This document outlines the key concepts and learning outcomes for a circuit theory course, including:
1) Explaining DC circuits using concepts like EMF, internal resistance, and potential dividers.
2) Analyzing DC circuits using Kirchhoff's laws to solve problems involving resistors, capacitors, and energy stored.
3) Giving a microscopic description of resistance in wires using concepts like resistivity and conductivity.
4) Covering related practical work using equipment like voltmeters and capacitors.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Learning outcomes
• explain the behaviour of DC circuits using concepts of EMF,
internal resistance of power sources and potential dividers
• give a microscopic description of resistance in a wire
• define and use concepts of resistivity and conductance
• state Kirchhoff’s laws and use them to analyse DC circuits
• define capacitance and solve DC circuit problems involving
capacitors, including energy stored
• carry out related practical work (using voltmeter, ammeter,
multimeter, micrometer)
3. Teaching challenges
It is always advisable to revisit concepts introduced at
KS3 and GCSE level, to identify misconceptions
about electricity and (try to) correct them.
In pairs:
Make a spidergram showing key concepts related to
electric circuits, and relationships between them.
4. A-level: A battery maintains an electric field through the circuit.
This enables it to do work on charges wherever there is a
potential difference e.g. in a filament.
Electromotive force is the energy supplied per unit
charge. (work done on each coulomb of charge)
Potential difference (p.d.) is the energy transferred per
unit charge between 2 points in a circuit.
(work done by each coulomb of charge)
Unit (for both) is the volt = joule/coulomb
EMF and potential difference
5. Resistors in series
V = V1+ V2 [conservation of energy]
IR = IR1 + IR2
R = R1 + R2 R is always larger than any of R1, R2 etc
Resistors in parallel
I = I1 + I2 [conservation of charge]
V/R = V/R1 + V/R2
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 R is always smaller than any of R1, R2 etc
Resistor networks
6. Useful for constructing sensors
In pairs, sketch
• a dark sensor
• a heat sensor
• a cold sensor
Potential dividers
2
1
2
1
2
1
R
R
IR
IR
V
V
7. Real power supplies
Demonstrations:
• 12V DC supply lighting more and more lamps in parallel
• EHT with a 1.5V lamp
What’s happening?
E = Vinternal ('lost volts')+Vexternal
E = I(r + R)
IR = E - Ir
terminal V = E - Ir
9. Resistance in a wire
microscopic picture: free electrons drifting through a metal
(polycrystalline, each crystal having an ionic lattice)
• constant of proportionality is resistivity, unit m
• a material property
Compare with rules for R networks. VPL simulation.
A
l
R
A
R
l
R
1
l
RA
10. Current and charge
Current is rate of flow of charge
e.g. 1016 electrons pass a point every second
Demonstration: Conduction by ‘coloured’ ions
t
Q
I
mA
6
1
C
0016
.
0
s
1
C
10
6
.
1
10 19
16
.
I
11. Drift velocity
where
• n is the number of free electrons per unit volume
• A is the cross sectional area
• Δx is a small length along the wire
• e is the charge of an electron
e
x
nA
Q
Q
)
(
particle
per
charge
particles
charged
of
number
I =
DQ
Dt
=
nADxe
Dt
vd =
Dx
Dt
I = nAvde
12. Comparing copper with tungsten
The difference in drift velocities explains why
incandescent lamps glow white hot while their
connecting wires stay safely at room temperature.
metal electrons
per m3
electron drift velocity in
mm s-1
copper 8.5 ×
1028
~0.02
tungsten 3.4 ×
1028
~250
13. Conductivity
Metal wires conduct extremely well.
Conductance G = I / V , unit siemens (symbol S)
• depends on the number of carriers available
• ratio I / V is 'effect per unit of cause‘
Note:
• conductance is the reciprocal of resistance
• conductivity, [unit S m-1] is the reciprocal of resistivity
14. Capacitance
• a measure of how much charge a
capacitor can separate at a given p.d.
• unit of capacitance: farad (symbol F)
demonstration super-capacitor
Note: There are rules for adding capacitors in networks.
V
Q
C
p.d.
charge
e
capacitanc
2
2
1
2
1
stored,
Energy CV
QV
W
15. Lab practicals
• internal resistance of a potato cell
• resistivity of a wire (using micrometer)
• charging and discharging a capacitor
16. Kirchhoff’s 1st law
The total current
entering a circuit
junction equals the
total current
leaving it.
[conservation of charge]
17. Kirchhoff’s 2nd law
The sum of the emfs round a loop in any circuit
= the sum of the p.d.s round the loop.
[conservation of energy]
E1 + E2 + E3 + … = I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3 + …
where I1, I2, I3 … represent currents through the resistances R1, R2,
R3 …
Physlets (simulations): ‘Second semester’< ‘DC Circuits’
• ‘Kirchhoff's Loop Rule’
• ‘Applying Kirchhoff's Rules’
18. Kirchhoff’s 2nd law - example
A circuit consists of a cell of
emf 1.6 V in series with a
resistance 2.0 connected to a
resistor of resistance 3.0 in
parallel with a resistor of
resistance 6.0 .
Determine the total current
drawn from the cell and the
potential difference across the 3.0
resistor.
19. Consider the circuit loop consisting of the cell and
the 3.0 resistor:
1.6 V = 3 I1 + 2 (I1 + I2)
Thus 1.6 V = 5 I1 + 2 I2 …(1)
Consider the circuit loop consisting of the cell and
the 6.0 resistor:
1.6 V = 6 I2 + 2 (I1 + I2)
Thus 1.6 V = 2 I1 + 8 I2 …(2)
Subtracting the second equation from the first
gives:
0 V = 3 I1 - 6 I2
hence I1 = 2 I2
Substituting I1 = 2 I2 into the second equation
gives:
1.6 V = 12 I2
Thus I2 = 0.13 A and I1 = 0.27 A
Current through cell = I1 + I2 = 0.40 A
pd across 3.0 resistor = I1 × 3.0
(= I2 × 6.0 ) = 0.8 V
Solution
20. Endpoints
Related topics
• sensors of many types use the potential divider principle
• factors affecting capacitance (plate spacing & area, dielectric material)
• exponential nature of charging and discharging capacitors
• how ammeters and voltmeters affect circuit behaviour
• maximum power theorem
• AC circuit theory