the individual capacitances. Why?
Ceq C1 C2 … Cn
9
11. • Calculate the equivalent capacitance of the following network:
a) when the switch is open
b) when the switch is closed
End Problem 6.55
Homework
Example 6.12,6.13, 6.14
Learning Assessment
Problem 6.11, 6.12,6.13
11
12. Inductors
• An inductor is typically a coil of conducting wire.
• Inductor stores energy in its magnetic field.
• If current passes through an inductor the voltage across the
inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of change of the
current:
The constant of proportionality is the inductance of the inductor.
dt
L
di (t)
L
v (t) L
1
1
t0
t t
or iL (t)
L vL ()d iL (t0 )
iL (t)
L vL ()d
12
14. Inductors
• In honor of Joseph Henry (1797-1878), an American physicist,
the unit of inductance is named Henry (H).
• Note that:
– An inductor acts like a short circuit to DC current.
– Inductor impede instantaneous changes of its current.
• Instantaneous power delivered to the inductor is:
L L L
The total stored energy is:
i (t)
p (t) v (t)i (t) L
dt
di (t)
L
L
14
15. • The current in a 10-mH inductor has the following waveform.
Find the voltage of the inductor.
Homework
Example 6.7
Learning Assessment
Problem 6.6.6.7,6.8
15
16. Series and Parallel Inductors
• The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors is the
sum of the individual inductances. Why?
Leq L1 L2 L Ln
• The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal
of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual inductances. Why?
1
1
1
L
1
L1 L2 Ln
Leq
16
17. • Find the equivalent inductance (LT) of the following network:
End Problem 6.70
Homework
Example 6.15,6.16
Learning Assessment
Problem 6.14, 6.15
17
18. Steady-State Response
• Loosely speaking, the behaviour of the circuit a long time after
an excitation is applied to the circuit is called steady-state
response.
• For example, if in a circuit a switch is opened (or closed) the
response of the circuit to this excitation long time after the switch
is opened (or closed) is referred to as steady-state response.
• If we only have DC sources in the circuit, at steady state
capacitors act like open circuit and inductors act like a short
circuit.
18
20. Capacitor Inductor
Symbol, units
Store Electrical energy in
form of
Current Expression
Voltage Voltage Expression
Power
Energy
Series Combination
Parallel Combination
Oppose Change in
Steady State Behavior
20
21. 21
Capacitor Inductor
Symbol, units
Store Electrical energy in
form of
Current Expression
Voltage Voltage Expression
Power
Energy
Series Combination
Parallel Combination
Oppose Change in
Steady State Behavior